Special article
Preventing or promoting muscle injuries? Strength training as a risk factor in professional football
Read
263
Timeswas read the article
135
Total PDF
128
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:21 [ "pii" => "S2666506924000300" "issn" => "26665069" "doi" => "10.1016/j.apunsm.2024.100462" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-10-01" "aid" => "100462" "copyrightAnyo" => "2024" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:16 [ "pii" => "S2666506924000208" "issn" => "26665069" "doi" => "10.1016/j.apunsm.2024.100452" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-10-01" "aid" => "100452" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "rev" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review</span>" "titulo" => "Bidirectional relationship between mental health and sport injuries: a review of reviews" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0001" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 429 "Ancho" => 2333 "Tamanyo" => 74345 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0001" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PICO strategy. Adapted from "PICO strategy for constructing the research question and searching for evidence" (p.508–511).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0052"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a></p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Laura Gil-Caselles, Roberto Ruiz Barquín, José María Giménez Egido, Aurelio Olmedilla-Zafra" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Laura" "apellidos" => "Gil-Caselles" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Roberto Ruiz" "apellidos" => "Barquín" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José María Giménez" "apellidos" => "Egido" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Aurelio" "apellidos" => "Olmedilla-Zafra" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2666506924000208?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/26665069/0000005900000224/v1_202410180530/S2666506924000208/v1_202410180530/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:16 [ "pii" => "S266650692400021X" "issn" => "26665069" "doi" => "10.1016/j.apunsm.2024.100453" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-10-01" "aid" => "100453" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Special article</span>" "titulo" => "The potential mechanisms of tissue flossing with Flossband application around the joints or soft tissues: A theoretical framework" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0001" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1392 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 291440 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0001" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Theoretical Framework of Flossband application potential mechanisms</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Jianhong Gao, Jin Seng Thung, Chen Soon Chee, Chris Chow Li Tee, Tengku Fadilah Tengku Kamalden, Shamsulariffin Samsudin, Azril Syazwan Bin Mohd Ali" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jianhong" "apellidos" => "Gao" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jin Seng" "apellidos" => "Thung" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Chen Soon" "apellidos" => "Chee" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Chris Chow Li" "apellidos" => "Tee" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Tengku Fadilah" "apellidos" => "Tengku Kamalden" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Shamsulariffin" "apellidos" => "Samsudin" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Azril Syazwan" "apellidos" => "Bin Mohd Ali" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S266650692400021X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/26665069/0000005900000224/v1_202410180530/S266650692400021X/v1_202410180530/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Special article</span>" "titulo" => "Preventing or promoting muscle injuries? Strength training as a risk factor in professional football" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "N. Balagué, R. Hristovski, R. Pol, A. Borrallo, S García-Retortillo" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Balagué" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Hristovski" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Pol" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0003" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Borrallo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "S" "apellidos" => "García-Retortillo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "sgarcia@wfu.edu" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0004" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0001" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, Paris, France" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0003" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Wake Forest University, North Carolina, USA" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0004" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0001" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author at: Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd, Worrell Prof. Ctr., Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0001" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1735 "Ancho" => 3417 "Tamanyo" => 1480740 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0001" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Networks of interactions among muscle fibers of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">erector espinae</span> (up) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vastus lateralis</span> (down) during 3 consecutive bouts of squat exercises performed until exhaustion. The muscle network reorganizes with fatigue accumulation. The network maps represent the coupling strength between frequency bands (color nodes) corresponding to fast, intermediate and slow fibers within each muscle group. Links strength is shown by the width of the lines (adapted from García-Retortillo et al., 2022).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0003">Introduction</span><p id="para0001" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the implementation of prevention strategies, the rate of muscle injuries in professional football has not decreased.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The prevalence in youth players is particularly alarming and represents a significant health challenge.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Although a relationship between the head coach's leadership style and injury rates has been suggested,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> there is a lack of studies relating muscle injuries with training methodologies. This brief opinion paper aims to alert that strength training may promote sports injuries in some players, and suggest the use of intermuscular connectivity measures to test the risk of muscle injuries.</p><p id="para0002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The increase of hamstring injuries during the last decades in elite clubs has been linked to the high number of competitions per season and the rigorous demands of modern football.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> It is a fact that successful teams participate in national and international cups, and their players frequently compete with their national teams. The interaction among competitive stress, extensive travel, and other related factors can lead to fatigue, coordination deterioration, and an elevated risk of injury.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-8</span></a> However, preventive strategies, including nutrition, physiotherapy, and other interventions, specifically designed to alleviate these effects, have been notably implemented in recent years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9-11</span></a> Furthermore, while the interactions of physiological, biomechanical, and psychosocial sports injury risk factors have been discussed, albeit partially addressed,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> the impact of physical conditioning and training methodologies on muscle injuries keeps relatively understudied.</p><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although training soccer methodologies have notably evolved in recent years toward viewing players/teams as complex adaptive systems, strength and conditioning methodologies still treat players as sophisticated machines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> It is common to separate preventive and performance training using summative and commutative suppositions such as: “strength training combined with skill training results in performing skills with more strength”, “strength training before field training has a preventive effect”, “game actions can be trained in the gym through localized and unspecific exercises.</p><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years, professional football clubs have widely adopted strength training programs as a crucial component of the daily routines for footballers with the primary aim of preventing injuries. They are often based on localized and repetitive exercises which are specific to the performance tests but non-specific with respect to football actions. The potential influence of such methodologies relying on series and repetitions of the same exercises on the development of muscle synergies remains underexplored.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Traditional, contrast models, ballistic, plyometric, and eccentric programs, known for their substantial strength gains measured through performance tests, are among the most common applied methods.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> They are typically conducted in dedicated gym facilities using weights, elastic bands, Olympic bars, ropes, medicine balls, etc. and before the field training sessions. It is worth to distinguish these routines focused on strength training from the widely used warming-up FIFA 11+ injury prevention program.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The strength training programs mentioned above often lack robust scientific evidence, as it is the case of eccentric programs,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0018"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18-20</span></a> or lack evidence-based practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Moreover, existing evidences are frequently based on probabilistic results obtained through experimental designs of group data means comparisons which are non-adequate for personalized recommendations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Driven by prevailing social beliefs and values associated with body image, strength training practices have gained popularity, in particular, among youngsters. Muscular bodies, aligning with contemporary aesthetics and representing the archetype of a fit person, are exhibited by football stars and linked implicitly to success. From a complex system perspective, players, teams and competitions are nested structures related through circular causality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0024"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> If the conditional profile of professional football players changes, the game style and the competition changes as well. In turn, the game style and the competition constraints further the players profile. In this way, a generalized strength-oriented practice may change also the football competition, keeping aside the players with difficulties of adaptation to strength training.</p><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Relying on the theoretical principles of the Network Physiology of Exercise,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> the potential adverse effects of overloading footballers with strength training programs will be explained, and monitoring methods based on connectivity measures will be proposed to evaluate and track players progress.</p></span><span id="sec0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0004">Network approach to injuries. The connectivity hypothesis</span><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Football actions emerge from the intricate interaction between multilevel physiological networks (e.g., molecules, cells, organs, limbs) and the environment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Most muscle injuries occur performing actions that have been repeated many times without harmful consequences. To elucidate the nonlinear transition from safe to injurious actions, Pol et al. (2019) have proposed the connectivity of microinjuries hypothesis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> According to it, microinjuries, produced by any muscle action of significant intensity, can accumulate and interconnect over time. In general, if the rate of workloads overcome the time of tissue reparation,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> clusters of microinjuries may create a context for the sudden emergence of a macroinjury. This means that one more repetition of a safe action can produce, through a percolation mechanism, a nonlinear effect (e.g., muscle strain or rupture).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> As there is no universal threshold-safe number of repetitions or workload values, determining how much workload is too much is a persistently unsolved problem.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Several interacting factors (e.g. sleep, nutrition, life style) may delay the tissue repair requirements and increase the susceptibility to injury.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> In this scenario, the widespread GPS-based technologies to quantify and track players workload may have a poor preventive power.</p><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Qualitative changes in training routines, undetected by the tech-based monitoring systems, can also increase the susceptibility to injuries: the replacement of coaches, changes in training methodologies, shifts in tactical strategies or playing positions (e.g. when competing with clubs and national teams), resuming training after a resting period (e.g., preseason). Such changes are often overlooked by injury prevention strategies. However, the consideration of such coordinative stress factors becomes crucial in developing more comprehensive and effective injury prevention approaches.</p></span><span id="sec0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0005">Performance tests are not informative enough about injury risks</span><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The accumulation of microinjuries induce coordinative changes in motor actions, similar to those produced by fatigue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> The explanation can be found in the loss of connectivity among muscle fibers and the instability of neuromuscular interactions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0034"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> The impact of fatigue on the muscular connectivity has been tested through the study of intermuscular coordination during exercise.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0036"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> The authors have evaluated how distinct muscle fiber types dynamically interact with each other and integrate as a network while performing strength exercises (e.g. push-ups, squats). Specifically, they have measured intermuscular cross-frequency interactions among distinct muscles by quantifying the spectral components of different frequency bands embedded in surface electromyogram (sEMG) time series. Specific links strength among embedded networks have identified characteristic network profiles.</p><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig. 1</a> shows the progressive loss of connectivity of muscle networks during three consecutive maximal squat tests.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0036"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> The number and strength of connections among the muscle fibers is poorer in the third exercise compared to the first. However, due to synergetic muscle networks reorganization participants are able to continue performing the test requirements. This means that performance tests are not informative enough about changes in muscle connectivity and may poorly predict injury risks. When muscle fibers of the exercising muscle network compensate the lack of function of their neighbors, they become more and more overloaded and prone to increase and connect microinjuries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> When the number and/or strength of muscle fiber links decreases, the network becomes unfunctional,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> and the susceptibility of suffering muscle injuries may increase. The empirical results of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig. 1</a> strongly point to connectivity measures, obtained from spectral analysis of EMG time series of muscle groups during exercise, as a promising internal workload measure for preventing muscle injuries.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The loss of functional connectivity with fatigue has been also related to sedentarism and injuries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> In fact, severe muscle injuries have been associated with a high risk of reinjury.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0037"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> Fatigue and injuries share similar dynamic laws and can be interpreted as adaptive protective mechanisms enforcing time for recovery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> In a similar manner that a poor muscle connectivity may induce a nonlinear effect like task failure,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> it may induce a macroinjury.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As noticed in early times, faster and high gains of strength were rapidly lost with detraining. In contrast, moderate gains obtained over longer periods of time were better retained.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0038"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> In general, individual fitness profiles, which stabilize over generations, tend to decline after a temporary cessation of exercise at a rate inversely proportional to the accumulated training time.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0039"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> This means that poorly stabilized strength muscle synergies may increase the susceptibility to injuries and vice versa. In this way, the adaptive response to strength training is highly individual, and depends on previous exposure to strength training and genetic factors. In fact, a high heterogeneity has been found in the adaptive response to strength training in older adults identifying adverse responders.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0041"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0006">Time scales of the muscle network and long-term adaptations</span><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adaptation to exercise is a consequence of functionally integrated multilevel physiological networks interacting with external workloads. These multilevel and multi timescale co-adaptive physiological networks interact with each other through circular causality during exercise.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> Each level, acting on different characteristic timescale, parametrize the muscle synergies. The faster evolving processes (e.g., enzymatic or protein signaling network activity, neural excitability etc.) may have already stabilized at increased values while the more slowly evolving variables (e.g., tendon and bone remodeling, muscle hypertrophy, capillarization, etc.) may not have stabilized yet. The resulting incoherence between these processes may eventually produce a poor stability of muscle synergies and may increase the susceptibility to injuries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0007">Practical consequences to avoid injury risks</span><p id="para9001" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0001"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0001"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Update the reductionist assumptions of physical conditioning by considering players as complex adaptive systems also at physiological level.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0002"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoid the fragmentation of prevention and performance training.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0003"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="para0018" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evaluate the individual characteristics of players before imposing strength training programs.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0004"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="para0019" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eschew strength training programs before field training sessions to protect susceptible players.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="para0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Promote moderate and long-term adaptations to strength training.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0006"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="para0021" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoid the homogenization of players pushing a common conditional profile based on strength.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0007"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="para0022" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pay attention to changes in coordinative requirements not reflected in the common tracking control of workloads.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0008"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="para0023" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Introduce connectivity measurements (e.g. intermuscular connectivity) to test the injury risks.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0006" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0008">Funding</span><p id="para0024" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs00001">National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia</span> (INEFC), Generalitat de Catalunya.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2273987" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abss0001" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1895225" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0001" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0002" "titulo" => "Network approach to injuries. The connectivity hypothesis" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0003" "titulo" => "Performance tests are not informative enough about injury risks" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0004" "titulo" => "Time scales of the muscle network and long-term adaptations" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Practical consequences to avoid injury risks" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0006" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack782619" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2024-07-16" "fechaAceptado" => "2024-09-09" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1895225" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Network physiology of exercise" 1 => "Intermuscular coordination" 2 => "Complex adaptive systems" 3 => "synergies" 4 => "microinjuries" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abss0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spara002" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The rate of muscle injuries in professional football has not decreased despite the implementation of preventive strategies. This is commonly attributed to the rise in the number of competitions per season and the rigorous demands of modern football. However, these factors seem insufficient to explain the absence of impact from preventive strategies. Adopting a Network Physiology perspective, we hypothesize that some strength programs focused on reinforcing the most susceptible musculoskeletal structures and increase the muscle mass might contribute to, rather than mitigate, injuries in some players.</p><p id="spara003" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this work is twofold: a) explaining why some currently applied strength training methods may promote sports injuries in some players, and b) suggest the use of intermuscular connectivity measures to test the risk of injury.</p><p id="spara004" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The stability of multilevel neuromuscular synergies operating at various timescales is a crucial factor for adapting to strength training workloads. This stability necessitates long-term adaptation and cannot be assured through rapid strength gains. When neuromuscular synergies become unstable, the vulnerability to injuries rises. Since performance tests offer limited insights into the stability of neuromuscular synergies, we suggest employing recently developed intermuscular connectivity measures for monitoring and tracking players' progress.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0001" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1735 "Ancho" => 3417 "Tamanyo" => 1480740 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0001" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Networks of interactions among muscle fibers of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">erector espinae</span> (up) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vastus lateralis</span> (down) during 3 consecutive bouts of squat exercises performed until exhaustion. The muscle network reorganizes with fatigue accumulation. The network maps represent the coupling strength between frequency bands (color nodes) corresponding to fast, intermediate and slow fibers within each muscle group. Links strength is shown by the width of the lines (adapted from García-Retortillo et al., 2022).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cebibsec1" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:41 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0001" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men's professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. Ekstrand" 1 => "H. Bengtsson" 2 => "M. Waldén" 3 => "M. Davison" 4 => "K.M. Khan" 5 => "M. Hägglund" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bjsports-2021-105407" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Sports Med" "fecha" => "2022" "volumen" => "57" "numero" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "292" "paginaFinal" => "298" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36588400" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0002" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "UEFA Women's Elite Club Injury Study: a prospective study on 1527 injuries over four consecutive seasons 2018/2019 to 2021/2022 reveals thigh muscle injuries to be most common and ACL injuries most burdensome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Hallén" 1 => "R. Tomás" 2 => "J. Ekstrand" 3 => "H. Bengtsson" 4 => "E. Van den Steen" 5 => "M. Hägglund" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bjsports-2023-107133" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Sports Med" "fecha" => "2024" "volumen" => "58" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "128" "paginaFinal" => "135" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38182274" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0003" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Analysis of Injury Incidences in Male Professional Adult and Elite Youth Soccer Players: a Systematic Review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "D. Pfirrman" 1 => "M. Herbst" 2 => "P. Ingelfinger" 3 => "P. Simon" 4 => "S. Botzenhardt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4085/1062-6050-51.6.03" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Athl Train" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "51" "numero" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "410" "paginaFinal" => "424" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27244125" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0004" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Is there a correlation between coaches’ leadership styles and injuries in elite football teams? A study of 36 elite teams in 17 countries" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. Ekstrand" 1 => "D. Lundqvist" 2 => "L. Largerbäck" 3 => "M. Vouillamoz" 4 => "N. Papadimitiou" 5 => "J. Karlsson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bjsports-2017-098001" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Sports Med" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "52" "numero" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "527" "paginaFinal" => "531" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29056596" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Setting the Benchmark’ Part 1: the Contextualised Physical Demands of Positional Roles in the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P.S. Bradley" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5114/biolsport.2024.131090" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biol Sport [Internet]" "fecha" => "2024" "volumen" => "41" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "261" "paginaFinal" => "270" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38188125" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0006" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A congested football calendar and the wellbeing of players: correlation between match exposure of European footballers before the World Cup 2002 and their injuries and performers during that World Cup" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. Ekstrand" 1 => "M. Waldén" 2 => "M. Hägglund" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bjsm.2003.009134" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Sports Med" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "38" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "493" "paginaFinal" => "497" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0007" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A dynamic model of etiology in sport injury: the recursive nature of risk and causation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "W.H. Meuwisse" 1 => "H. Tyreman" 2 => "B. Hagel" 3 => "C. Emery" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/JSM.0b013e3180592a48" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin J Sport Med" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "17" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "215" "paginaFinal" => "219" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17513916" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0008" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Complex systems approach for sports injuries: moving from risk factor identification to injury pattern recognition—Narrative review and new concept" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N.F.N. Bittencourt" 1 => "H. Meuwisse" 2 => "L. De Michelis Mendonça" 3 => "A. Nettel Aguirre" 4 => "J.M. Ocarino" 5 => "S.T Fonseca" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bjsports-2015-095850" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Sports Med [Internet]" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "50" "numero" => "21" "paginaInicial" => "1309" "paginaFinal" => "1314" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0009" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The FIFA 11+ injury prevention program for soccer players: a systematic review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D. Sadigursky" 1 => "J.A. Braid" 2 => "D.N.L. De Lira" 3 => "B.A.B. Machado" 4 => "R.J.F. Carneiro" 5 => "P.O. Colavolpe" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/s13102-017-0083-z" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "18" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S073510971637036X" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "07351097" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A comprehensive summary of systematic reviews on sports injury prevention strategies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "S.D. Stephenson" 1 => "J.W. Kocan" 2 => "A.V. Vinod" 3 => "M. Kluczynski" 4 => "L.J. Bisson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1177/23259671211035776" "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Orthop J Sports Med" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "9" "numero" => "10" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0011" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sportomics: futbol Club Barcelona's approach to personalized injury prevention" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "G. Rodas" 1 => "J.R. Gonzalez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.apunsm.2024.100445" "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Apunts Sports Med" "fecha" => "2024" "volumen" => "59" "numero" => "222" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0012" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Context matters: revisiting the first step of the ‘sequence of prevention’ of sports injuries" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "C. Bolling" 1 => "W. Van Mechelen" 2 => "H.R. Pasman" 3 => "E. Verhagen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s40279-018-0953-x" "Revista" => array:8 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sports Med" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "48" "numero" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "2227" "paginaFinal" => "2234" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29956077" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0168822711001094" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "01688227" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0013" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The Constraints-Led approach: Principles For Sports Coaching and Practice Design" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "I. Renshaw" 1 => "K. Davids" 2 => "D. Newcombe" 3 => "W. Roberts" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2019" "editorial" => "London: Routledge" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0014" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Training or synergizing? Complex systems principles change the understanding of sport processes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R. Pol" 1 => "N. Balagué" 2 => "A. Ric" 3 => "C. Torrents" 4 => "J. Kiely" 5 => "R Hristovski" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/s40798-020-00256-9" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sports Med Open" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "6" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "28" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Unveiling the acute neurophysiological responses to strength training: an exploratory study on novices performing weightlifting bouts with different motor learning models" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Ammar" 1 => "M.A. Boujelbance" 2 => "M.L. Simak" 3 => "E.F. Fuente" 4 => "N. Rizzi" 5 => "J.A. Washif" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5114/biolsport.2024.133481" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biol Sport" "fecha" => "2024" "volumen" => "41" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "249" "paginaFinal" => "274" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38524821" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0016" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Plasticity of muscle synergies through fractionation and merging during development and training of human runners" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "V.C.K. Cheung" 1 => "B.M.F. Cheung" 2 => "J.H. Zhang-Lea" 3 => "Z.Y.S. Chan" 4 => "S.C.W. Ha" 5 => "C.Y. Chen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/s41467-020-18210-4" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nat Commun" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "11" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "4356" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32868777" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S2213858715005082" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "22138587" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0017" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Strength training methods for improving actions in football" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J. Raya González" 1 => "J Sánchez Sánchez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2018/2).132.06" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Apunts Educ. Fís. Esports." "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "132" "paginaInicial" => "72" "paginaFinal" => "93" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0018" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Exercise-based strategies to prevent muscle injury in elite footballers: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Fanchini" 1 => "I.B. Steendahl" 2 => "F.M. Impellizzeri" 3 => "R. Pruna" 4 => "G. Dupont" 5 => "A.J. Coutts" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s40279-020-01282-z" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sports Med" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "50" "numero" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "1653" "paginaFinal" => "1666" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32185630" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0019" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Injury risk factors, screening tests and preventative strategies: a systematic review of the evidence that underpins the perceptions and practices of 44 football (soccer) teams from various premier leagues" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. McCall" 1 => "C. Carling" 2 => "M. Davison" 3 => "M. Nedelec" 4 => "F. Le Gall" 5 => "S. Berthoin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bjsports-2014-094104" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Sports Med [Internet]" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "49" "numero" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "583" "paginaFinal" => "589" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Injury prevention strategies, coach compliance and player adherence of 33 of the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study teams: a survey of teams’ head medical officers" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. McCall" 1 => "G. Dupont" 2 => "J. Ekstrand" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bjsports-2015-095259" "Revista" => array:8 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Sports Med" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "50" "numero" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "725" "paginaFinal" => "730" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26795611" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S2213858717301869" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "22138587" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0021" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "What is evidence-based practice in strength and conditioning?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A.N. Turner" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1519/SSC.0000000000000840" "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Strength Cond J" "fecha" => "2024" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0022" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Scientists rise up against statistical significance" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "V. Amrhein" 1 => "S. Greenland" 2 => "B. McShane" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/d41586-019-00857-9" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nature" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "567" "numero" => "7748" "paginaInicial" => "305" "paginaFinal" => "307" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30894741" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0023" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Personalizing the guidelines of exercise prescription for health: guiding users from dependency to self-efficacy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. Almarcha" 1 => "J. Sturmberg" 2 => "N. Balagué" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.apunsm.2024.100449" "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Apunts Sports Med" "fecha" => "2024" "volumen" => "59" "numero" => "223" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0024" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "On the relatedness and nestedness of constraints" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "N. Balagué" 1 => "R. Pol" 2 => "C. Torrents" 3 => "A. Ric" 4 => "R Hristovski" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/s40798-019-0178-z" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sports Med Open" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "5" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "6" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30742241" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Network Physiology of exercise: vision and perspectives" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "N. Balagué" 1 => "R. Hristovski" 2 => "M. Almarcha" 3 => "S. Garcia Retortillo" 4 => "P.C Ivanov" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3389/fphys.2020.611550" "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Front Physiol" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "11" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0026" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The new field of network physiology: building the human physiolome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P.C. Ivanov" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3389/fnetp.2021.711778" "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Front Netw Physiol" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "1" ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0027" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sport science integration: an evolutionary synthesis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "N. Balagué" 1 => "C. Torrents" 2 => "R. Hristovski" 3 => "J.A.S. Kelso" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/17461391.2016.1198422" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Sport Sci" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "17" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "51" "paginaFinal" => "62" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27685425" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0028" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "From microscopic to macroscopic sport injuries.Applying the complex dynamic systems approach to sports medicine: a narrative review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "R. Pol" 1 => "R. Hristovski" 2 => "D. Medina" 3 => "N. Balagué" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bjsports-2016-097395" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Sports Med" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "53" "numero" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "1214" "paginaFinal" => "1220" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29674346" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0029" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "An overview of strength training injuries: acute and chronic" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M.E. Lavallee" 1 => "T. Balam" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1249/jsr.0b013e3181f3ed6d" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Sports Med Rep" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "9" "numero" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "307" "paginaFinal" => "313" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20827099" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Is the acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR) associated with risk of time-loss injury in professional team sports? A systematic review of methodology, variables and injury risk in practical situations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R. Andrade" 1 => "E.H. Wik" 2 => "A. Rebelo-Marques" 3 => "P. Blanch" 4 => "R. Whiteley" 5 => "J. Espregueira-Mendes" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s40279-020-01308-6" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sports Med" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "50" "numero" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "1613" "paginaFinal" => "1635" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32572824" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0031" "etiqueta" => "31" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "What role do chronic workloads play in the acute to chronic workload ratio? Time to dismiss ACWR and its underlying theory" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "F.M. Impellizzeri" 1 => "S. Woodcock" 2 => "A.J. Coutts" 3 => "M. Fanchini" 4 => "A. McCall" 5 => "A.D. Vigotsky" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s40279-020-01378-6" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sports Med" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "51" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "581" "paginaFinal" => "592" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33332011" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0032" "etiqueta" => "32" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sleep and nutrition interactions: implications for athletes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "R. Doherty" 1 => "S. Madigan" 2 => "G. Warrington" 3 => "J. Ellis" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3390/nu11040822" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nutrients" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "11" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "822" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30979048" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0033" "etiqueta" => "33" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fatigue-induced spontaneous termination point – Nonequilibrium phase transitions and critical behavior in quasi-isometric exertion" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R. Hristovski" 1 => "N. Balagué" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.humov.2010.05.004" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Hum Mov Sci" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "29" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "483" "paginaFinal" => "493" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20619908" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0034" "etiqueta" => "34" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The path to exhaustion: time-variability properties of coordinative variables during continuous exercise" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Vázquez" 1 => "R. Hristovski" 2 => "N. Balagué" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3389/fphys.2016.00037" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Front Physiol" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "15" "numero" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "37" ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "35" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Inter-muscular networks of synchronous muscle fiber activation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S. Garcia-Retortillo" 1 => "P.C. Ivanov" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3389/fnetp.2022.1059793" "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Front Netw Physiol" "fecha" => "2022" "volumen" => "2" ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0036" "etiqueta" => "36" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Network of muscle fibers activation facilitates inter-muscular coordination, adapts to fatigue and reflects muscle function" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S. Garcia-Retortillo" 1 => "C. Romero-Gómez" 2 => "P.C. Ivanov" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/s42003-023-05204-3" "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Commun Biol" "fecha" => "2023" "paginaInicial" => "6,891" ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0037" "etiqueta" => "37" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Epidemiology of muscle injuries in professional football (soccer)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. Ekstrand" 1 => "M. Hägglund" 2 => "M. Waldén" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1177/0363546510395879" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Sports Med" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "39" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "1226" "paginaFinal" => "1232" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21335353" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0038" "etiqueta" => "38" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Isometrische Muskeltraining" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "T. Hettinger" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "1966" "editorial" => "Fischer-Verlag" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Stuttgard, Germany" ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0039" "etiqueta" => "39" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Science and Practice of Strength Training" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "V.M. Zatsiorsky" 1 => "W.J. Kraemer" 2 => "A.C. Fry" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2020" "editorial" => "Human Kinetics" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Champaign" ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "40" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Long-term exercise adaptation. Physical aging phenomena in biological networks" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R. Hristovski" 1 => "N. Balagué" 2 => "M. Stevanovski" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3389/fnetp.2023.1243736" "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Front Netw Physiol" "fecha" => "2023" "volumen" => "3" ] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0041" "etiqueta" => "41" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Strength training volume to increase muscle mass responsiveness in older individuals: weekly sets based approach" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D.A. deSantana" 1 => "A. Castro" 2 => "C.R Cavaglieri" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3389/fphys.2021.759677" "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Front Physiol" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "30" "numero" => "12" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack782619" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "<p id="para0026" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To Jordi Fernández (Venezia FC) and J. Pablo Garcia (Estudiantes de la Plata) for taking care of young footballers and share inspiring discussions.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/26665069/0000005900000224/v1_202410180530/S2666506924000300/v1_202410180530/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "84808" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Special article" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/26665069/0000005900000224/v1_202410180530/S2666506924000300/v1_202410180530/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://apunts.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2666506924000300?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 96 | 83 | 179 |
| 2024 September | 32 | 52 | 84 |
