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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Introducci&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Segons Hageman<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#44; un atleta d&#39;alt nivell competitiu en tennis ha de tenir un nivell &#242;ptim de flexibilitat&#44; for&#231;a i condici&#243; cardiovascular&#46; Tradicionalment&#44; la for&#231;a en tennis s&#39;ha mesurat utilitzant diversos tests&#44; com l&#39;1RM<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; els dinam&#242;metres isocin&#232;tic<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-6</span> o manuals<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>&#44; l&#39;electromiografia<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;7&#44;8</span>&#44; el radar<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>&#44; l&#39;an&#224;lisi de filmaci&#243; en 3D<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#44; el test de Bosco<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;10</span>&#44; el test de Wingate<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span> o el llan&#231;ament del bal&#243; medicinal<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>&#44; per&#242; aquests conceptes no valoren la for&#231;a &#250;til<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span> &#40;for&#231;a que s&#39;aplica en fer el gest esportiu&#41;&#46; En aquest article ens hem proposat valorar aquesta for&#231;a mitjan&#231;ant l&#39;an&#224;lisi del cop de dreta en tennis obtingut amb l&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre Atlas&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">M&#232;todes</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Descripci&#243; del test d&#39;Atlas per a tennis &#40;dreta&#41; &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n154-13108858fig01.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 1</span> Cop de dreta en el tennis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hem ideat un test per al cop de dreta en tennis&#44; utilitzant l&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre Atlas<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13-16</span>&#46; Aquest test ens permetr&#224; valorar la for&#231;a &#250;til de l&#39;esportista&#46; El test de tennis per al cop de dreta es fa tal com descrivim tot seguit<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Primer es fa un escalfament consistent en 10 min de mobilitat amb estiraments locals i ombres&#44; seguits de 5 intents previs per fer minvar l&#39;efecte de l&#39;aprenentatge&#46; Es fan 10 cops consecutius utilitzant un guant adaptat especialment que permet la transmissi&#243; de la for&#231;a des de la m&#224; a l&#39;element el&#224;stic de l&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre&#44; i entre cada cop es fa un descans de 5 s per minimitzar l&#39;efecte de la fatiga&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> Posici&#243; de partida&#46;</span> La posici&#243; dels peus &#233;s encreuada&#44; no en paral&#183;lel&#44; amb els genolls lleument en flexi&#243; i les mans a l&#39;altura de les espatlles&#46; El pes del cos es trasllada a la cama endarrerida&#44; la dist&#224;ncia del peu endarrerit a l&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre &#233;s de 195 cm i la dist&#224;ncia de l&#39;agafador del guant al volant d&#39;in&#232;rcia &#233;s de 182 cm&#46; L&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre es col&#183;loca a l&#39;ancoratge que situa el component mec&#224;nic a una altura fixa de 78 cm respecte del terra&#46; El tennista porta al bra&#231; que colpeja un guant on se subjecta l&#39;element el&#224;stic&#46; Aquest bra&#231; t&#233; un lleu flexi&#243; de colze i extensi&#243; d&#39;espatlla&#44; abans de generar tensi&#243;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fase de pretensi&#243; o moviment endarrere de la raqueta&#46;</span> Per armar el bra&#231; que colpeja&#44; aquest comen&#231;a des d&#39;una posici&#243; endarrerida de la raqueta per evitar de xocar amb l&#39;element el&#224;stic que est&#224; sense generar cap mena de tensi&#243;&#46; Quan l&#39;espatlla va endarrere&#44; tibem la musculatura executora ajudats d&#39;una torsi&#243; del tronc en el sentit contrari al cop&#46; Les cames es mantenen en semiflexi&#243;&#44; traslladant el pes del cos a la cama endarrerida&#44; i el bra&#231; contrari en abducci&#243; i flexi&#243; a 90&#176;&#44; moment en qu&#232; s&#39;inicia la fase d&#39;avan&#231; de la raqueta&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fase d&#39;avan&#231; i impacte&#46;</span> Es fa un avan&#231; de la raqueta a l&#39;altura dels malucs&#44; tot mantenint la verticalitat de les cordes&#44; fins que la goma es tiba en arribar a l&#39;altura del maluc&#44; moment en qu&#232; la transfer&#232;ncia del pes a la cama avan&#231;ada&#44; el gir del tronc en el sentit del cop i l&#39;avan&#231; de la raqueta troben la tensi&#243; en la goma&#46; En el moment de l&#39;impacte&#44; l&#39;agafador se situa perpendicularment i en l&#237;nia recta amb la c&#232;l&#183;lula de c&#224;rrega&#44; i el cap de la raqueta est&#224; lleument avan&#231;at respecte del maluc m&#233;s avan&#231;at&#44; amb el colze del tot estirat&#46; Una vegada s&#39;ha produ&#239;t l&#39;impacte&#44; es continua amb el moviment&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fase d&#39;acompanyament i finalitzaci&#243;&#46;</span> El bra&#231; executor ha de continuar el moviment endavant en la mateixa direcci&#243; de la pilota&#44; i finalitzant el gest amb la raqueta per sobre del cap&#46; El pes del cos es despla&#231;a totalment a la cama avan&#231;ada&#44; i realitza els darrers graus de rotaci&#243; del tronc en el sentit del cop i aixecant el tal&#243; del peu endarrerit&#46; Durant tot el gest t&#232;cnic no es permet al tennista que desplaci les cames&#44; sobretot la cama endarrerida&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Estudi de les corbes</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Despr&#233;s de fer el test&#44; cal estudiar les variables obtingudes mitjan&#231;ant la c&#232;l&#183;lula de c&#224;rrega en l&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre&#44; i les seq&#252;&#232;ncies de dades es representaran en funci&#243; del temps&#46; Per tant&#44; despr&#233;s del test obtindrem la corba for&#231;a-temps&#44; que descriu l&#39;evoluci&#243; de la for&#231;a durant el cop de dreta&#46; Aquesta corba s&#39;iniciar&#224; amb un ascens que correspondr&#224; a la fase d&#39;execuci&#243; del cop&#44; seguit d&#39;una fase de manteniment corresponent a l&#39;acompanyament del cop &#40;fase d&#39;acompanyament&#41;&#46; Per tant&#44; la corba ser&#224; la representaci&#243; gr&#224;fica o l&#39;empremta de la for&#231;a &#250;til del gest t&#232;cnic&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">An&#224;lisi num&#232;rica de la corba for&#231;a-temps</span> &#40;figs&#46; 2 y 3&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n154-13108858fig02.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 2</span> Empremta del gest t&#232;cnic&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n154-13108858fig03.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 3</span>  Triangulaci&#243;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La primera corba que analitzarem ser&#224; la referida a la corba for&#231;a-temps&#44; com a resultat del c&#224;lcul inform&#224;tic i havent pr&#232;viament automatitzat tots els valors recollits per la c&#232;l&#183;lula de c&#224;rrega i ordenats en funci&#243; del temps&#46; Per a l&#39;an&#224;lisi d&#39;aquesta corba&#44; definirem 3 punts&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; Primer punt&#44; on s&#39;inicia la corba&#46; Es mesura en cent&#232;simes de segon&#46; El valor es denomina &#34;punt d&#39;arrencada&#34;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; Segon punt&#44; de for&#231;a m&#224;xima&#46; Es mesura en newtons &#40;N&#41; i es denomina&#44; seguint la bibliografia&#44; &#34;pic de for&#231;a m&#224;xima&#34;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; Tercer punt&#44; temps en qu&#232; s&#39;aconsegueix la for&#231;a m&#224;xima&#46; Es mesura en segons &#40;s&#41;&#44; per&#242; la representaci&#243; gr&#224;fica es fa en cent&#232;simes de segon per disposar d&#39;una visualitzaci&#243; gr&#224;fica millor&#46; S&#39;anomena &#34;temps de pic de for&#231;a m&#224;xima&#34;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#242;gicament&#44; els millors resultats s&#39;obtenen quan l&#39;esportista en la seva evoluci&#243; despla&#231;a la corba cap a l&#39;esquerra i amunt&#44; tot obtenint m&#233;s for&#231;a en menys temps&#44; mentre que els resultats seran negatius quan la corba es desplaci cap a la dreta i avall&#44; &#233;s a dir&#44; menys for&#231;a en m&#233;s temps&#46; De l&#39;an&#224;lisi d&#39;aquests punts del cop de dreta&#44; podem definir un triangle que es denomina &#34;triangle d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#34;&#46; En aquest triangle es defineixen els valors seg&#252;ents&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; A&#46; Si unim el punt 1 i el punt 3 obtenim el valor del temps que l&#39;esportista triga a assolir el m&#224;xim&#46; Malgrat que aquest valor es dibuixi gr&#224;ficament en cent&#232;simes de segon&#44; a l&#39;hora de tractar les dades num&#232;ricament s&#39;ha d&#39;indicar en segons&#46; Aquest valor s&#39;anomena &#34;temps d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#34;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; B&#46; Si unim el punt 2 i el punt 3&#44; obtenim el valor de la for&#231;a m&#224;xima aconseguida per l&#39;esportista&#46; Aquest valor es mesura en N&#44; i s&#39;anomena &#34;pic de for&#231;a m&#224;xima&#34;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; H&#46; Si unim el punt 1 i el punt 2&#44; obtenim el valor de la hipotenusa ascendent&#46; Per obtenir-la hem d&#39;aplicar el teorema de Pit&#224;gores&#44; que diu que H<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#61; A<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#43;B<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; per tant&#44; H&#61; &#8730;A2&#43;B2 DI aquest valor s&#39;anomena &#34;hipotenusa d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#34;&#46; Es mesura en N&#47;s&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; FE&#46; Per valorar la for&#231;a explosiva&#44; tradicionalment s&#39;ha relacionat la for&#231;a m&#224;xima amb el temps que es triga a produir-la&#46; Aix&#237;&#44; en la nostra triangulaci&#243;&#44; la for&#231;a explosiva seria la relaci&#243; existent entre B i A&#44; seguint la f&#243;rmula&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> For&#231;a explosiva &#40;N &#183; s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41; &#61; For&#231;a m&#224;xima &#40;N&#41;<br></br> Temps d&#39;acceleraci&#243; &#40;s&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; Alfa&#46; Angle que mostra el pendent del gr&#224;fic&#46; Es calcula mitjan&#231;ant la f&#243;rmula seg&#252;ent&#58; alfa &#61; cos<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#40;A&#47;H&#41;&#46; Es mesura en graus&#46; Aquest angle s&#39;anomena &#34;angle d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#34;&#46;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; Beta&#46; Angle que tanca el triangle&#46; Es calcula mitjan&#231;ant la f&#243;rmula&#58; beta &#61; 90 - alfa&#46; Es mesura en graus&#46; Aquest angle s&#39;anomena &#34;angle complementari de l&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#34;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">An&#224;lisi qualitativa de la corba de for&#231;a-temps</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A m&#233;s de l&#39;an&#224;lisi quantitativa de la corba for&#231;a-temps&#44; hem d&#39;analitzar l&#39;empremta de la gr&#224;fica&#46; Aquesta empremta s&#39;analitza d&#39;una manera qualitativa&#44; basant-nos en l&#39;an&#224;lisi consecutiva i individualitzada de les variables seg&#252;ents&#46; Establim 2 seccions en la definici&#243; qualitativa de la corba for&#231;a-temps&#46; La fase d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#44; denominada &#34;zona n&#250;mero 1&#34;&#44; correspondr&#224; a la hipotenusa de l&#39;an&#224;lisi num&#232;rica i estar&#224; situada entre els punts 1 i 2 del gr&#224;fic de triangulaci&#243;&#46; En aquesta zona gr&#224;fica s&#39;ha de valorar tant el pendent&#44; que despr&#233;s es valorar&#224; num&#232;ricament amb l&#39;angle alfa&#44; com la qualitat del seu tra&#231;at&#44; i tamb&#233; si t&#233; diversos angles intermedis en el pendent&#46; Aquesta zona es denomina &#34;zona d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#34;&#46; La fase d&#39;acompanyament &#233;s denominada &#34;zona n&#250;mero 2&#34; del gr&#224;fic &#40;zona corresponent des del punt 2 fins al final del registre&#41;&#44; i correspon a la zona d&#39;acompanyament&#59; se n&#39;haur&#224; de valorar tant el pendent com la profunditat&#46; Aquest valor es denomina &#34;zona d&#39;acompanyament&#34;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultats</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hem analitzat el cop de dreta de 8 tennistes &#40;6 homes i 2 dones&#41; amb una edat mitjana de 16&#44;85 &#177; 1&#44;67 anys &#40;17 &#177; 1&#44;73 per als homes i 16&#44;5 &#177; 2&#44;12 per a les dones&#41;&#46; Feien una mitjana de 20 h d&#39;entrenament setmanals&#46; Van efectuar 10 cops consecutius &#40;despr&#233;s de l&#39;escalfament descrit en l&#39;apartat anterior&#41;&#44; i es va analitzar la qualitat individual de cada corba&#44; tot donant com a valor quantitatiu del test el valor mitj&#224; dels 10 cops realitzats pels tennistes&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En la taula I es presenten els valors mitjans dels 8 tennistes analitzats&#44; i el valor mitj&#224; de la mostra &#173;homes i dones&#173;&#59; s&#39;hi observa que el valor mitj&#224; del temps d&#39;acceleraci&#243; &#233;s de 0&#44;20 &#177; 0&#44;01 s&#44; la for&#231;a m&#224;xima &#233;s de 63&#44;79 &#177; 9&#44;79 N&#44; la hipotenusa ascendent &#233;s de 67&#44;45 &#177; 9&#44;02 N&#47;s&#44; l&#39;angle alfa &#233;s de 70&#44;04 &#177; 4&#44;04&#176;&#44; l&#39;angle beta &#233;s de 19&#44;88 &#177; 4&#44;07&#176;&#44; i la for&#231;a explosiva t&#233; un valor de 304&#44;08 &#177; 57&#44;66 N&#47;s&#46; Tamb&#233; s&#39;hi observen difer&#232;ncies en funci&#243; del sexe&#58; el temps d&#39;acceleraci&#243; per als homes &#233;s de 0&#44;20 &#177; 0&#44;008 s&#44; mentre que per a les dones &#233;s de 0&#44;22 &#177; 0&#44;02 s&#46; La for&#231;a m&#224;xima mitjana per als homes &#233;s de 68&#44;23 &#177; 6&#44;06 N&#44; mentre que per a les dones &#233;s de 50&#44;38 &#177; 2&#44;80 N&#46; La hipotenusa ascendent &#233;s de 72&#44;22 &#177; 6&#44;10 N&#47;s per als homes i de 55&#44;32 &#177; 3&#44;57 N&#47;s per a les dones&#46; L&#39;angle alfa &#233;s de 71&#44;63 &#177; 3&#44;28&#176; per als homes i de 65&#44;28 &#177; 0&#44;50&#176; per a les dones&#46; L&#39;angle beta &#233;s de 18&#44;27 &#177; 3&#44;27&#176; per als homes i de 24&#44;71 &#177; 0&#44;50&#176; per a les dones&#46; Els homes obtenen valors de for&#231;a explosiva que oscil&#183;len entre els 356 i els 280 N&#47;s&#44; amb un valor mitj&#224; de 331&#44;1 &#177; 33&#44;91 N&#47;s&#44; mentre que en les dones els valors oscil&#183;len entre 227&#44;1 i 219 N&#47;s&#44; amb un valor mitj&#224; de 223&#44;1 &#177; 5&#44;65 N&#47;s&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n154-13108858tab04.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En la figura 4 apareixen els gr&#224;fics dels 10 intents de 4 tennistes&#44; i s&#39;hi observa que hi ha una gran similitud entre intents&#59; l&#39;empremta del cop de dreta obt&#233; una bona correlaci&#243; i concordan&#231;a gr&#224;fica intrasubjecte&#46; Aquests gr&#224;fics indiquen la reproductibilitat del test-retest&#46; En la figura 5 es mostra la representaci&#243; gr&#224;fica de l&#39;intent n&#250;mero 10 dels 8 tennistes&#44; en qu&#232; s&#39;evidencia una gran dispersi&#243; de resultats&#46; La figura mostra la gran difer&#232;ncia gr&#224;fica intersubjectes i&#44; per tant&#44; &#233;s una eina &#250;til en la discriminaci&#243; qualitativa de la for&#231;a &#250;til del cop de dreta en tennis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n154-13108858fig05.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 4</span>  Consist&#232;ncia intrasubjecte&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n154-13108858fig06.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 5</span>  Consist&#232;ncia intersubjecte&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Discussi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Seguint Kovacs<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#44; l&#39;entrenament de la for&#231;a i la flexibilitat suposa un benefici en el rendiment esportiu i tamb&#233; una prevenci&#243; de lesions<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>&#44; per la qual cosa la valoraci&#243; d&#39;aquesta for&#231;a &#233;s important per a un control i una planificaci&#243; correctes de l&#39;entrenament de la for&#231;a&#46; La qualitat m&#233;s important d&#39;aquesta valoraci&#243; &#233;s la for&#231;a &#250;til<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span>&#44; per la qual cosa la valoraci&#243; correcta d&#39;aquesta for&#231;a suposa una necessitat clara a l&#39;hora de la planificaci&#243; i del control de l&#39;entrenament de la for&#231;a&#46; La manca del test previ ens ha impedit encara el programa ideal de condicionament esportiu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;21</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El test es fa amb el bra&#231; dominant&#59; segons que va demostrar Silva<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>&#59; hi ha difer&#232;ncies significatives en la for&#231;a del bra&#231; dominant respecte del contralateral&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En la corba for&#231;a-temps del tennis nom&#233;s valorem el triangle d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#44; a difer&#232;ncia d&#39;altres esports &#40;b&#224;dminton<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span>&#44; futbol<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span>&#44; voleibol i handbol&#41;&#44; en els quals a m&#233;s es valora el triangle de relaxaci&#243;&#46; En tennis&#44; aquest triangle es veu englobat en la fase d&#39;acompanyament del cop&#44; i per tant no &#233;s valorable en aquest gest t&#232;cnic&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Tot i que hi ha poca dispersi&#243; entre les gr&#224;fiques dels 10 valors del test&#44; per a l&#39;an&#224;lisi num&#232;rica del test creiem que s&#39;ha de formular com el valor mitj&#224; obtingut en els 10 cops&#44; acompanyat per la seva desviaci&#243; est&#224;ndard&#46; Aix&#237;&#44; despr&#233;s de fer el test&#44; un esportista obtindria un valor de temps d&#39;acceleraci&#243; de per exemple 0&#44;21 &#177; 0&#44;02 s&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En fer el cop amb tota la cadena cin&#232;tica i no sols amb cadenes tancades com el dinam&#242;metre isocin&#232;tic<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span>&#44; podem valorar la import&#224;ncia de la rotaci&#243; del tronc&#44; que segons Ellenbecker<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span> &#233;s determinant en el rendiment esportiu&#46; En un altre article<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span>&#44; aquest autor conclou que els tests duts a terme amb el dinam&#242;metre isocin&#232;tic no concorden amb el rendiment esportiu del servei dels tennistes&#44; i ho argumenta dient que &#233;s perqu&#232; no analitza tota la cadena cin&#232;tica del servei&#46; Aix&#242; ve donat perqu&#232; el rendiment esportiu en el tennis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> no dep&#232;n nom&#233;s d&#39;una cadena muscular&#44; sin&#243; que &#233;s el resultat de m&#250;ltiples cadenes cin&#232;tiques&#46; Pugh<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> no troba difer&#232;ncies significatives que responsabilitzin o prioritzin un grup muscular concret del rendiment esportiu del tennis&#46; Bahamonde<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span>&#44; mitjan&#231;ant l&#39;enregistrament i la reconstrucci&#243; en 3D del cop de tennis va demostrar que la velocitat del cop &#233;s determinant en el rendiment esportiu&#44; i va trobar difer&#232;ncies significatives entre els tennistes professionals i els tennistes de menys nivell&#46; Per tant&#44; necessitar&#237;em utilitzar tests que mesurin la for&#231;a de la cadena cin&#232;tica completa i no sols la cadena tancada&#44; com &#233;s el cas dels dinam&#242;metres isocin&#232;tics&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Bencke<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span> no troba difer&#232;ncies a causa de l&#39;entrenament en analitzar els valors de for&#231;a mitjan&#231;ant els tests de Bosco i de Wingate&#44; ni tampoc troba difer&#232;ncies en funci&#243; del nivell esportiu dels tennistes analitzats&#46; Aquestes dades demostren com s&#243;n d&#39;inadequats aquests tests de tren inferior per valorar el rendiment esportiu dels tennistes&#44; ja que el fet de disposar d&#39;una bona for&#231;a explosiva o pot&#232;ncia del tren inferior no es correlaciona directament amb una adequada pot&#232;ncia del tren superior&#46; Aquesta mancan&#231;a fa inadequat aquest tipus de test per a la valoraci&#243; de la for&#231;a en tennistes&#46; Kraemer<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> controla l&#39;entrenament mitjan&#231;ant el test 1RM del tren superior&#44; i troba correlaci&#243; entre els augments de for&#231;a registrats en aquest tests i la velocitat del servei&#46; Aquestes dades s&#39;explicarien perqu&#232; hi ha una correlaci&#243; entre la for&#231;a m&#224;xima i la for&#231;a &#250;til&#44; malgrat que aquesta relaci&#243; no sigui concordant&#59; &#233;s a dir&#44; a augments semblants de for&#231;a m&#224;xima&#44; no tenen per qu&#232; correspondre-hi augments semblants de for&#231;a &#250;til&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara">Correspond&#232;ncia&#58; Ra&#250;l Pablo Garrido Chamorro&#46; Pintor Xavier Soler 1&#44; portal A&#44; 9&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span> F&#46; 03015 Alacant&#46; Espanya&#46;<br></br> Correu electr&#242;nic&#58; <a href="mailto&#58;raulpablo&#64;terra&#46;es" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"> raulpablo&#64;terra&#46;es</a></p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introducci&#243;&#58;</span> Hem ideat un test per a la valoraci&#243; de la for&#231;a &#250;til del cop de dreta de tennis utilitzant l&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre Atlas&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objectiu&#58;</span> Valoraci&#243; de la for&#231;a &#250;til en tennistes&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">M&#232;tode&#58;</span> Realitzaci&#243; de 10 cops de dreta consecutius &#40;amb escalfament previ&#41; de 8 tennistes &#40;6 homes i 2 dones&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultats&#58;</span> El valor mitj&#224; del temps d&#39;acceleraci&#243; &#233;s 0&#44;20 &#177; 0&#44;01 s&#44; la for&#231;a m&#224;xima &#233;s de 63&#44;79 &#177; 9&#44;79 newtons &#40;N&#41;&#44; la hipotenusa ascendent &#233;s de 67&#44;45 &#177; 9&#44;02 N&#47;s&#44; l&#39;angle alfa &#233;s de 70&#44;04 &#177; 4&#44;04&#176;&#44; l&#39;angle beta &#233;s de 19&#44;88 &#177; 4&#44;07&#176;&#44; i la for&#231;a explosiva t&#233; un valor de 304&#44;08 &#177; 57&#44;66 N&#47;s&#46; Tamb&#233; hi ha difer&#232;ncies en funci&#243; del sexe&#59; si observem el temps d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#44; per als homes &#233;s de 0&#44;20 &#177; 0&#44;008 s&#44; mentre que per a les dones &#233;s de 0&#44;22 &#177; 0&#44;02 s&#46; La for&#231;a m&#224;xima mitjana per als homes &#233;s de 68&#44;23 &#177; 6&#44;06 N&#44; mentre que per a les dones &#233;s de 50&#44;38 &#177; 2&#44;80 N&#46; La hipotenusa ascendent &#233;s de 72&#44;22 &#177; 6&#44;10 N&#47;s per als homes i de 55&#44;32 &#177; 3&#44;57 N&#47;s per a les dones&#46; L&#39;angle alfa &#233;s de 71&#44;63 &#177; 3&#44;28&#176; per als homes i de 65&#44;28 &#177; 0&#44;50&#176; per a les dones&#46; L&#39;angle beta &#233;s de 18&#44;27 &#177; 3&#44;27&#176; per als homes i de 24&#44;71 &#177; 0&#44;50&#176; per a les dones&#46; Els homes obtenen valors de for&#231;a explosiva que oscil&#183;len entre els 356 i els 280 N&#47;s&#44; amb un valor mitj&#224; de 331&#44;1 &#177; 33&#44;91 N&#47;s&#44; mentre que en les dones els valors oscil&#183;len entre 227&#44;1 i els 219 N&#47;s&#44; amb un valor mitj&#224; de 223&#44;1 &#177; 5&#44;65 N&#47;s&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusi&#243;&#58;</span> El test de l&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre Atlas resulta &#250;til per a la valoraci&#243; de la for&#231;a en tennistes&#46;"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introduction&#58;</span> We designed a test to evaluate useful force in tennis forehand using atlas ergodynamometry&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objective&#58;</span> To evaluate useful force in tennis players&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Method&#58;</span> Eight tennis players &#40;6 men and 2 women&#41; performed 10 consecutive forehands &#40;with prior warm-up&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58;</span> The mean acceleration time was 0&#46;20 &#177; 0&#46;01 seconds&#44; the maximum force was 63&#46;79 &#177; 9&#46;79&#44; the ascending hypotenuse was 67&#46;45 &#177; 9&#46;02 Newton&#47;second &#40;N&#47;sec&#41;&#44; the alpha angle was 70&#46;04 &#177; 4&#46;04&#176;&#44; the beta angle beta was 19&#46;88 &#177; 4&#46;07&#176;&#44; and explosive force was 304&#46;08 &#177; 57&#46;66 N&#47;sec&#46; Differences were observed by sex&#58; acceleration time was 0&#46;20 &#177; 0&#46;008 seconds in men compared with 0&#46;22 &#177; 0&#46;02 seconds in women&#46; The mean maximum force was 68&#46;23 &#177; 6&#46;06 N in men and 50&#46;38 &#177; 2&#46;80 N in women&#46; The ascending hypotenuse was 72&#46;22 &#177; 6&#46;10 N&#47;sec in men and 55&#46;32 &#177; 3&#46;57 N&#47;sec in women&#46; The alpha angle was 71&#46;63 &#177; 3&#46;28&#176; in men and 65&#46;28 &#177; 0&#46;50&#176; in women&#46; The beta angle was 18&#46;27 &#177; 3&#46;27&#176; in men and 24&#46;71 &#177; 0&#46;50&#176; in women&#46; Explosive force in men oscillated between 356 and 280 N&#47;sec&#44; with a mean value of 331&#46;1 &#177; 33&#46;91 N&#47;sec while that in women oscillated between 227&#46;1 and 219 N&#47;sec&#44; with a mean value of 223&#46;1 &#177; 5&#46;65 N&#47;sec&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusion&#58;</span> The atlas ergodynamometry test is useful for evaluating force in tennis players&#46;"
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Valoració de la força útil en tennis
Evaluation of useful force in tennis
Raúl Pablo Garrido Chamorroa, Cristina Blasco Lafargab, Alejandro Ricardo Albert Giménezc, Emilio José Poveda Pagánd, Jesús Mas Martíneze
a Hospital General de Alicante. Alacant. Espanya. Departamento de Medicina Clínica. Universidad Miguel Hernández. Elx. Alacant. Espanya. Grupo de Trabajo en la Actividad Física. Universidad de Alicante. Alacant. Espanya.
b Grupo de Trabajo en la Actividad Física. UniDepartamento de Didáctica Especial y Didáctica Específica. Universidad de Alicante. Alacant. Espanya.versidad de Alicante. Alacant. Espanya.
c Hospital General de Alicante. Alacant. Espanya. Grupo de Trabajo en la Actividad Física. Universidad de Alicante. Alacant. Espanya.
d Departamento de Patología y Cirugía. Área de Fisioterapia. Universidad Miguel Hernández. Elx. Alacant.
e Hospital General de Alicante. Alacant. Espanya.
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medicinal<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>&#44; per&#242; aquests conceptes no valoren la for&#231;a &#250;til<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span> &#40;for&#231;a que s&#39;aplica en fer el gest esportiu&#41;&#46; En aquest article ens hem proposat valorar aquesta for&#231;a mitjan&#231;ant l&#39;an&#224;lisi del cop de dreta en tennis obtingut amb l&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre Atlas&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">M&#232;todes</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Descripci&#243; del test d&#39;Atlas per a tennis &#40;dreta&#41; &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n154-13108858fig01.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 1</span> Cop de dreta en el tennis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hem ideat un test per al cop de dreta en tennis&#44; utilitzant l&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre Atlas<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13-16</span>&#46; Aquest test ens permetr&#224; valorar la for&#231;a &#250;til de l&#39;esportista&#46; El test de tennis per al cop de dreta es fa tal com descrivim tot seguit<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Primer es fa un escalfament consistent en 10 min de mobilitat amb estiraments locals i ombres&#44; seguits de 5 intents previs per fer minvar l&#39;efecte de l&#39;aprenentatge&#46; Es fan 10 cops consecutius utilitzant un guant adaptat especialment que permet la transmissi&#243; de la for&#231;a des de la m&#224; a l&#39;element el&#224;stic de l&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre&#44; i entre cada cop es fa un descans de 5 s per minimitzar l&#39;efecte de la fatiga&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> Posici&#243; de partida&#46;</span> La posici&#243; dels peus &#233;s encreuada&#44; no en paral&#183;lel&#44; amb els genolls lleument en flexi&#243; i les mans a l&#39;altura de les espatlles&#46; El pes del cos es trasllada a la cama endarrerida&#44; la dist&#224;ncia del peu endarrerit a l&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre &#233;s de 195 cm i la dist&#224;ncia de l&#39;agafador del guant al volant d&#39;in&#232;rcia &#233;s de 182 cm&#46; L&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre es col&#183;loca a l&#39;ancoratge que situa el component mec&#224;nic a una altura fixa de 78 cm respecte del terra&#46; El tennista porta al bra&#231; que colpeja un guant on se subjecta l&#39;element el&#224;stic&#46; Aquest bra&#231; t&#233; un lleu flexi&#243; de colze i extensi&#243; d&#39;espatlla&#44; abans de generar tensi&#243;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fase de pretensi&#243; o moviment endarrere de la raqueta&#46;</span> Per armar el bra&#231; que colpeja&#44; aquest comen&#231;a des d&#39;una posici&#243; endarrerida de la raqueta per evitar de xocar amb l&#39;element el&#224;stic que est&#224; sense generar cap mena de tensi&#243;&#46; Quan l&#39;espatlla va endarrere&#44; tibem la musculatura executora ajudats d&#39;una torsi&#243; del tronc en el sentit contrari al cop&#46; Les cames es mantenen en semiflexi&#243;&#44; traslladant el pes del cos a la cama endarrerida&#44; i el bra&#231; contrari en abducci&#243; i flexi&#243; a 90&#176;&#44; moment en qu&#232; s&#39;inicia la fase d&#39;avan&#231; de la raqueta&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fase d&#39;avan&#231; i impacte&#46;</span> Es fa un avan&#231; de la raqueta a l&#39;altura dels malucs&#44; tot mantenint la verticalitat de les cordes&#44; fins que la goma es tiba en arribar a l&#39;altura del maluc&#44; moment en qu&#232; la transfer&#232;ncia del pes a la cama avan&#231;ada&#44; el gir del tronc en el sentit del cop i l&#39;avan&#231; de la raqueta troben la tensi&#243; en la goma&#46; En el moment de l&#39;impacte&#44; l&#39;agafador se situa perpendicularment i en l&#237;nia recta amb la c&#232;l&#183;lula de c&#224;rrega&#44; i el cap de la raqueta est&#224; lleument avan&#231;at respecte del maluc m&#233;s avan&#231;at&#44; amb el colze del tot estirat&#46; Una vegada s&#39;ha produ&#239;t l&#39;impacte&#44; es continua amb el moviment&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fase d&#39;acompanyament i finalitzaci&#243;&#46;</span> El bra&#231; executor ha de continuar el moviment endavant en la mateixa direcci&#243; de la pilota&#44; i finalitzant el gest amb la raqueta per sobre del cap&#46; El pes del cos es despla&#231;a totalment a la cama avan&#231;ada&#44; i realitza els darrers graus de rotaci&#243; del tronc en el sentit del cop i aixecant el tal&#243; del peu endarrerit&#46; Durant tot el gest t&#232;cnic no es permet al tennista que desplaci les cames&#44; sobretot la cama endarrerida&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Estudi de les corbes</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Despr&#233;s de fer el test&#44; cal estudiar les variables obtingudes mitjan&#231;ant la c&#232;l&#183;lula de c&#224;rrega en l&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre&#44; i les seq&#252;&#232;ncies de dades es representaran en funci&#243; del temps&#46; Per tant&#44; despr&#233;s del test obtindrem la corba for&#231;a-temps&#44; que descriu l&#39;evoluci&#243; de la for&#231;a durant el cop de dreta&#46; Aquesta corba s&#39;iniciar&#224; amb un ascens que correspondr&#224; a la fase d&#39;execuci&#243; del cop&#44; seguit d&#39;una fase de manteniment corresponent a l&#39;acompanyament del cop &#40;fase d&#39;acompanyament&#41;&#46; Per tant&#44; la corba ser&#224; la representaci&#243; gr&#224;fica o l&#39;empremta de la for&#231;a &#250;til del gest t&#232;cnic&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">An&#224;lisi num&#232;rica de la corba for&#231;a-temps</span> &#40;figs&#46; 2 y 3&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n154-13108858fig02.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 2</span> Empremta del gest t&#232;cnic&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n154-13108858fig03.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 3</span>  Triangulaci&#243;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La primera corba que analitzarem ser&#224; la referida a la corba for&#231;a-temps&#44; com a resultat del c&#224;lcul inform&#224;tic i havent pr&#232;viament automatitzat tots els valors recollits per la c&#232;l&#183;lula de c&#224;rrega i ordenats en funci&#243; del temps&#46; Per a l&#39;an&#224;lisi d&#39;aquesta corba&#44; definirem 3 punts&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; Primer punt&#44; on s&#39;inicia la corba&#46; Es mesura en cent&#232;simes de segon&#46; El valor es denomina &#34;punt d&#39;arrencada&#34;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; Segon punt&#44; de for&#231;a m&#224;xima&#46; Es mesura en newtons &#40;N&#41; i es denomina&#44; seguint la bibliografia&#44; &#34;pic de for&#231;a m&#224;xima&#34;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; Tercer punt&#44; temps en qu&#232; s&#39;aconsegueix la for&#231;a m&#224;xima&#46; Es mesura en segons &#40;s&#41;&#44; per&#242; la representaci&#243; gr&#224;fica es fa en cent&#232;simes de segon per disposar d&#39;una visualitzaci&#243; gr&#224;fica millor&#46; S&#39;anomena &#34;temps de pic de for&#231;a m&#224;xima&#34;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#242;gicament&#44; els millors resultats s&#39;obtenen quan l&#39;esportista en la seva evoluci&#243; despla&#231;a la corba cap a l&#39;esquerra i amunt&#44; tot obtenint m&#233;s for&#231;a en menys temps&#44; mentre que els resultats seran negatius quan la corba es desplaci cap a la dreta i avall&#44; &#233;s a dir&#44; menys for&#231;a en m&#233;s temps&#46; De l&#39;an&#224;lisi d&#39;aquests punts del cop de dreta&#44; podem definir un triangle que es denomina &#34;triangle d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#34;&#46; En aquest triangle es defineixen els valors seg&#252;ents&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; A&#46; Si unim el punt 1 i el punt 3 obtenim el valor del temps que l&#39;esportista triga a assolir el m&#224;xim&#46; Malgrat que aquest valor es dibuixi gr&#224;ficament en cent&#232;simes de segon&#44; a l&#39;hora de tractar les dades num&#232;ricament s&#39;ha d&#39;indicar en segons&#46; Aquest valor s&#39;anomena &#34;temps d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#34;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; B&#46; Si unim el punt 2 i el punt 3&#44; obtenim el valor de la for&#231;a m&#224;xima aconseguida per l&#39;esportista&#46; Aquest valor es mesura en N&#44; i s&#39;anomena &#34;pic de for&#231;a m&#224;xima&#34;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; H&#46; Si unim el punt 1 i el punt 2&#44; obtenim el valor de la hipotenusa ascendent&#46; Per obtenir-la hem d&#39;aplicar el teorema de Pit&#224;gores&#44; que diu que H<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#61; A<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#43;B<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; per tant&#44; H&#61; &#8730;A2&#43;B2 DI aquest valor s&#39;anomena &#34;hipotenusa d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#34;&#46; Es mesura en N&#47;s&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; FE&#46; Per valorar la for&#231;a explosiva&#44; tradicionalment s&#39;ha relacionat la for&#231;a m&#224;xima amb el temps que es triga a produir-la&#46; Aix&#237;&#44; en la nostra triangulaci&#243;&#44; la for&#231;a explosiva seria la relaci&#243; existent entre B i A&#44; seguint la f&#243;rmula&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> For&#231;a explosiva &#40;N &#183; s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41; &#61; For&#231;a m&#224;xima &#40;N&#41;<br></br> Temps d&#39;acceleraci&#243; &#40;s&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; Alfa&#46; Angle que mostra el pendent del gr&#224;fic&#46; Es calcula mitjan&#231;ant la f&#243;rmula seg&#252;ent&#58; alfa &#61; cos<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#40;A&#47;H&#41;&#46; Es mesura en graus&#46; Aquest angle s&#39;anomena &#34;angle d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#34;&#46;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#173; Beta&#46; Angle que tanca el triangle&#46; Es calcula mitjan&#231;ant la f&#243;rmula&#58; beta &#61; 90 - alfa&#46; Es mesura en graus&#46; Aquest angle s&#39;anomena &#34;angle complementari de l&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#34;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">An&#224;lisi qualitativa de la corba de for&#231;a-temps</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">A m&#233;s de l&#39;an&#224;lisi quantitativa de la corba for&#231;a-temps&#44; hem d&#39;analitzar l&#39;empremta de la gr&#224;fica&#46; Aquesta empremta s&#39;analitza d&#39;una manera qualitativa&#44; basant-nos en l&#39;an&#224;lisi consecutiva i individualitzada de les variables seg&#252;ents&#46; Establim 2 seccions en la definici&#243; qualitativa de la corba for&#231;a-temps&#46; La fase d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#44; denominada &#34;zona n&#250;mero 1&#34;&#44; correspondr&#224; a la hipotenusa de l&#39;an&#224;lisi num&#232;rica i estar&#224; situada entre els punts 1 i 2 del gr&#224;fic de triangulaci&#243;&#46; En aquesta zona gr&#224;fica s&#39;ha de valorar tant el pendent&#44; que despr&#233;s es valorar&#224; num&#232;ricament amb l&#39;angle alfa&#44; com la qualitat del seu tra&#231;at&#44; i tamb&#233; si t&#233; diversos angles intermedis en el pendent&#46; Aquesta zona es denomina &#34;zona d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#34;&#46; La fase d&#39;acompanyament &#233;s denominada &#34;zona n&#250;mero 2&#34; del gr&#224;fic &#40;zona corresponent des del punt 2 fins al final del registre&#41;&#44; i correspon a la zona d&#39;acompanyament&#59; se n&#39;haur&#224; de valorar tant el pendent com la profunditat&#46; Aquest valor es denomina &#34;zona d&#39;acompanyament&#34;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultats</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hem analitzat el cop de dreta de 8 tennistes &#40;6 homes i 2 dones&#41; amb una edat mitjana de 16&#44;85 &#177; 1&#44;67 anys &#40;17 &#177; 1&#44;73 per als homes i 16&#44;5 &#177; 2&#44;12 per a les dones&#41;&#46; Feien una mitjana de 20 h d&#39;entrenament setmanals&#46; Van efectuar 10 cops consecutius &#40;despr&#233;s de l&#39;escalfament descrit en l&#39;apartat anterior&#41;&#44; i es va analitzar la qualitat individual de cada corba&#44; tot donant com a valor quantitatiu del test el valor mitj&#224; dels 10 cops realitzats pels tennistes&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En la taula I es presenten els valors mitjans dels 8 tennistes analitzats&#44; i el valor mitj&#224; de la mostra &#173;homes i dones&#173;&#59; s&#39;hi observa que el valor mitj&#224; del temps d&#39;acceleraci&#243; &#233;s de 0&#44;20 &#177; 0&#44;01 s&#44; la for&#231;a m&#224;xima &#233;s de 63&#44;79 &#177; 9&#44;79 N&#44; la hipotenusa ascendent &#233;s de 67&#44;45 &#177; 9&#44;02 N&#47;s&#44; l&#39;angle alfa &#233;s de 70&#44;04 &#177; 4&#44;04&#176;&#44; l&#39;angle beta &#233;s de 19&#44;88 &#177; 4&#44;07&#176;&#44; i la for&#231;a explosiva t&#233; un valor de 304&#44;08 &#177; 57&#44;66 N&#47;s&#46; Tamb&#233; s&#39;hi observen difer&#232;ncies en funci&#243; del sexe&#58; el temps d&#39;acceleraci&#243; per als homes &#233;s de 0&#44;20 &#177; 0&#44;008 s&#44; mentre que per a les dones &#233;s de 0&#44;22 &#177; 0&#44;02 s&#46; La for&#231;a m&#224;xima mitjana per als homes &#233;s de 68&#44;23 &#177; 6&#44;06 N&#44; mentre que per a les dones &#233;s de 50&#44;38 &#177; 2&#44;80 N&#46; La hipotenusa ascendent &#233;s de 72&#44;22 &#177; 6&#44;10 N&#47;s per als homes i de 55&#44;32 &#177; 3&#44;57 N&#47;s per a les dones&#46; L&#39;angle alfa &#233;s de 71&#44;63 &#177; 3&#44;28&#176; per als homes i de 65&#44;28 &#177; 0&#44;50&#176; per a les dones&#46; L&#39;angle beta &#233;s de 18&#44;27 &#177; 3&#44;27&#176; per als homes i de 24&#44;71 &#177; 0&#44;50&#176; per a les dones&#46; Els homes obtenen valors de for&#231;a explosiva que oscil&#183;len entre els 356 i els 280 N&#47;s&#44; amb un valor mitj&#224; de 331&#44;1 &#177; 33&#44;91 N&#47;s&#44; mentre que en les dones els valors oscil&#183;len entre 227&#44;1 i 219 N&#47;s&#44; amb un valor mitj&#224; de 223&#44;1 &#177; 5&#44;65 N&#47;s&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n154-13108858tab04.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En la figura 4 apareixen els gr&#224;fics dels 10 intents de 4 tennistes&#44; i s&#39;hi observa que hi ha una gran similitud entre intents&#59; l&#39;empremta del cop de dreta obt&#233; una bona correlaci&#243; i concordan&#231;a gr&#224;fica intrasubjecte&#46; Aquests gr&#224;fics indiquen la reproductibilitat del test-retest&#46; En la figura 5 es mostra la representaci&#243; gr&#224;fica de l&#39;intent n&#250;mero 10 dels 8 tennistes&#44; en qu&#232; s&#39;evidencia una gran dispersi&#243; de resultats&#46; La figura mostra la gran difer&#232;ncia gr&#224;fica intersubjectes i&#44; per tant&#44; &#233;s una eina &#250;til en la discriminaci&#243; qualitativa de la for&#231;a &#250;til del cop de dreta en tennis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n154-13108858fig05.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 4</span>  Consist&#232;ncia intrasubjecte&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n154-13108858fig06.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 5</span>  Consist&#232;ncia intersubjecte&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Discussi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Seguint Kovacs<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#44; l&#39;entrenament de la for&#231;a i la flexibilitat suposa un benefici en el rendiment esportiu i tamb&#233; una prevenci&#243; de lesions<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>&#44; per la qual cosa la valoraci&#243; d&#39;aquesta for&#231;a &#233;s important per a un control i una planificaci&#243; correctes de l&#39;entrenament de la for&#231;a&#46; La qualitat m&#233;s important d&#39;aquesta valoraci&#243; &#233;s la for&#231;a &#250;til<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span>&#44; per la qual cosa la valoraci&#243; correcta d&#39;aquesta for&#231;a suposa una necessitat clara a l&#39;hora de la planificaci&#243; i del control de l&#39;entrenament de la for&#231;a&#46; La manca del test previ ens ha impedit encara el programa ideal de condicionament esportiu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;21</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El test es fa amb el bra&#231; dominant&#59; segons que va demostrar Silva<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>&#59; hi ha difer&#232;ncies significatives en la for&#231;a del bra&#231; dominant respecte del contralateral&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En la corba for&#231;a-temps del tennis nom&#233;s valorem el triangle d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#44; a difer&#232;ncia d&#39;altres esports &#40;b&#224;dminton<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span>&#44; futbol<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span>&#44; voleibol i handbol&#41;&#44; en els quals a m&#233;s es valora el triangle de relaxaci&#243;&#46; En tennis&#44; aquest triangle es veu englobat en la fase d&#39;acompanyament del cop&#44; i per tant no &#233;s valorable en aquest gest t&#232;cnic&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Tot i que hi ha poca dispersi&#243; entre les gr&#224;fiques dels 10 valors del test&#44; per a l&#39;an&#224;lisi num&#232;rica del test creiem que s&#39;ha de formular com el valor mitj&#224; obtingut en els 10 cops&#44; acompanyat per la seva desviaci&#243; est&#224;ndard&#46; Aix&#237;&#44; despr&#233;s de fer el test&#44; un esportista obtindria un valor de temps d&#39;acceleraci&#243; de per exemple 0&#44;21 &#177; 0&#44;02 s&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En fer el cop amb tota la cadena cin&#232;tica i no sols amb cadenes tancades com el dinam&#242;metre isocin&#232;tic<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span>&#44; podem valorar la import&#224;ncia de la rotaci&#243; del tronc&#44; que segons Ellenbecker<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span> &#233;s determinant en el rendiment esportiu&#46; En un altre article<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span>&#44; aquest autor conclou que els tests duts a terme amb el dinam&#242;metre isocin&#232;tic no concorden amb el rendiment esportiu del servei dels tennistes&#44; i ho argumenta dient que &#233;s perqu&#232; no analitza tota la cadena cin&#232;tica del servei&#46; Aix&#242; ve donat perqu&#232; el rendiment esportiu en el tennis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> no dep&#232;n nom&#233;s d&#39;una cadena muscular&#44; sin&#243; que &#233;s el resultat de m&#250;ltiples cadenes cin&#232;tiques&#46; Pugh<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> no troba difer&#232;ncies significatives que responsabilitzin o prioritzin un grup muscular concret del rendiment esportiu del tennis&#46; Bahamonde<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span>&#44; mitjan&#231;ant l&#39;enregistrament i la reconstrucci&#243; en 3D del cop de tennis va demostrar que la velocitat del cop &#233;s determinant en el rendiment esportiu&#44; i va trobar difer&#232;ncies significatives entre els tennistes professionals i els tennistes de menys nivell&#46; Per tant&#44; necessitar&#237;em utilitzar tests que mesurin la for&#231;a de la cadena cin&#232;tica completa i no sols la cadena tancada&#44; com &#233;s el cas dels dinam&#242;metres isocin&#232;tics&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Bencke<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span> no troba difer&#232;ncies a causa de l&#39;entrenament en analitzar els valors de for&#231;a mitjan&#231;ant els tests de Bosco i de Wingate&#44; ni tampoc troba difer&#232;ncies en funci&#243; del nivell esportiu dels tennistes analitzats&#46; Aquestes dades demostren com s&#243;n d&#39;inadequats aquests tests de tren inferior per valorar el rendiment esportiu dels tennistes&#44; ja que el fet de disposar d&#39;una bona for&#231;a explosiva o pot&#232;ncia del tren inferior no es correlaciona directament amb una adequada pot&#232;ncia del tren superior&#46; Aquesta mancan&#231;a fa inadequat aquest tipus de test per a la valoraci&#243; de la for&#231;a en tennistes&#46; Kraemer<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> controla l&#39;entrenament mitjan&#231;ant el test 1RM del tren superior&#44; i troba correlaci&#243; entre els augments de for&#231;a registrats en aquest tests i la velocitat del servei&#46; Aquestes dades s&#39;explicarien perqu&#232; hi ha una correlaci&#243; entre la for&#231;a m&#224;xima i la for&#231;a &#250;til&#44; malgrat que aquesta relaci&#243; no sigui concordant&#59; &#233;s a dir&#44; a augments semblants de for&#231;a m&#224;xima&#44; no tenen per qu&#232; correspondre-hi augments semblants de for&#231;a &#250;til&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara">Correspond&#232;ncia&#58; Ra&#250;l Pablo Garrido Chamorro&#46; Pintor Xavier Soler 1&#44; portal A&#44; 9&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span> F&#46; 03015 Alacant&#46; Espanya&#46;<br></br> Correu electr&#242;nic&#58; <a href="mailto&#58;raulpablo&#64;terra&#46;es" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"> raulpablo&#64;terra&#46;es</a></p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introducci&#243;&#58;</span> Hem ideat un test per a la valoraci&#243; de la for&#231;a &#250;til del cop de dreta de tennis utilitzant l&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre Atlas&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objectiu&#58;</span> Valoraci&#243; de la for&#231;a &#250;til en tennistes&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">M&#232;tode&#58;</span> Realitzaci&#243; de 10 cops de dreta consecutius &#40;amb escalfament previ&#41; de 8 tennistes &#40;6 homes i 2 dones&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultats&#58;</span> El valor mitj&#224; del temps d&#39;acceleraci&#243; &#233;s 0&#44;20 &#177; 0&#44;01 s&#44; la for&#231;a m&#224;xima &#233;s de 63&#44;79 &#177; 9&#44;79 newtons &#40;N&#41;&#44; la hipotenusa ascendent &#233;s de 67&#44;45 &#177; 9&#44;02 N&#47;s&#44; l&#39;angle alfa &#233;s de 70&#44;04 &#177; 4&#44;04&#176;&#44; l&#39;angle beta &#233;s de 19&#44;88 &#177; 4&#44;07&#176;&#44; i la for&#231;a explosiva t&#233; un valor de 304&#44;08 &#177; 57&#44;66 N&#47;s&#46; Tamb&#233; hi ha difer&#232;ncies en funci&#243; del sexe&#59; si observem el temps d&#39;acceleraci&#243;&#44; per als homes &#233;s de 0&#44;20 &#177; 0&#44;008 s&#44; mentre que per a les dones &#233;s de 0&#44;22 &#177; 0&#44;02 s&#46; La for&#231;a m&#224;xima mitjana per als homes &#233;s de 68&#44;23 &#177; 6&#44;06 N&#44; mentre que per a les dones &#233;s de 50&#44;38 &#177; 2&#44;80 N&#46; La hipotenusa ascendent &#233;s de 72&#44;22 &#177; 6&#44;10 N&#47;s per als homes i de 55&#44;32 &#177; 3&#44;57 N&#47;s per a les dones&#46; L&#39;angle alfa &#233;s de 71&#44;63 &#177; 3&#44;28&#176; per als homes i de 65&#44;28 &#177; 0&#44;50&#176; per a les dones&#46; L&#39;angle beta &#233;s de 18&#44;27 &#177; 3&#44;27&#176; per als homes i de 24&#44;71 &#177; 0&#44;50&#176; per a les dones&#46; Els homes obtenen valors de for&#231;a explosiva que oscil&#183;len entre els 356 i els 280 N&#47;s&#44; amb un valor mitj&#224; de 331&#44;1 &#177; 33&#44;91 N&#47;s&#44; mentre que en les dones els valors oscil&#183;len entre 227&#44;1 i els 219 N&#47;s&#44; amb un valor mitj&#224; de 223&#44;1 &#177; 5&#44;65 N&#47;s&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusi&#243;&#58;</span> El test de l&#39;ergodinam&#242;metre Atlas resulta &#250;til per a la valoraci&#243; de la for&#231;a en tennistes&#46;"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introduction&#58;</span> We designed a test to evaluate useful force in tennis forehand using atlas ergodynamometry&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objective&#58;</span> To evaluate useful force in tennis players&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Method&#58;</span> Eight tennis players &#40;6 men and 2 women&#41; performed 10 consecutive forehands &#40;with prior warm-up&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58;</span> The mean acceleration time was 0&#46;20 &#177; 0&#46;01 seconds&#44; the maximum force was 63&#46;79 &#177; 9&#46;79&#44; the ascending hypotenuse was 67&#46;45 &#177; 9&#46;02 Newton&#47;second &#40;N&#47;sec&#41;&#44; the alpha angle was 70&#46;04 &#177; 4&#46;04&#176;&#44; the beta angle beta was 19&#46;88 &#177; 4&#46;07&#176;&#44; and explosive force was 304&#46;08 &#177; 57&#46;66 N&#47;sec&#46; Differences were observed by sex&#58; acceleration time was 0&#46;20 &#177; 0&#46;008 seconds in men compared with 0&#46;22 &#177; 0&#46;02 seconds in women&#46; The mean maximum force was 68&#46;23 &#177; 6&#46;06 N in men and 50&#46;38 &#177; 2&#46;80 N in women&#46; The ascending hypotenuse was 72&#46;22 &#177; 6&#46;10 N&#47;sec in men and 55&#46;32 &#177; 3&#46;57 N&#47;sec in women&#46; The alpha angle was 71&#46;63 &#177; 3&#46;28&#176; in men and 65&#46;28 &#177; 0&#46;50&#176; in women&#46; The beta angle was 18&#46;27 &#177; 3&#46;27&#176; in men and 24&#46;71 &#177; 0&#46;50&#176; in women&#46; Explosive force in men oscillated between 356 and 280 N&#47;sec&#44; with a mean value of 331&#46;1 &#177; 33&#46;91 N&#47;sec while that in women oscillated between 227&#46;1 and 219 N&#47;sec&#44; with a mean value of 223&#46;1 &#177; 5&#46;65 N&#47;sec&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusion&#58;</span> The atlas ergodynamometry test is useful for evaluating force in tennis players&#46;"
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Article information
ISSN: X8866581
Original language: Català
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