Corresponding author at: Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences – Centro Universitário Augusto Motta (UNISUAM), Rua Dona Isabel 94, Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
was read the article
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=> "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0004" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>" "identificador" => "aff0006" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">g</span>" "identificador" => "aff0007" ] 4 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0001" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Programa de PosGraduacão em Educacão Física, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "School of Health Sciences, Gama e Souza University Center, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Physical Education Graduate School, Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0003" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Undergraduate Program in Physical Education, Augusto Motta University Center (UNISUAM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0004" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Centro Universitário Augusto Motta (UNISUAM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Strength Training Laboratory (LABFOR), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0006" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Undergraduate Program in Physical Education, IBMR University Center, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0007" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0001" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author at: Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences – Centro Universitário Augusto Motta (UNISUAM), Rua Dona Isabel 94, Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0007">Introduction</span><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Soccer is one of the most popular sports worldwide and this popularity is reflected by the amount of scientific research produced on the topic, however, most studies focus on investigating male soccer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Currently, female soccer is one of the fastest growing sports trends around the world, which highlights the need for more robust investigations regarding female soccer player´s performance especially across different age groups.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sprinting, jumping and change-of-direction (COD) abilities seem to play a significant role in this sport and are directly associated to power determinants of performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Additionally these demands may suffer the influence of an individual´s aging process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> These actions can be classified as majorly anaerobic activities even though a soccer game depends mostly on aerobic metabolism.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In a typical soccer game, female players may cover ∼10 km interspersed with short-duration and maximal intensity activities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Investigations have been conducted aiming to determine age-specific performance among male soccer players.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Previously, it was observed that despite an increase in volume and intensity of neuromuscular training, sprint and COD abilities seem to remain stable over the years which may highlight the need of a more appropriate training strategy during the specialization process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to Kobal et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> male soccer players of a professional category performed better than their counterparts on strength, power, and aerobic assessments, a trend that was not observed for sprinting performance. However, since men and women display different neuromuscular characteristics,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> it is not clear whether this behavior would be observed on female categories. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the athletic profile of female soccer players from adult and youth categories of a professional soccer club. The authors hypothesized that adult players would perform better in all physical testing parameters.</p></span><span id="sec0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0008">Methods</span><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a cross-sectional study in which the sample was selected by convenience. Participants (adult category <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 21; youth category <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 21) were assessed at the end of the pre-season. The participants were evaluated at the same of the day, aiming to avoid the influence of the circadian rhythm. Each participant was instructed to wear comfortable clothing for testing procedures and had received an authorization from their medical department to participate in the present investigation. Participants were instructed to avoid any vigorous exercise and caffeine or alcohol ingestion 12 h prior testing and were familiarized with testing procedures.</p><span id="sec0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0009">Procedures</span><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initially, anthropometric measurements and information regarding the subject´s general playing positions were collected. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm and body mass to the nearest 0.1 kg. Descriptive statistics are displayed on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a>. This study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Augusto Motta University Centre Institutional Review Board approved the present investigation (#4.800.595) and appropriate consent has been obtained. Participants performed a standard warm-up with a 10-min duration in which the athletes performed low-intensity jogging during the first 5 min. Ballistic movements to the lower limbs were added during the last 5 min. Following warm-up, the Yo–Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YO–YO), 10-m acceleration (10 m), 20-m speed test (20 m), the 505 agility test (505) and the vertical jump (VJ) were performed. The testing order was randomized as testing procedures were conducted on the lower limbs aiming to avoid residual fatigue.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exclusion criteria consisted of (a) any kind of musculoskeletal injury that led to training absence for eight days or more in the six months prior to testing; (b) individuals who had ingested caffeine or alcohol during the last 12 h prior testing. All participants were informed of the benefits and risks of the investigation prior to signing an institutionally approved informed consent document to participate in this study.</p></span><span id="sec0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0010">Yo–Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YO–YO)</span><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the individual´s ability to repeatedly perform an intense exercise, the YO–YO test was conducted.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The test was carried out on running tracks and consisted of 20-m shuttle-runs performed at increased speeds with a 10-s active recovery in 5-m distance between runs until exhaustion. Audio cues were broadcasted using a CD-player. A pre-test attempt was conducted aiming to familiarize subjects with the testing protocol. Testing was conducted until exhaustion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Maximal oxygen consumption (VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max) was estimated through the following equation: (Distance (m) * 0,084 + 36,4).</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0011">10-Meter acceleration (10 m) and 20-m sprint</span><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 10 m test was conducted aiming to assess subject's ability to accelerate.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The purpose is to complete the test as fast as possible. For referencing, a cone was placed 70 cm behind the starting point. Subjects performed two attempts with a 2-min interval between them and the fastest trial was used for statistical analysis. Subjects running speed was evaluated in a 20 m sprint test.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> For referencing, a cone was placed 70 cm behind the starting point. Subjects performed two attempts with a 2-min interval between them and the fastest trial was used for statistical analysis. Photocells were placed at 0, 10, and 20 m (Speed Test 6.0 CEFISE, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil).</p></span><span id="sec0006" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">XX</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0012">505 agility test (505)</span><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 505 was used to assess the subject's ability to change direction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Subjects should perform a half-turn (180º) over their dominant and non-dominant limb after a 15 m sprint.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Subjects performed two attempts for each limb. The best performance was used for statistical analysis.</p></span><span id="sec0007" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0013">Vertical jump (VJ)</span><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lower limb power was measured through vertical jump performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Testing was conducted on a force platform measuring jump height, contact time, and flight time. Subjects should with feet shoulder width apart and hands akimbo and testing was conducted using the same pre-defined order: squat jump, bilateral countermovement jumped, and unilateral countermovement jump. Subjects performed two attempts with a 2-min interval between them. The highest jump in centimeters (cm) was used for statistical analysis.</p></span><span id="sec0008" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0014">Statistical analysis</span><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test was used to assess data distribution. The results are displayed as mean and standard deviation. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), expressed as (MS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span> - MS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span>) / [MS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span> + (k-1) MS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">w</span>), was used to assess data reliability. ICC values lower than <0.40 were considered to be poor, 0.40 ≤ ICC < 0.75 were reasonably good and an ICC ≥75 indicated excellent reliability. Paired Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>-tests were used to assess intragroup differences and Independent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>-tests were used to asses intergroup differences. Data were entered into IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software for analysis and the level of significance was set at 5% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> ≤ 0.05).</p></span></span><span id="sec0009" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0015">Results</span><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a> indicates better performance in the unilateral jump for the right leg compared to the left leg in the adult group (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.05), but no statistically significant differences were found between groups (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> > 0.05) as well as in intragroup and intergroup bilateral vertical jump comparisons (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> > 0.05). Similarly, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0003">Table 3</a> indicates that there were also no significant differences between groups for any of the proposed parameters.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0003"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0016">Discussion</span><p id="para0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The key finding from the present investigation was that there were no statistically significant differences between groups for any of the investigated parameters. However, a statistically significant difference was observed in unilateral vertical jump performance among adult female soccer players. These results do not corroborate the authors’ initial hypothesis.</p><p id="para0021" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There has been an increased scientific interest in analyzing performance parameters among female soccer players. Ramos et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> compared anthropometric and physical fitness of a female national football team. According to their investigation, senior female players presented superior performance than the younger categories in all tests, except for the CMJ, in which no difference was detected in comparison with “under 20″ category. According to previous research, female performance on high-intensity tasks such as CMJ performance may improve up to 17 years of age, presenting no further increase until female players turned 21.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In the present investigation it was possible to observe the lack of statistically significant differences regarding performance on the CMJ between categories. This finding, besides corroborating the hypothesis of the previously cited study, allow us to hypothesize that this further increase in performance may not occur for a longer period than that previously mentioned in the literature.</p><p id="para0022" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inter-limb asymmetry observed among female adult players in the present sample may have been the result of the demands inherent to the sport. Inter-limb asymmetry is a common issue among soccer players, since many of the tasks performed during matches are executed unilaterally.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> It is suggested that inter-limb asymmetry, assessed through a variety of testing procedures, may promote higher injury rates.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Trecoci et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> investigated asymmetries in COD ability between different age categories noticing that subjects in the U16 category were more asymmetrical than the ones in U18, U17, and U15. According to the authors, maturity-related variations in body shape may contribute to imbalances in bilateral activities.</p><p id="para0023" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Female soccer players are at risk of suffering lower limb injuries such as ankle sprains and anterior cruciate ligament injury despite of their training experience, especially when playing in artificial turf.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Considering the physical demands imposed during soccer, such as power and sprint performance, strength training strategies have been used for player's development and aiming to reduce injury risk in this population, regardless of sex and age category. Pardos-Mainer et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> investigated the effects of an 8-week strength and power training on interlimb asymmetries and performance of adolescent soccer players. Compared to soccer training alone, the use of an in-season training program could improve speed, and COD performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Also, besides the well-established improvements on performance, the use of a strength training program is indicated when aiming to restore lower limb alignment during landing<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> and improve lower limb stability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="para0024" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the sports specialization process, the adequate development of motor competency is primordial, and dependent not only on the maturational processes but also on the adequate stimulation of fundamental motor skills.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> The use of an adequate integrated neuromuscular type of training during sports specialization may have resulted in an early mastery of physical capabilities reflecting on the absence of differences between categories. Intermittent efforts are predominant during soccer activities and have been correlated to number of sprints and distance covered during a match, however, in this sample there was no significant differences in Yo-Yo performance between categories. This finding conflicts with the results from the study conducted by Haugen et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> who aimed to quantify differences regarding VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> max performance considering player´s level, as well as age and playing position. According to their investigation, VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> max seems to trend towards higher levels in higher playing levels. Conflicting findings may arise from the clear discrepancy between sample sizes, since Haugen et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> provided data from 199 female soccer players between the years of 1989 and 2007.</p><p id="para0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additionally, when conducting a one-sample T test aiming to compare our sample to the data provided by Haugen et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> it was observed that both of the present categories had lower VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> max values when compared to their “junior” and “national categories.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> There is no information regarding the use of any physical training program besides specific soccer training, which difficult raising hypothesis regarding the actual motives behind these differences in physical readiness.</p><p id="para0026" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has limitations. Firstly, regarding the evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness, the authors would like to highlight that even though no laboratory measurements were conducted, the proposed testing procedure raises ecological validity and it´s well established as a testing tool for soccer players. Secondly, the authors’ didn´t have access to the athletes’ strength training periodization and programming which limited the discussion. Also, the authors reinforce that these results can´t be extrapolated to male soccer players.</p></span><span id="sec0011" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0017">Conclusions</span><p id="para0027" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The findings of this investigation provide insights on the characteristics of different female soccer categories. The study suggests that there is no clear discrepancy between youth and adult categories regarding power, sprint, change-of-direction ability, and aerobic performance. Considering the lack of differences between groups, the authors hypothesize that, in the process of sports specialization, other physical qualities might be more relevant than power performance which may imply that in this age gap, the maturation process didn´t seem to affect performance in tests that rely on power performance and this may be a result of the training protocols conducted by the sport´s club which the authors did not have access to.</p><p id="para0028" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, a trend towards lower limb asymmetry was observed among adult players. Thus, the use of strength training can be suggested as a way to mitigate possible muscle imbalances arising from the practice, as well as to reduce injury risk resulting from limb asymmetry since the use of strength training and its periodization model was not well defined in the present sample, which may have influenced the results.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2162596" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0001" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0002" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0003" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0004" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1834637" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0001" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0002" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0003" "titulo" => "Procedures" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0004" "titulo" => "Yo–Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YO–YO)" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "10-Meter acceleration (10 m) and 20-m sprint" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0006" "titulo" => "505 agility test (505)" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0007" "titulo" => "Vertical jump (VJ)" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0008" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0009" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0011" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack750537" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleBold">References</span>" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2023-06-05" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-07-03" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1834637" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Soccer" 1 => "Jumping" 2 => "Sport" 3 => "Sport specialization" 4 => "Youth category" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abss0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0002">Introduction</span><p id="spara005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nowadays, female soccer can be considered one of fastest growing sports trends. However, investigations regarding female soccer players’ performance are still scarce comparing to male soccer players. The purpose of this study was to compare the athletic profile of female soccer players from adult and youth categories of a professional soccer club.</p></span> <span id="abss0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0003">Material and methods</span><p id="spara006" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forty-two female soccer players from a professional soccer club were recruited for this investigation (adult category <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 21; youth category <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 21). Performance tests were randomly assigned. Aerobic capacity, sprint, change-of-direction ability, and power performance were assessed.</p></span> <span id="abss0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0004">Results</span><p id="spara007" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There were no significant differences between groups for any of the proposed parameters. Also, better unilateral jump performance for the right leg was observed among adult players (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.05).</p></span> <span id="abss0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0005">Conclusions</span><p id="spara008" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study suggests that there is no clear discrepancy between youth and adult categories regarding power, sprint, change-of-direction ability, and aerobic performance. However, a trend towards lower limb asymmetry was observed among adult players.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0001" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0002" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0003" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0004" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0001" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0001" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0001"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0002"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adults \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0003"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Youth \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0004"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0005"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">23.33 ± 5.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0006"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">15.71 ± 1.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0007"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Height (m) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0008"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.62 ± 0.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0009"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.62 ± 0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0010"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Weight (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0011"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">60.53 ± 7.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0012"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">56.36 ± 5.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0013"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="" valign="top">Body Mass Index (kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0014"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">23.09 ± 2.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0015"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">21.51 ± 2.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3563541.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation)</span>.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0002" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0002" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0016"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Groups</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0017"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Vertical jump (VJ)</span></th><a name="en0018"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Unilateral VJ (cm)</span></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0019"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0020"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Height (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0021"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CT (s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0022"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">FT (s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0023"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CM (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0024"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Right \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0025"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Left \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0025a"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Left \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0026"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Adults(<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0027"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">28.99 ± 3.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0028"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">274.14 ± 73.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0029"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">441.10 ± 40.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0030"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">30.58 ± 3.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0031"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">15.19 ± 2.73<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb2fn1"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0032"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">16.22 ± 2.28</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0033"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Youth(<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">28.07 ± 3.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0035"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">300.52 ± 85.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0036"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">456.90 ± 31.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0037"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">29.61 ± 3.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0038"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">15.33 ± 2.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0039"></a><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">15.45 ± 2.35</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3563539.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tb2fn1" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0001">Statistical difference within group (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.05). CT, contact time; FT, flight time; CM, countermovement.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara002" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lower limb power performance (mean ± standard deviation).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0003" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0003" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spara004" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">YO–YO IRT 1, Yo–Yo intermittent recovery test; 505AT, 505 agility test.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0040"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col">Groups \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0041"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">YO–YO IRT 1</th><a name="en0042"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col">10 m Acceleration (m/s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0043"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col">20 m Velocity (m/s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0044"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">505AT (m/s)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0045"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0046"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Distance (m)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0047"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> máx</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0048"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0049"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0050"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Right</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0051"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Left</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0052"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Adults(<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0053"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">815.24 ± 255.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0054"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">43.25 ± 2.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.99 ± 0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0056"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.39 ± 0.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.55 ± 0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0058"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.57 ± 0.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0059"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Youth(<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0060"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">775.24 ± 175.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0061"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">42.91 ± 1.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0062"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.99 ± 0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.41 ± 0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.61 ± 0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0065"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2,58 ± 0,07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3563540.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara003" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cardiorespiratory, sprint, and change-of-direction performance (mean ± standard deviation).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleBold">References</span>" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ 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Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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