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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0007">Introduction</span><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic&#44; this study aims to add knowledge to the studies that we have previously carried out with a low number of individuals due to the strict confinement that existed in the first months of the pandemic<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and from a later study carried out in the exercise physiology laboratory to control and confirm the previous data&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The aims of our study were&#58; a&#41; estimate the respiratory profile of the subjects under study&#59; b&#41; determination of the different mixtures of O2 and CO2 within the dead space of the mask in the three types of mask studied&#59; c&#41; determination of the impact of the different types of mask &#40;H&#44; S&#44; KN95&#41; at the level of cardiac demand and arterial O2 saturation&#59; d&#41; establish the physiological impact of the morphological characteristics and also at the sex level of the subjects under study&#59; e&#41; estimate the respiratory effort in the different types of masks&#46;</p><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The experience acquired in our previous studies carried out in the underground environment in a situation of extreme hypoxia hypercapnia has been useful to us&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> in a situation of slight contamination&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and in a situation of hypoxia hypercapnic recreated in the laboratory&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> made in confined spaces&#44; with rarefied air&#44; in these last four decades&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0008">Material and method</span><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sports aptitude assessment was previously carried out&#44; with physical examination&#44; spirometry&#44; and baseline electrocardiogram&#46; The test was performed at rest&#44; with the subjects sitting on a chair&#44; in a meditative attitude&#46; The Home mask &#40;H&#41; is the one that the subjects were wearing when they arrived from home&#46; A surgical mask &#40;S&#41; and an identical KN95 were provided for all subjects&#44; new and dry&#46; The surgical mask &#40;S&#41; was adjusted using a posterior tightener&#46; The atmospheres of the space confined by the mask are compared&#46;</p><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Materials&#58; MultiRae&#174; Rae Systems model gas analyzer &#40;portable chemical detector&#41; with analysis of oxygen&#44; carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide&#46; O2 and CO2 were adjusted with the laboratory control gas&#58; Abell&#243;&#8211;Linde mixture with 6&#46;6&#37; CO2 and 12&#37; O2&#46; The intra-mask breathed air sample was taken using a suction probe connected to the gas analyzer&#46; Spirometry was performed with the Datapir touch-Sibelmed&#174; equipment with turbine transducer and bacterial&#47;viral filter&#46;</p><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The current study was carried out in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona&#44; in the physiology laboratory of the Unitat d&#39;Esport i Salut of the Secretaria General de l&#39;Esport &#40;Government of Catalonia&#41; during the second wave of COVID-19 &#40;October-November 2020&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RaeSystem&#174; detector observations are compared with the gases of the Effort Physiology Laboratory&#44; of the Sports and Health Unit&#46; The corresponding corrections are made&#46; We calculated the anatomical dead space &#40;VDana&#41; from the formula&#58; VDana&#8239;&#61;&#8239;2&#46;4783 x height&#8239;&#43;&#8239;1&#46;1895&#44; a formula obtained from data published&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> respiratory deficits are determined by the formula&#58; &#40;&#40;VDana&#8239;&#43;&#8239;Air mort mask&#41; x 100&#41;&#47;TV&#59; VDana is anatomical dead space and TV is tidal volume&#46;</p><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cavity air index &#40;CAI&#41; is determined inside the mask&#46; It is the CO2 difference above the ambient &#40;0&#46;05&#41; divided by the oxygen difference with respect to the ambient &#40;20&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; It indicates&#44; in the present study&#44; that the sum of oxygen and carbon dioxide does not add up to 20&#46;9&#37;&#44; as in the usual atmospheric composition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The excess respiratory effort generated by the three types of mask is calculated using the formula&#58; &#40;&#40;VDana&#43; air mask volume&#41; x 100&#41; &#47; TV&#44; where VDana is the anatomical dead space and TV is the tidal volume&#46; The dead space in the mask&#44; is estimated at 15 cc for Home&#44; 25 cc for Surgical and 75 cc for KN95&#46;</p><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviations&#46; The two-tailed t-test with paired data was used to check if the differences were significant&#46; Since the sample is &#60;50 cases&#44; the cut-off value p&#60;0&#46;005 was used&#46; Statistical correlations of different parameters were studied to relate them&#44; using Pearson&#39;s r coefficient &#40;r&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study has been favorably reported by the ethics committee of the sports Government of Catalonia &#40;certificate&#58; 018 &#47; CEICGC &#47; 2021&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0009">Results</span><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">32 individuals &#40;13 women and 19 men&#41; were included&#46; Mean age&#8239;&#61;&#8239;17&#46;8 &#177; 6 years&#59; height&#8239;&#61;&#8239;172&#46;1&#177; 10&#46;1 cm&#59; BMI&#58; 20&#46;4 &#177; 2&#46;5&#46; The sports were cycling&#44; volleyball&#44; pentathlon&#44; speed skating&#44; sport climbing&#44; crossfit and running &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The respiratory profile of the subjects under study are&#58; Forced vital capacity &#40;FVC&#41;&#58; 4&#46;30&#177;0&#46;95 L FEV1&#58; Forced expiratory volume in the first second &#40;FEV1&#41;&#58; 3&#46;75 &#177; 0&#46;83 L&#46; FEV&#47;FVC&#58; 87&#46;4 &#177; 6&#46;2&#37; Peak expiratory flow &#40;PEF&#41;&#58; 7&#46;8 &#177; 1 &#46;78 L&#47;s &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The different mixtures of O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> within the intra-mask dead space were determined in the three types studied&#44; presenting different levels of cavitary hypoxia and hypercapnia with statistically significant differences &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0003">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0003"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0018" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the sex level&#44; we found statistically significant differences in CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels&#58; &#40;men&#41; 1&#46;97 &#177; 0&#46;37 vs &#40;women&#41; 2&#46;2 &#177; 0&#46;29&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#60;</span>0&#46;04&#44; in the KN95 mask &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0004">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0004"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0019" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The respiratory deficit generated by each type of mask compared to ambient air without a mask was&#58; Home 4&#46;3 &#177; 0&#46;87&#37;&#44; Surgical 7&#46;2 &#177; 1&#46;45&#37; and KN95 21&#46;4 &#177; 4&#46;34&#37;&#44; with a significance greater than <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#60;</span> 0&#46;0001 between them&#46;</p><p id="para0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anatomical dead air &#40;VDA&#41; was calculated to be 214 &#177; 33 ml&#46; Flowing air &#40;VTIDAL&#41; under the study conditions was calculated at 363&#46;5 &#177; 67 ml&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0010">Discussion</span><p id="para0021" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of our study show that there are differences between different models of masks such that the more dead space there is in the mask&#44; the more unfavorable the mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide available to be breathed&#46;</p><p id="para0022" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are very few studies on the composition of the air inside the masks in common use&#46; Studies with Snorkel masks adapted for the assistance of patients with COVID syndrome&#44; Germonpre P&#44; &#40;2020&#41; observed a small initial increase in CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Kechli et al&#46; estimated the physiological dead space in the system at 60 ml Modified snorkel&#44; using a modified Snorkel mask shows a slight decrease in heart rate after 20 minutes of rest&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="para0023" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main contribution of our study consists in verifying that the dead air of the mask influences the quality of the breathed air sample&#46; In the case of the Home mask&#44; the main characteristic is its humidity and its imperfect fit to the subject&#39;s face&#46; The KN95 mask adjusts spontaneously to the subject&#39;s face and in the case of the surgical mask &#40;S&#41; a tensioner has been required for a perfect fit&#44; without air leaks&#46;</p><p id="para0024" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The masks are an element interposed between the airway and the free atmosphere&#46; They are an enlargement of the anatomical dead space and therefore modify breathing&#46; Secondly&#44; they are an element for filtering the air&#44; therefore&#44; they increase the demand of the respiratory muscles to breathe&#46; To consider&#44; as a third element&#44; the facial adjustment of the mask&#44; which allows leaks and air circulation outside the mask&#46; Mask cavity air&#58; ranges from 20 ml &#40;surgical mask&#41; to 75 ml for KN95 models based on our own observations&#46; Anatomical dead air&#58; it goes from the alveoli to the teeth and nostrils&#46; The manuals estimate it at 150 ml on average&#44; but we calculated it for each subject under study&#44; based on the formula VDANAT&#8239;&#61;&#8239;2&#46;4783 x height&#8239;&#43;&#8239;1&#46;1895&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="para0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We calculated respiratory tidal air &#40;Vtidal&#41; from Chula&#39;s formula<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and the multiplication of 6 ml per kg of body mass&#46; The 13 women in the study had worse figures for respiratory gases inside the mask&#44; but their age was lower than the male group and their weight and height were significantly smaller&#46; We attribute this different adaptation to the size of the subjects under study&#46; Generally&#44; taller subjects will have a greater anatomical dead space and the dead space of the mask will be smaller in proportion to their height&#44; and therefore the respiratory effort of tall subjects will be lower than that of subjects with less height&#46;</p><p id="para0026" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the cardiorespiratory repercussion&#44; the differences between the three levels of SATO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; in the three types of masks&#44; are not statistically significant&#46; Therefore&#44; it must be concluded that compensatory mechanisms work to guarantee the supply of oxygen necessary for the economy&#44; as well as for the elimination of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p><p id="para0027" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In subsequent studies&#44; it is important that we pay attention to the contributions of Florian Egger et al&#46;&#44; who present data that could indicate that the air rarefied by face masks can affect the neuro-vegetative balance of subjects during exercise&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="para0028" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a limitation of the study&#44; the study lacks power to clarify whether there are sex differences in the use of masks&#46; The cause of this is the differences in the physical and morphological profile presented by the group of young men and women in our study&#44; which does not allow us to compare both groups&#46; Another limitation is they belong to a sample of ages&#44; reduced to adolescence&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0011">Conclusions</span><p id="para0029" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The KN95 mask presented a lower concentration of O2 and a higher concentration of CO2 compared to the baseline situation with the surgical masks and those home-made&#46; There is a difference in CO2 between the sexes when the KN95 mask was used&#44; in relation to weight and height&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
        ]
        7 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2022-04-12"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2022-06-15"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1562551"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Hypoxia"
            1 => "Hypercapnia"
            2 => "Rarefied air"
            3 => "Face mask"
            4 => "Respiratory dead space"
            5 => "COVID-19"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abss0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0002">Introduction</span><p id="spara005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Due to the mandatory use of a mask in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic&#44; we set out to evaluate the physiological impact of hypoxia and hypercapnia generated by different masks at rest&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0003">Methods</span><p id="spara006" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-two competitive adolescent athletes &#40;40&#37; female&#41; were evaluated&#46; Room air and intra-mask measurements were taken at rest while sitting in a chair&#46; A spirometric study was performed and the intra-mask concentration of O2 and CO2 was evaluated&#44; comparing 3 situations&#58; a&#41; Home &#40;H&#41;&#58; mask that the subject was wearing from home&#46; b&#41; Surgical &#40;S&#41;&#58; surgical mask&#46; c&#41; KN95 mask &#40;KN95&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0004">Results</span><p id="spara007" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The ambient air in the laboratory was&#58; O2&#58; 20&#46;9&#37; and CO2&#58; 544 &#177; 67 ppm &#40;0&#46;05&#37;&#41;&#59; Intra-mask O2&#58; H&#58; 17&#46;8 &#177; 0&#46;72 &#37;&#59; S&#58; 17&#46;08 &#177; 0&#46;62 &#37;&#59; KN95&#58; 16&#46;8 &#177; 0&#46;56 &#37;&#59; &#40;H vs S&#58; ns&#59; H vs NK95&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60;0&#46;001&#59; S vs KN95&#58; p &#60;0&#46;002&#41;&#46; Intra-mask CO2&#58; H&#58; 1&#46;81 &#177; 0&#46;52 &#37;&#59; S 1&#46;92 &#177; 0&#46;35 &#37;&#59; KN95&#58; 2&#46;07 &#177; 0&#46;36&#37;&#59; &#40;H vs S&#58; ns&#59; H vs NK95&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60;0&#46;001&#59; S vs KN95&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60;0&#46;012&#41;&#46; CO2 levels with KN95 were lower in men 1&#46;97 &#177; 0&#46;37 &#37; vs 2&#46;2 &#177; 0&#46;29 &#37; than in women &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;04&#41;&#44; with a significant correlation between gender and weight &#40;r&#58; 0&#46;98&#44; p&#58; 0&#46;01&#41; and height &#40;r&#58; 0&#46;78&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#58; 0&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0005">Conclusions</span><p id="spara008" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The KN95 mask presented a lower concentration of O2&#44; and a higher concentration of CO2 compared to the baseline situation with the surgical masks and those home-made&#46; There is a difference in CO2 between the sexes when the KN95 mask was used&#44; in relation to weight and height&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abss0001"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
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            "titulo" => "Methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abss0003"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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            "identificador" => "abss0004"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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        ]
      ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara002" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI&#58; Body mass index&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">average&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">average&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0012"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#60;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0013"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0014"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0015"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Age &#40;y&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">18&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0017"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">7&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0018"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;185&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0019"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">51&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0020"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">7&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0021"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Weigth &#40;Kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0022"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">66&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0023"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0024"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0025"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0026"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0027"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Heigt &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0028"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0029"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0030"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0031"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">19&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0032"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0033"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">BMI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">20&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0035"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0036"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;185&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Physiological profile&#46; N&#61; 32&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0002"
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        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara003" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FVC&#58; forced vital capacity&#46; FVC1&#58; forced vital capacity in the first second&#46; PEF&#58; Peak espiratory flow&#46; VDana&#58; is anatomical dead space&#46; TV&#58; is tidal volume&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0037"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0039"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0043"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">average&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0044"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0045"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0046"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">average&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0047"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0048"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#60;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0049"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0050"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0051"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">FVC &#40;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0052"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0053"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0054"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0056"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">FEV1 &#40;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0058"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0059"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0060"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0061"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">86&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0062"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">7&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">FEV1&#47;FVC &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">88&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0065"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0066"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0067"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0068"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0069"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">PEF &#40;L&#47;s&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0070"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0071"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0072"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0073"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">185&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0074"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0075"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">VDana &#40;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0076"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">233&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0077"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0078"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0079"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">310&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0080"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">45&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0081"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TV &#40;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0082"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">398&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0083"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">54&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0084"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spara001a" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spirometric profile by gender&#46;</p>"
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      ]
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        "identificador" => "tbl0003"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0003"
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          ]
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara003a" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">All three mask types create an environment with a similar Cavity Air Index &#40;CAI&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0085"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0086"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Home&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Surgical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0088"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">KN95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0089"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0090"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;81 &#177; 0&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0091"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;92 &#177; 0&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0092"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;07 &#177; 0&#46;36<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb3fn1">&#42;</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb3fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0093"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0094"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">17&#46;8 &#177; 0&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0095"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">17&#46;0 &#177; 0&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0096"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16&#46;8&#177;0&#46;56<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb3fn1">&#42;</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb3fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0097"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">CAI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0098"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;48 &#177; 0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0099"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;49 &#177; 0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0100"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;49 &#177; 0&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0101"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> saturation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0102"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">98&#46;6 &#177; 0&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0103"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">98&#46;3 &#177; 1&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0104"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">98&#46;4 &#177; 1&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0105"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">HR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0106"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">64&#46;1 &#177; 10&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0107"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">64&#46;8 &#177; 11&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0108"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">64&#46;6 &#177; 11&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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              "identificador" => "tb3fn1"
              "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0003"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#60;</span>0&#46;0001 vs Home&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tb3fn2"
              "etiqueta" => "&#35;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0003s"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#60;</span>0&#46;01 vs Surgical&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spara111a" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Total results&#46; N &#61; 32&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0004"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara004" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The intra-mask CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> difference presented a significant correlation between sex and weight &#40;r&#58; 0&#46;98&#44; p&#58; 0&#46;01&#41; and height &#40;r&#58; 0&#46;78&#44; p&#58; 0&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0109"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0110"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0112"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0113"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">HomeO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0114"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">17&#46;3 &#177; 0&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0115"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">17 &#177; 0&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0116"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">n&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0117"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">HomeCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0118"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;75 &#177; 0&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0119"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;89 &#177; 0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0120"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">n&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0121"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Surgical O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0122"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">17&#46;4 &#177; 0&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0123"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">17 &#177; 0&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0124"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">n&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0125"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Surgical CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0126"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;86 &#177; 0&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0127"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;01 &#177; 0&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0128"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">n&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0129"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">KN95 O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0130"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16&#46;9 &#177; 0&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0131"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16&#46;6 &#177; 0&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0132"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">n&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0133"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">KN95 CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Original Article
Physiological impact of different types of mask at rest
Ignasi de Yzaguirre i Mauraa,
Corresponding author
14521iym@comb.cat

Corresponding author.
, Diego Dulanto Zabalab, Daniel Brotons i Cuixarta, J. Antoni Gutierrez Rincond, Joan Vives i Turcóa, Gonzalo Graziolic
a Unitat d'Esport i Salut. Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain
b Hospital Universitario Basurto, Bilbao, Spain
c Àptima Centre Clínic, Mutua Terrassa, Spain
d Serveis medics Futbol Club Barcelona, Spain
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    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>"
    "titulo" => "Physiological impact of different types of mask at rest"
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        "autoresLista" => "Ignasi de Yzaguirre i Maura, Diego Dulanto Zabala, Daniel Brotons i Cuixart, J&#46; Antoni Gutierrez Rincon, Joan Vives i Turc&#243;, Gonzalo Grazioli"
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            "entidad" => "Unitat d&#39;Esport i Salut&#46; Generalitat de Catalunya&#44; Spain"
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            "entidad" => "&#192;ptima Centre Cl&#237;nic&#44; Mutua Terrassa&#44; Spain"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0007">Introduction</span><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic&#44; this study aims to add knowledge to the studies that we have previously carried out with a low number of individuals due to the strict confinement that existed in the first months of the pandemic<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and from a later study carried out in the exercise physiology laboratory to control and confirm the previous data&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The aims of our study were&#58; a&#41; estimate the respiratory profile of the subjects under study&#59; b&#41; determination of the different mixtures of O2 and CO2 within the dead space of the mask in the three types of mask studied&#59; c&#41; determination of the impact of the different types of mask &#40;H&#44; S&#44; KN95&#41; at the level of cardiac demand and arterial O2 saturation&#59; d&#41; establish the physiological impact of the morphological characteristics and also at the sex level of the subjects under study&#59; e&#41; estimate the respiratory effort in the different types of masks&#46;</p><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The experience acquired in our previous studies carried out in the underground environment in a situation of extreme hypoxia hypercapnia has been useful to us&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> in a situation of slight contamination&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and in a situation of hypoxia hypercapnic recreated in the laboratory&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> made in confined spaces&#44; with rarefied air&#44; in these last four decades&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0008">Material and method</span><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sports aptitude assessment was previously carried out&#44; with physical examination&#44; spirometry&#44; and baseline electrocardiogram&#46; The test was performed at rest&#44; with the subjects sitting on a chair&#44; in a meditative attitude&#46; The Home mask &#40;H&#41; is the one that the subjects were wearing when they arrived from home&#46; A surgical mask &#40;S&#41; and an identical KN95 were provided for all subjects&#44; new and dry&#46; The surgical mask &#40;S&#41; was adjusted using a posterior tightener&#46; The atmospheres of the space confined by the mask are compared&#46;</p><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Materials&#58; MultiRae&#174; Rae Systems model gas analyzer &#40;portable chemical detector&#41; with analysis of oxygen&#44; carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide&#46; O2 and CO2 were adjusted with the laboratory control gas&#58; Abell&#243;&#8211;Linde mixture with 6&#46;6&#37; CO2 and 12&#37; O2&#46; The intra-mask breathed air sample was taken using a suction probe connected to the gas analyzer&#46; Spirometry was performed with the Datapir touch-Sibelmed&#174; equipment with turbine transducer and bacterial&#47;viral filter&#46;</p><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The current study was carried out in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona&#44; in the physiology laboratory of the Unitat d&#39;Esport i Salut of the Secretaria General de l&#39;Esport &#40;Government of Catalonia&#41; during the second wave of COVID-19 &#40;October-November 2020&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RaeSystem&#174; detector observations are compared with the gases of the Effort Physiology Laboratory&#44; of the Sports and Health Unit&#46; The corresponding corrections are made&#46; We calculated the anatomical dead space &#40;VDana&#41; from the formula&#58; VDana&#8239;&#61;&#8239;2&#46;4783 x height&#8239;&#43;&#8239;1&#46;1895&#44; a formula obtained from data published&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> respiratory deficits are determined by the formula&#58; &#40;&#40;VDana&#8239;&#43;&#8239;Air mort mask&#41; x 100&#41;&#47;TV&#59; VDana is anatomical dead space and TV is tidal volume&#46;</p><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cavity air index &#40;CAI&#41; is determined inside the mask&#46; It is the CO2 difference above the ambient &#40;0&#46;05&#41; divided by the oxygen difference with respect to the ambient &#40;20&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; It indicates&#44; in the present study&#44; that the sum of oxygen and carbon dioxide does not add up to 20&#46;9&#37;&#44; as in the usual atmospheric composition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The excess respiratory effort generated by the three types of mask is calculated using the formula&#58; &#40;&#40;VDana&#43; air mask volume&#41; x 100&#41; &#47; TV&#44; where VDana is the anatomical dead space and TV is the tidal volume&#46; The dead space in the mask&#44; is estimated at 15 cc for Home&#44; 25 cc for Surgical and 75 cc for KN95&#46;</p><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviations&#46; The two-tailed t-test with paired data was used to check if the differences were significant&#46; Since the sample is &#60;50 cases&#44; the cut-off value p&#60;0&#46;005 was used&#46; Statistical correlations of different parameters were studied to relate them&#44; using Pearson&#39;s r coefficient &#40;r&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study has been favorably reported by the ethics committee of the sports Government of Catalonia &#40;certificate&#58; 018 &#47; CEICGC &#47; 2021&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0009">Results</span><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">32 individuals &#40;13 women and 19 men&#41; were included&#46; Mean age&#8239;&#61;&#8239;17&#46;8 &#177; 6 years&#59; height&#8239;&#61;&#8239;172&#46;1&#177; 10&#46;1 cm&#59; BMI&#58; 20&#46;4 &#177; 2&#46;5&#46; The sports were cycling&#44; volleyball&#44; pentathlon&#44; speed skating&#44; sport climbing&#44; crossfit and running &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The respiratory profile of the subjects under study are&#58; Forced vital capacity &#40;FVC&#41;&#58; 4&#46;30&#177;0&#46;95 L FEV1&#58; Forced expiratory volume in the first second &#40;FEV1&#41;&#58; 3&#46;75 &#177; 0&#46;83 L&#46; FEV&#47;FVC&#58; 87&#46;4 &#177; 6&#46;2&#37; Peak expiratory flow &#40;PEF&#41;&#58; 7&#46;8 &#177; 1 &#46;78 L&#47;s &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The different mixtures of O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> within the intra-mask dead space were determined in the three types studied&#44; presenting different levels of cavitary hypoxia and hypercapnia with statistically significant differences &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0003">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0003"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0018" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the sex level&#44; we found statistically significant differences in CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels&#58; &#40;men&#41; 1&#46;97 &#177; 0&#46;37 vs &#40;women&#41; 2&#46;2 &#177; 0&#46;29&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#60;</span>0&#46;04&#44; in the KN95 mask &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0004">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0004"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0019" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The respiratory deficit generated by each type of mask compared to ambient air without a mask was&#58; Home 4&#46;3 &#177; 0&#46;87&#37;&#44; Surgical 7&#46;2 &#177; 1&#46;45&#37; and KN95 21&#46;4 &#177; 4&#46;34&#37;&#44; with a significance greater than <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#60;</span> 0&#46;0001 between them&#46;</p><p id="para0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anatomical dead air &#40;VDA&#41; was calculated to be 214 &#177; 33 ml&#46; Flowing air &#40;VTIDAL&#41; under the study conditions was calculated at 363&#46;5 &#177; 67 ml&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0010">Discussion</span><p id="para0021" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of our study show that there are differences between different models of masks such that the more dead space there is in the mask&#44; the more unfavorable the mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide available to be breathed&#46;</p><p id="para0022" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are very few studies on the composition of the air inside the masks in common use&#46; Studies with Snorkel masks adapted for the assistance of patients with COVID syndrome&#44; Germonpre P&#44; &#40;2020&#41; observed a small initial increase in CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Kechli et al&#46; estimated the physiological dead space in the system at 60 ml Modified snorkel&#44; using a modified Snorkel mask shows a slight decrease in heart rate after 20 minutes of rest&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="para0023" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main contribution of our study consists in verifying that the dead air of the mask influences the quality of the breathed air sample&#46; In the case of the Home mask&#44; the main characteristic is its humidity and its imperfect fit to the subject&#39;s face&#46; The KN95 mask adjusts spontaneously to the subject&#39;s face and in the case of the surgical mask &#40;S&#41; a tensioner has been required for a perfect fit&#44; without air leaks&#46;</p><p id="para0024" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The masks are an element interposed between the airway and the free atmosphere&#46; They are an enlargement of the anatomical dead space and therefore modify breathing&#46; Secondly&#44; they are an element for filtering the air&#44; therefore&#44; they increase the demand of the respiratory muscles to breathe&#46; To consider&#44; as a third element&#44; the facial adjustment of the mask&#44; which allows leaks and air circulation outside the mask&#46; Mask cavity air&#58; ranges from 20 ml &#40;surgical mask&#41; to 75 ml for KN95 models based on our own observations&#46; Anatomical dead air&#58; it goes from the alveoli to the teeth and nostrils&#46; The manuals estimate it at 150 ml on average&#44; but we calculated it for each subject under study&#44; based on the formula VDANAT&#8239;&#61;&#8239;2&#46;4783 x height&#8239;&#43;&#8239;1&#46;1895&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="para0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We calculated respiratory tidal air &#40;Vtidal&#41; from Chula&#39;s formula<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and the multiplication of 6 ml per kg of body mass&#46; The 13 women in the study had worse figures for respiratory gases inside the mask&#44; but their age was lower than the male group and their weight and height were significantly smaller&#46; We attribute this different adaptation to the size of the subjects under study&#46; Generally&#44; taller subjects will have a greater anatomical dead space and the dead space of the mask will be smaller in proportion to their height&#44; and therefore the respiratory effort of tall subjects will be lower than that of subjects with less height&#46;</p><p id="para0026" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the cardiorespiratory repercussion&#44; the differences between the three levels of SATO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; in the three types of masks&#44; are not statistically significant&#46; Therefore&#44; it must be concluded that compensatory mechanisms work to guarantee the supply of oxygen necessary for the economy&#44; as well as for the elimination of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p><p id="para0027" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In subsequent studies&#44; it is important that we pay attention to the contributions of Florian Egger et al&#46;&#44; who present data that could indicate that the air rarefied by face masks can affect the neuro-vegetative balance of subjects during exercise&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="para0028" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a limitation of the study&#44; the study lacks power to clarify whether there are sex differences in the use of masks&#46; The cause of this is the differences in the physical and morphological profile presented by the group of young men and women in our study&#44; which does not allow us to compare both groups&#46; Another limitation is they belong to a sample of ages&#44; reduced to adolescence&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0011">Conclusions</span><p id="para0029" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The KN95 mask presented a lower concentration of O2 and a higher concentration of CO2 compared to the baseline situation with the surgical masks and those home-made&#46; There is a difference in CO2 between the sexes when the KN95 mask was used&#44; in relation to weight and height&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abss0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0002">Introduction</span><p id="spara005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Due to the mandatory use of a mask in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic&#44; we set out to evaluate the physiological impact of hypoxia and hypercapnia generated by different masks at rest&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0003">Methods</span><p id="spara006" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-two competitive adolescent athletes &#40;40&#37; female&#41; were evaluated&#46; Room air and intra-mask measurements were taken at rest while sitting in a chair&#46; A spirometric study was performed and the intra-mask concentration of O2 and CO2 was evaluated&#44; comparing 3 situations&#58; a&#41; Home &#40;H&#41;&#58; mask that the subject was wearing from home&#46; b&#41; Surgical &#40;S&#41;&#58; surgical mask&#46; c&#41; KN95 mask &#40;KN95&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0004">Results</span><p id="spara007" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The ambient air in the laboratory was&#58; O2&#58; 20&#46;9&#37; and CO2&#58; 544 &#177; 67 ppm &#40;0&#46;05&#37;&#41;&#59; Intra-mask O2&#58; H&#58; 17&#46;8 &#177; 0&#46;72 &#37;&#59; S&#58; 17&#46;08 &#177; 0&#46;62 &#37;&#59; KN95&#58; 16&#46;8 &#177; 0&#46;56 &#37;&#59; &#40;H vs S&#58; ns&#59; H vs NK95&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60;0&#46;001&#59; S vs KN95&#58; p &#60;0&#46;002&#41;&#46; Intra-mask CO2&#58; H&#58; 1&#46;81 &#177; 0&#46;52 &#37;&#59; S 1&#46;92 &#177; 0&#46;35 &#37;&#59; KN95&#58; 2&#46;07 &#177; 0&#46;36&#37;&#59; &#40;H vs S&#58; ns&#59; H vs NK95&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60;0&#46;001&#59; S vs KN95&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60;0&#46;012&#41;&#46; CO2 levels with KN95 were lower in men 1&#46;97 &#177; 0&#46;37 &#37; vs 2&#46;2 &#177; 0&#46;29 &#37; than in women &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;04&#41;&#44; with a significant correlation between gender and weight &#40;r&#58; 0&#46;98&#44; p&#58; 0&#46;01&#41; and height &#40;r&#58; 0&#46;78&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#58; 0&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0005">Conclusions</span><p id="spara008" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The KN95 mask presented a lower concentration of O2&#44; and a higher concentration of CO2 compared to the baseline situation with the surgical masks and those home-made&#46; There is a difference in CO2 between the sexes when the KN95 mask was used&#44; in relation to weight and height&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0002"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0003"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0004"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">Man&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0005"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0006"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0007"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">average&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0008"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0009"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0010"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">average&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0011"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0012"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#60;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0013"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0014"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0015"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Age &#40;y&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0016"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">18&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0017"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">7&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0018"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;185&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0019"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">51&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0020"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">7&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0021"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Weigth &#40;Kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0022"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">66&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0023"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0024"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0025"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0026"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0027"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Heigt &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0028"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0029"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0030"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0031"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">19&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0032"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0033"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">BMI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">20&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0035"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0036"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;185&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Physiological profile&#46; N&#61; 32&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0002"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0002"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara003" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FVC&#58; forced vital capacity&#46; FVC1&#58; forced vital capacity in the first second&#46; PEF&#58; Peak espiratory flow&#46; VDana&#58; is anatomical dead space&#46; TV&#58; is tidal volume&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0037"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">Woman&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0038"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0039"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0040"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">Man&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0041"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0042"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0043"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">average&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0044"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0045"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0046"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">average&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0047"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0048"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#60;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0049"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0050"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0051"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">FVC &#40;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0052"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0053"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0054"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0056"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">FEV1 &#40;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0058"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0059"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0060"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0061"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">86&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0062"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">7&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">FEV1&#47;FVC &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">88&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0065"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0066"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0067"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0068"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0069"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">PEF &#40;L&#47;s&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0070"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0071"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0072"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0073"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">185&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0074"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0075"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">VDana &#40;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0076"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">233&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0077"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0078"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0079"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">310&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0080"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">45&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0081"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">TV &#40;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0082"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">398&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0083"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">54&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0084"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spara001a" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spirometric profile by gender&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0003"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0003"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara003a" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">All three mask types create an environment with a similar Cavity Air Index &#40;CAI&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0085"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0086"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Home&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0087"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Surgical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0088"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">KN95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0089"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0090"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;81 &#177; 0&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0091"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;92 &#177; 0&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0092"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;07 &#177; 0&#46;36<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb3fn1">&#42;</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb3fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0093"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0094"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">17&#46;8 &#177; 0&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0095"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">17&#46;0 &#177; 0&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0096"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16&#46;8&#177;0&#46;56<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb3fn1">&#42;</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb3fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0097"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">CAI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0098"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;48 &#177; 0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0099"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;49 &#177; 0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0100"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;49 &#177; 0&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0101"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> saturation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0102"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">98&#46;6 &#177; 0&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0103"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">98&#46;3 &#177; 1&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0104"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">98&#46;4 &#177; 1&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0105"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">HR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0106"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">64&#46;1 &#177; 10&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0107"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">64&#46;8 &#177; 11&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0108"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">64&#46;6 &#177; 11&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:2 [
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              "identificador" => "tb3fn1"
              "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0003"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#60;</span>0&#46;0001 vs Home&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tb3fn2"
              "etiqueta" => "&#35;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0003s"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#60;</span>0&#46;01 vs Surgical&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara111a" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Total results&#46; N &#61; 32&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0004"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0004"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara004" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The intra-mask CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> difference presented a significant correlation between sex and weight &#40;r&#58; 0&#46;98&#44; p&#58; 0&#46;01&#41; and height &#40;r&#58; 0&#46;78&#44; p&#58; 0&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0109"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0110"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0112"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0113"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">HomeO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0114"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">17&#46;3 &#177; 0&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0115"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">17 &#177; 0&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0116"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">n&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0117"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">HomeCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0118"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;75 &#177; 0&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0119"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;89 &#177; 0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0120"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">n&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0121"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Surgical O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0122"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">17&#46;4 &#177; 0&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0123"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">17 &#177; 0&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0124"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">n&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0125"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Surgical CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0126"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;86 &#177; 0&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0127"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;01 &#177; 0&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0128"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">n&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0129"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">KN95 O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0130"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16&#46;9 &#177; 0&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0131"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16&#46;6 &#177; 0&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0132"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">n&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0133"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">KN95 CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0134"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;97 &#177; 0&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0135"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;2 &#177; 0&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0136"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0137"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">age &#40;y&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0138"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">18&#46;8&#177;7&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0139"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16&#46;4&#177;2&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0140"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">n&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0141"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Weight &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0142"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">66&#46;3&#177;9&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0143"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">51&#46;7&#177;7&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0144"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#60; 0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0145"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Height &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0146"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;78&#177;0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0147"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;63&#177;0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0148"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0149"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">BMI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0150"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">20&#46;9&#177;2&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0151"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">19&#46;6&#177;2&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0152"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">n&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
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ISSN: 26665069
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