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La qual cosa&#44; en percentatge de la freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;FC&#41; m&#224;xima te&#242;rica o real&#44; segons l&#39;estudi&#44; &#233;s del 75 al 85&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3&#44;10&#44;11</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Malgrat que el tennis &#233;s una especialitat esportiva que en multitud d&#39;ocasions es juga en un ambient calor&#243;s&#44; no hi ha gaires estudis que mostrin els canvis electrol&#237;tics despr&#233;s d&#39;un partit&#46; Els jugadors de 17 anys i r&#224;nquing nacional&#44; tenen una p&#232;rdua de sodi per sudoraci&#243; de 89&#44;8 mmol&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> de joc&#44; que pot superar la mitjana di&#224;ria d&#39;ingesta de 87 a 174 mmol&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1 12</span>&#46; En un estudi amb 20 subjectes d&#39;ambd&#243;s sexes durant 3 dies de torneig a 32 &#176;C i 53&#37; d&#39;humitat relativa &#40;HR&#41;&#44; la p&#232;rdua de sodi per suor va ser de 158&#44;7 mmol&#47;dia<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> en homes i de 86&#44;5 mmol&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> en dones<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46; 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en qu&#232; no van existir canvis respecte del mateix grup abans i despr&#233;s del partit&#44; per&#242; s&#237; entre grups &#40;1&#44;1 &#177; 0&#44;1 vs&#46; 1&#44;5 &#177; 01&#41;&#46; La competici&#243; de tennis es du a terme normalment en un ambient calor&#243;s&#44; on els canvis en la temperatura corporal&#44; i la resposta als canvis electrol&#237;tics poden ser determinants<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;15-17</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Una pobra rehidrataci&#243; pot afectar l&#39;efici&#232;ncia en els despla&#231;aments de 5-10 m tan comuns en una activitat com el tennis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>&#46; Igualment&#44; el tennis afavoreix una rehidrataci&#243; durant l&#39;activitat en els temps de pausa&#44; la qual pot ser l&#237;quida o s&#242;lida&#46; Aquests processos de rehidrataci&#243; s&#243;n d&#39;una import&#224;ncia vital per mantenir l&#39;estabilitat en els esfor&#231;os de la competici&#243;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#39;objectiu del nostre estudi ha estat valorar els possibles canvis i&#242;nics i en el volum plasm&#224;tic despr&#233;s d&#39;un partit de tennis individual en jugadores de tennis adolescents de g&#232;nere femen&#237;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Material i m&#232;tode</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Subjectes</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hi han participat 10 jugadores de tennis de g&#232;nere femen&#237;&#44; amb una edat mitjana de 15&#44;6 &#177; 0&#44;87 anys&#59; una talla de 164 &#177; 0&#44;19 cm&#59; pes de 58&#44;77 &#177; 2&#44;08 kg i un percentatge de greix corporal &#40;avaluat per mitj&#224; de plecs cutanis&#41; de 15&#44;44 &#177; 1&#44;08&#37;&#46; Tots els tutors van donar el seu consentiment per escrit perqu&#232; les jugadores participessin en aquest estudi&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Procediment</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Totes les tennistes van jugar un partit de tennis oficial de categoria regional&#46; El dia de la competici&#243; van ser citades a les 8&#44;30 hores en condicions de dejuni previ de 8 hores&#44; i se&#39;ls va permetre d&#39;ingerir un m&#224;xim de 500 ml d&#39;aigua mineral &#40;Lanjar&#243;n&#41;&#44; i sense haver fet cap esfor&#231; f&#237;sic en les 24 hores precedents&#46; A partir d&#39;aquest moment se&#39;ls va fer una extracci&#243; de sang&#46; Tot seguit les tennistes van prendre un iogurt natural &#40;Danone&#41; amb 8-10 grams de sucre com&#250;&#46; Cada jugadora va entrar a la pista de tennis amb una ampolla d&#39;1&#44;5 litres d&#39;aigua mineral Lanjar&#243;n&#44; marcada amb el seu nom&#44; a fi de valorar el volum de la ingesta durant el partit&#44; que van fer ad libitum&#46; A totes les tennistes se&#39;ls va controlar la freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;FC&#41; durant el partit&#44; mitjan&#231;ant un puls&#242;metre Polar Accurex Plus<span class="elsevierStyleSup">TM</span>&#44; que va registrar i va emmagatzemar l&#39;FC cada 5 segons&#46; Per a cada partit es va utilitzar un pot de pilotes noves &#40;3&#41;&#44; marca Dunlop Ford&#46; Es va fer un escalfament entre 10 i 15 minuts a la pista abans de comen&#231;ar el partit&#46; Els partits es van jugar al millor de tres sets amb tie-break en tots&#44; i van ser enregistrats per mitj&#224; d&#39;una c&#224;mera Sony Handycam per a l&#39;an&#224;lisi posterior&#46; Tots els partits es van jugar a una temperatura ambient que va oscil&#183;lar entre 19 i 22 &#176;C&#44; amb un grau d&#39;humitat relativa entre el 40 i 50&#37;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Aix&#237; doncs&#44; la primera extracci&#243; de sang es va produir entre les 8&#44;30 i 8&#44;45 hores del mat&#237;&#44; mentre que la segona extracci&#243; es va produir entre les 10&#46;30 i 12&#46;30 hores&#44; amb un interval horari m&#233;s ampli a causa de la durada dels partits&#46; Aquestes extraccions es van obtenir per punci&#243; venosa a la regi&#243; antecubital&#44; amb els subjectes en posici&#243; asseguda&#46; Les mostres van ser traslladades al laboratori&#44; on es va fer l&#39;an&#224;lisi hematol&#242;gica de les mostres i l&#39;obtenci&#243; d&#39;al&#237;quotes de plasma despr&#233;s del centrifugat&#44; que van ser emmagatzemades en tubs de polipropil&#232; a&#173;20 &#176;C fins a l&#39;an&#224;lisi posterior&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En el tractament estad&#237;stic de les dades es va utilitzar el paquet estad&#237;stic SPSS per a Windows &#40;versi&#243; 11&#46;0&#41;&#46; En totes les dades s&#39;indica el valor de mitjana i la desviaci&#243; t&#237;pica &#40;DT&#41;&#46; S&#39;ha considerat un interval de confian&#231;a del 95&#37; per a un valor de p igual o menor de 0&#44;05 &#40;p &#8804;  0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Resultats</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Durada i intensitat del partit</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El temps total de joc va ser de 99&#44;66 &#177; 18&#44;5 min&#46;&#59; amb un temps de joc real de 30&#44;0 &#177; 5&#44;93 min&#46;&#59; i un temps de descans de 69&#44;66 &#177; 9&#44;6 min&#46; La freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca mitjana en els partits va ser de 158&#44;4 &#177; 1&#44;98 bat&#47;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; la qual cosa va representar 80&#44;83 &#177; 1&#44;46&#37; de l&#39;FC m&#224;xima del grup de jugadores&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Canvis en el volum plasm&#224;tic</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El volum plasm&#224;tic va ser calculat a partir dels valors corresponents a l&#39;hemat&#242;crit &#40;Hct&#41; i a la concentraci&#243; d&#39;hemoglobina &#40;Hb&#41;&#44; segons el m&#232;tode de Dill i Costill<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span>&#46; Cal indicar que en aquests c&#224;lculs es va assignar el valor 100 &#40;100&#37;&#41; al volum sanguini&#46; D&#39;altra banda&#44; es va controlar la ingesta d&#39;aigua a demanda feta per les tennistes&#46; En la taula I es mostren els valors mitjans d&#39;ingesta h&#237;drica durant la competici&#243; &#40;0&#44;48 &#177; 0&#44;08 litres&#41;&#44; els canvis en el volum plasm&#224;tic&#44; tot observant el percentatge de canvi entre abans i despr&#233;s de l&#39;activitat &#40;3&#44;59 &#177; 2&#44;56&#37;&#41; i el canvi en percentatge del pes corporal entre abans i despr&#233;s del partit &#40;-1&#44;31 &#177; 0&#44;27&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n156-13113816tab01.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Canvis en electr&#242;lits plasm&#224;tics</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En la taula II es mostren els valors plasm&#224;tics mitjans&#44; obtinguts abans i despr&#233;s de la competici&#243; de tennis per al sodi &#40;136&#44;98 &#177; 1&#44;71 respecte de 145&#44;77 &#177; 1&#44;77 mEq&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#44; potassi &#40;3&#44;90 &#177; 0&#44;13 respecte de 3&#44;13 &#177; 0&#44;19 mEq&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41; i clor &#40;92&#44;17 &#177; 1&#44;21 respecte de 100&#44;12 &#177; 1&#44;31 mEq&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#46; Els asteriscos indiquen la significaci&#243; estad&#237;stica en comparar ambdues situacions &#40;&#42;p &#8804; 0&#44;01&#41; &#40;&#42;&#42;p &#8804; 0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n156-13113816tab02.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Discussi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Durada i intensitat del partit</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els resultats en relaci&#243; amb la durada dels partits corroboren el que ja han informat altres autors<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span>&#44; tot i que en categories diferents<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>&#46; Aix&#237;&#44; la durada dels partits va ser entorn de 100 minuts de joc total&#44; i amb una relaci&#243; temps de joc&#47;temps de descans d&#39;1&#58;3&#44; &#233;s a dir aproximadament 30&#37; respecte de 70&#37; joc&#47;descans&#44; respectivament&#46; El mateix reglament del tennis permet un temps de descans entre punts de 20 segons i un temps de 90 segons en els canvis de camp<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Quant a la intensitat de l&#39;esfor&#231; realitzat en els partits&#44; en valorar les variacions observades en la freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca a causa del car&#224;cter intermitent d&#39;aquest esport&#44; vam trobar una FC mitjana de les nostres tennistes de 158 bat&#47;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; que coincideix amb el que han referit altres autors<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;14&#44;15</span>&#44; per b&#233; que alguns estudis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;8&#44;9</span> observen aquest valor mitj&#224; una mica per sota&#44; entre 130-145 bat&#47;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46; Aquest valor representaria entorn del 80&#37; de l&#39;FC m&#224;xima&#44; tot concordant tamb&#233; amb altres autors<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span>&#59; una intensitat considerada predominantment aer&#242;bica en subjectes de 15 a 17 anys<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Canvis en el volum plasm&#224;tic</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els canvis en el volum plasm&#224;tic durant l&#39;exercici f&#237;sic moderat o intens v&#233;nen donats per un despla&#231;ament de l&#237;quid des de l&#39;espai intravascular cap als compartiments intersticials i intracel&#183;lulars de la musculatura activa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span>&#46; Hi ha diversos mecanismes responsables d&#39;aquestes modificacions&#46; En primer lloc&#44; la magnitud dels canvis est&#224; influenciada per la pressi&#243; del fluid a nivell capil&#183;lar<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span>&#46; L&#39;augment de la pressi&#243; arterial i l&#39;efecte de la contracci&#243; muscular sobre les v&#232;nules afavoreixen l&#39;augment de la pressi&#243; hidrost&#224;tica en els capil&#183;lars&#44; i forcen la filtraci&#243; del plasma cap a l&#39;espai extravascular&#46; En canvi&#44; el descens de la pressi&#243; hidrost&#224;tica capil&#183;lar genera l&#39;entrada de fluid cap a l&#39;espai intravascular&#44; la qual cosa es tradueix en un augment del volum plasm&#224;tic&#46; Per facilitar aquest proc&#233;s&#44; es produeix una redistribuci&#243; sangu&#237;nia a partir dels circuits espl&#224;cnic i renal<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Malgrat que es tracta d&#39;un esfor&#231; de llarga durada&#44; i que molts estudis que indiquen una disminuci&#243; del VP en esfor&#231;os de curta i&#47;o llarga durada<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26-29</span>&#44; en el nostre estudi hem observat un lleu augment en el VP&#46; Cal considerar que la ingesta d&#39;aigua en aquesta investigaci&#243; va ser lliure&#44; amb una mitjana de 0&#44;48 &#177; 0&#44;08 l&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#39;increment del VP ha estat constatat en diversos estudis&#59; aix&#237;&#44; en esfor&#231;os de llarga durada&#44; si es fa una ingesta adequada de l&#237;quid&#44; el VP tendeix a mantenir-se o fins i tot a augmentar&#44; tot afavorint la realitzaci&#243; de l&#39;exercici&#44; i evita en qualsevol cas una deshidrataci&#243; produ&#239;da per la p&#232;rdua de l&#237;quids<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30-31</span>&#46; D&#39;altra banda&#44; &#233;s interessant destacar que els canvis de VP poden passar de valors negatius a positius pel fet que els esportistes estiguin aclimatats a les condicions ambientals<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span>&#46; En el nostre cas&#44; i en tractar-se de subjectes entrenats&#44; es podria pensar en una possible adaptaci&#243; termoreguladora&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En el tennis s&#243;n molt escassos els estudis que valoren els canvis en el VP&#44; malgrat que sembla que hi hagi consens respecte de la manca de variaci&#243;&#44; o increment del VP<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;28&#44;32</span>&#44; a causa de les caracter&#237;stiques del seu reglament&#44; ja que els temps de descans entre jocs permeten una hidrataci&#243; continuada<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span>&#46; Bergeron et al<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> van observar una disminuci&#243; lleu en el VP despr&#233;s d&#39;una fase d&#39;escalfament &#40;-0&#44;7 &#177; 5&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#59; i que aquest anava pujant a mesura que s&#39;anava jugant el partit&#44; i passava d&#39;un increment del 2&#44;3 &#177; 4&#44;1&#37; en acabar el partit a 5&#44;1 &#177; 8&#44;3&#37; cinc minuts despr&#233;s d&#39;haver-lo acabat&#46; En un esport com el tennis&#44; en qu&#232; es pot ingerir s&#242;lid i&#47;o l&#237;quid lliurement durant la competici&#243; en els temps de descans&#44; fa pensar que aquest proc&#233;s de rehidrataci&#243; sigui adequat a les demandes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;19</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els nostres resultats amb relaci&#243; al volum plasm&#224;tic mostren &#40;taula I&#41; un increment de 3&#44;59 &#177; 2&#44;56&#37;&#46; Com s&#39;indica en l&#39;apartat de material i m&#232;tode&#44; la ingesta l&#237;quida d&#39;aigua durant el partit va ser lliure i cada jugadora podia ingerir el volum que consider&#233;s oport&#250;&#46; La ingesta d&#39;aigua va ser de 0&#44;48 &#177; 0&#44;08 litres&#44; semblant en totes les tennistes &#40;taula I&#41;&#44; i malgrat que no pot ser considerada una ingesta alta&#44; cal tenir en compte que cada jugadora va ingerir 500 ml abans de comen&#231;ar el partit&#44; i abans de cada extracci&#243;&#46; Aquests resultats estan en la l&#237;nia dels estudis que refereixen un increment del VP en esfor&#231;os de llarga durada&#44; si es fa una ingesta adequada de l&#237;quid&#44; ja que el VP tendeix a mantenir-se o fins i tot a augmentar&#44; la qual cosa facilita la realitzaci&#243; de l&#39;exercici&#44; i evita en qualsevol cas una deshidrataci&#243; produ&#239;da per la p&#232;rdua de l&#237;quids<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span>&#46; Observant aquests resultats en tennistes entrenades&#44; es pot pensar en una possible adaptaci&#243; termoreguladora&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Canvis en els electr&#242;lits plasm&#224;tics</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els mecanismes fisiol&#242;gics responsables d&#39;equilibrar les p&#232;rdues d&#39;aigua i electr&#242;lits que es produeixen durant l&#39;esfor&#231; f&#237;sic a trav&#233;s de la respiraci&#243; i la suor&#44; fonamentalment&#44; s&#243;n l&#39;est&#237;mul de la set i la disminuci&#243; de la di&#252;resi amb el control hormonal de la vasopresina<span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span>&#46; Alhora&#44; l&#39;augment del volum plasm&#224;tic durant la rehidrataci&#243; inhibeix l&#39;alliberament de vasopresina i estimula la del p&#232;ptid natriur&#232;tic atrial&#44; els efectes del qual&#44; a nivell renal&#44; permeten ajustar el volum del l&#237;quid extracel&#183;lular&#46; En pres&#232;ncia de nivells elevats de vasopresina&#44; l&#39;administraci&#243; d&#39;aigua sense sal pot causar hiponatr&#232;mia per diluci&#243;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span>&#46; Es considera hiponatr&#232;mia quan les xifres de sodi en plasma s&#243;n inferiors a 135 mmol&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46; En abs&#232;ncia de malaltia i&#47;o tractament farmacol&#242;gic que justifiqui aquestes xifres&#44; cal pensar en una sobrec&#224;rrega aquosa&#44; semblant al que s&#39;esdev&#233; en casos de polid&#237;psia psic&#242;gena<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span>&#46; En conseq&#252;&#232;ncia&#44; un dels par&#224;metres homeost&#224;tics que pot patir canvis importants durant l&#39;exercici f&#237;sic &#233;s l&#39;osmolaritat plasm&#224;tica&#44; dependent b&#224;sicament de la concentraci&#243; de sodi i els seus anions&#46; El sodi &#233;s l&#39;i&#243; m&#233;s abundant al compartiment extracel&#183;lular&#46; La seva concentraci&#243; oscil&#183;la al voltant de 142 mEq&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> i l&#39;osmolaritat plasm&#224;tica entorn dels 300 mOsm&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; i no solen variar m&#233;s enll&#224; del 2-3&#37;&#46; Aquests par&#224;metres han de ser controlats d&#39;una manera precisa&#44; ja que determinen la distribuci&#243; de l&#237;quid entre els compartiments intracel&#183;lular i extracel&#183;lular&#46; Com que el sodi i els anions que l&#39;acompanyen representen a prop del 94&#37; dels soluts del compartiment extracel&#183;lular&#44; l&#39;osmolaritat plasm&#224;tica sol calcular-se en la majoria dels laboratoris multiplicant la concentraci&#243; plasm&#224;tica de sodi per 2&#44;1&#46; La deshidrataci&#243; i p&#232;rdua d&#39;electr&#242;lits &#233;s una constant durant l&#39;activitat esportiva&#44; que adquireix m&#233;s rellev&#224;ncia en els esfor&#231;os de llarga durada i quan la temperatura ambiental &#233;s elevada&#44; i pot arribar a constituir un factor limitant de l&#39;aptitud f&#237;sica i del rendiment esportiu&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els nostres resultats mostren un increment significatiu &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;001&#41; en els nivells de sodi en acabar el partit respecte dels nivells basals &#40;de 136&#44;98 &#177; 1&#44;71 a 145&#44;77 &#177; 1&#44;77 mEq&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#44; els quals mostren xifres compatibles amb una hemodiluci&#243;&#46; L&#39;increment observat en els nivells de sodi en les nostres tennistes &#40;6&#44;8&#37;&#41; es correspon amb els increments observats per altres autors despr&#233;s d&#39;exercici f&#237;sic&#44; quantificats entre el 3 i 5&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span>&#46; Malgrat l&#39;escassetat de treballs en qu&#232; s&#39;analitzen esfor&#231;os referents al tennis de competici&#243;&#44; cal destacar la investigaci&#243; desenvolupada per Therminarias et al<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#44; els quals mostren un increment dels nivells plasm&#224;tics de sodi tant en tennistes joves &#40;21&#44;2 &#177; 1&#44;9 anys&#41; com en adults &#40;46&#44;5 &#177; 1&#44;3 anys&#41;&#46; Per la seva banda&#44; Bergeron et al<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span> registren p&#232;rdues de sodi i potassi a trav&#233;s de la suor durant un partit de tennis&#46; Malgrat no valorar els canvis en la concentraci&#243; plasm&#224;tica d&#39;aquests ions&#44; els autors indiquen que aquestes p&#232;rdues no haurien de tenir una repercussi&#243; directa sobre el rendiment dels tennistes&#44; sobretot quan n&#39;estigui garantida l&#39;aportaci&#243; en la dieta&#46; Per la seva banda&#44; els nivells basals de potassi de les nostres tennistes tamb&#233; mostren nivells compatibles amb una hemodiluci&#243;&#44; i minven significativament &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;01&#41; despr&#233;s del partit &#40;de 3&#44;90 &#177; 0&#44;13 a 3&#44;13 &#177; 0&#44;19 mEq&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#59; taula II&#41;&#46; Malgrat que en un principi es podria esperar un augment en els nivells de potassi com a conseq&#252;&#232;ncia de l&#39;exercici muscular intens i prolongat&#44; com s&#39;ha evidenciat en alguns estudis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#44;38</span>&#44; en canvi els nostres resultats mostren un descens significatiu d&#39;aquest i&#243;&#44; en la l&#237;nia d&#39;all&#242; observat per Therminarias et al<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#44; que van trobar un descens de potassi despr&#233;s de jugar un partit de tennis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els nostres resultats s&#243;n compatibles amb un estat d&#39;hiperhidrataci&#243; previ al partit&#46; L&#39;explicaci&#243; podria estar en la ingesta dels 500 ml d&#39;aigua abans de la competici&#243; esportiva&#44; com a recurs utilitzat per les jugadores per compensar les p&#232;rdues per sudoraci&#243; durant el partit&#46; La hiperhidrataci&#243; aconseguida d&#39;aquesta manera podria ser responsable d&#39;una hemodiluci&#243;&#44; amb la disminuci&#243; conseg&#252;ent de la concentraci&#243; plasm&#224;tica dels diversos ions observada abans del partit<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#46;</span> La p&#232;rdua de l&#237;quid per sudoraci&#243; durant el joc indueix una relativa deshidrataci&#243;&#44; que podria explicar l&#39;augment en la concentraci&#243; de sodi i en l&#39;osmolaritat&#44; at&#232;s que en finalitzar el partit s&#39;aconsegueixen valors fisiol&#242;gics per a ambd&#243;s par&#224;metres i que la ingesta de l&#237;quid a demanda va mantenir un nivell acceptable d&#39;hidrataci&#243; com mostra el volum plasm&#224;tic&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Conclusi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els nivells basals d&#39;electr&#242;lits en plasma &#40;sodi&#44; clor i potassi&#41; determinats abans de la competici&#243; van mostrar valors indicatius de sobrec&#224;rrega aquosa&#44; que van tornar cap a valors fisiol&#242;gics en finalitzar el partit&#44; malgrat l&#39;esfor&#231; f&#237;sic de llarga durada que representa un partit de tennis&#44; aspecte que s&#39;haur&#224; de tenir en compte en el control de la competici&#243; en adolescents&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">No es van observar canvis significatius en volum plasm&#224;tic despr&#233;s de la competici&#243;&#44; malgrat la complexitat dels processos d&#39;hiperhidrataci&#243;&#47;deshidrataci&#243;&#47;rehidrataci&#243;&#46; Aquestes troballes suggereixen que les jugadores de tennis s&#243;n capaces d&#39;optimitzar la ingesta de l&#237;quids a demanda&#44; amb relaci&#243; a les necessitats homeost&#224;tiques desencadenades durant el partit&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Correspond&#232;ncia&#58; Gema Torres Luque&#46; Universidad Cat&#243;lica San Antonio de Murcia&#46; Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad F&#237;sica y Deporte&#46; Campus de los Jer&#243;nimos&#46; 30107 Guadalupe&#46; Murcia&#46; Espanya&#46; Correu electr&#242;nic&#58; <a href="mailto&#58;gtorres&#64;pdi&#46;ucam&#46;edu" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"> gtorres&#64;pdi&#46;ucam&#46;edu</a></p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objectiu&#58;</span> Observar els possibles canvis a nivell bioqu&#237;mic&#44; despr&#233;s d&#39;un partit de tennis individual femen&#237;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Material i m&#232;tode&#58;</span> Es van seleccionar 10 jugadores de tennis &#40;edat&#58; 15&#44;6 &#177; 0&#44;87 anys&#59; talla&#58; 164 &#177; 0&#44;19 cm&#59; pes&#58; 58&#44;77 &#177; 2&#44;08 kg&#41;&#46; Abans de la competici&#243; es va fer una extracci&#243; de 15 ml de sang&#44; i es va permetre ingerir 500 ml d&#39;aigua&#46; Durant el partit es va controlar la freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca i la ingesta d&#39;aigua &#40;ad libitum&#41;&#46; Els partits van ser enregistrats en v&#237;deo&#46; Es va fer una nova extracci&#243; de sang una vegada finalitzat l&#39;esfor&#231;&#46; Les variables valorades van ser freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;FC&#41;&#44; temps total de joc&#44; temps de treball i temps de descans&#44; concentraci&#243; plasm&#224;tica d&#39;electr&#242;lits &#40;sodi&#44; potassi i clor&#41; i volum plasm&#224;tic&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultats&#58;</span> Temps de joc de 99&#44;6 &#177; 18&#44;5 min&#46;&#44; una FC mitjana durant el joc de 158&#44;4 &#177; 1&#44;98 bat&#47;min-1&#46; Despr&#233;s del partit es va observar increment del volum plasm&#224;tic &#40;3&#44;59 &#177; 2&#44;56&#37;&#41;&#44; p&#232;rdua del pes corporal &#40;-1&#44;31 &#177; 0&#44;27&#41;&#44; i un augment significatiu de la concentraci&#243; plasm&#224;tica de sodi &#40;136&#44;98 &#177; 1&#44;71 a 145&#44;77 &#177; 1&#44;77&#41; i clor &#40;92&#44;17 &#177; 1&#44;21 a 100&#44;12 &#177; 1&#44;31&#41; &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;001&#41; i un descens del potassi &#40;3&#44;90 &#177; 0&#44;13 a 3&#44;13 &#177; 0&#44;19&#41; &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;01&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Discussi&#243;&#58; </span>A causa de la distorsi&#243; del balan&#231; hidroelectrol&#237;tic es veu la necessitat de controlar la hidrataci&#243;&#46;"
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Canvis en la concentració d'ions i en el volum plasmàtic després d'un partit de tennis individual femení
Plasma volume and electrolyte changes after a female single tennis match
Gema Torres Luquea, Carmen Villaverde Gutiérrezb
a Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y Deporte. Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia. Murcia. Espanya.
b Escuela Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de Granada. Granada. Espanya.
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Introducci&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El tennis &#233;s un esport amb caracter&#237;stiques diferenciades&#46; La durada d&#39;un partit varia en funci&#243; de la superf&#237;cie de joc&#44; malgrat que si es juga al millor de 3 sets&#44; com s&#243;n habitualment les competicions&#44; la durada oscil&#183;la entre 90-120 minuts<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#46; La relaci&#243; entre temps de joc i temps de descans s&#39;ha establert en un 30&#37; de treball respecte d&#39;un 70&#37; de descans<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-5</span>&#46; Alhora&#44; el car&#224;cter intermitent d&#39;aquest esport fa que un tennista es vegi for&#231;at a passar d&#39;una freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca baixa a una altra alta bruscament i en molt pocs segons<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>&#46; No obstant aix&#242;&#44; la intensitat mitjana del tennis individual s&#39;ha situat<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7-10</span> entorn de 140-160 bat&#47;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46; La qual cosa&#44; en percentatge de la freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;FC&#41; m&#224;xima te&#242;rica o real&#44; segons l&#39;estudi&#44; &#233;s del 75 al 85&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3&#44;10&#44;11</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Malgrat que el tennis &#233;s una especialitat esportiva que en multitud d&#39;ocasions es juga en un ambient calor&#243;s&#44; no hi ha gaires estudis que mostrin els canvis electrol&#237;tics despr&#233;s d&#39;un partit&#46; Els jugadors de 17 anys i r&#224;nquing nacional&#44; tenen una p&#232;rdua de sodi per sudoraci&#243; de 89&#44;8 mmol&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> de joc&#44; que pot superar la mitjana di&#224;ria d&#39;ingesta de 87 a 174 mmol&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1 12</span>&#46; En un estudi amb 20 subjectes d&#39;ambd&#243;s sexes durant 3 dies de torneig a 32 &#176;C i 53&#37; d&#39;humitat relativa &#40;HR&#41;&#44; la p&#232;rdua de sodi per suor va ser de 158&#44;7 mmol&#47;dia<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> en homes i de 86&#44;5 mmol&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> en dones<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46; Therminarias et al<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#44; en 9 tennistes femenines joves i 10 veteranes&#44; van avaluar canvis a nivell sanguini d&#39;electrol&#237;tics despr&#233;s de 120 minuts de partit amb una advers&#224;ria del mateix nivell de joc&#46; Els valors obtinguts de sodi en joves van ser de 139&#44;5 &#177; 0&#44;4 a 140&#44;9 &#177; 1&#44;1 mmol&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#59; i en veteranes&#44; de 141&#44;6 &#177; 0&#44;8 a 143&#44;3 &#177; 1&#44;1 mmol&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46; Quant al potassi&#44; en el primer grup va ser de 4&#44;4 &#177; 0&#44;1 i 3&#44;9 &#177; 0&#44;1 mmol&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#59; i en el segon&#44; de 4&#44;1 &#177; 0&#44;1 a 4&#44;4 &#177; 0&#44;4 mmol&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46; Les dades no van ser significatives estad&#237;sticament ni intragrup ni intergrup&#46; Els &#250;nics canvis significatius trobats en relaci&#243; amb els par&#224;metres electrol&#237;tics es van observar en el f&#242;sfor&#44; en qu&#232; no van existir canvis respecte del mateix grup abans i despr&#233;s del partit&#44; per&#242; s&#237; entre grups &#40;1&#44;1 &#177; 0&#44;1 vs&#46; 1&#44;5 &#177; 01&#41;&#46; La competici&#243; de tennis es du a terme normalment en un ambient calor&#243;s&#44; on els canvis en la temperatura corporal&#44; i la resposta als canvis electrol&#237;tics poden ser determinants<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;15-17</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Una pobra rehidrataci&#243; pot afectar l&#39;efici&#232;ncia en els despla&#231;aments de 5-10 m tan comuns en una activitat com el tennis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>&#46; Igualment&#44; el tennis afavoreix una rehidrataci&#243; durant l&#39;activitat en els temps de pausa&#44; la qual pot ser l&#237;quida o s&#242;lida&#46; Aquests processos de rehidrataci&#243; s&#243;n d&#39;una import&#224;ncia vital per mantenir l&#39;estabilitat en els esfor&#231;os de la competici&#243;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#39;objectiu del nostre estudi ha estat valorar els possibles canvis i&#242;nics i en el volum plasm&#224;tic despr&#233;s d&#39;un partit de tennis individual en jugadores de tennis adolescents de g&#232;nere femen&#237;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Material i m&#232;tode</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Subjectes</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hi han participat 10 jugadores de tennis de g&#232;nere femen&#237;&#44; amb una edat mitjana de 15&#44;6 &#177; 0&#44;87 anys&#59; una talla de 164 &#177; 0&#44;19 cm&#59; pes de 58&#44;77 &#177; 2&#44;08 kg i un percentatge de greix corporal &#40;avaluat per mitj&#224; de plecs cutanis&#41; de 15&#44;44 &#177; 1&#44;08&#37;&#46; Tots els tutors van donar el seu consentiment per escrit perqu&#232; les jugadores participessin en aquest estudi&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Procediment</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Totes les tennistes van jugar un partit de tennis oficial de categoria regional&#46; El dia de la competici&#243; van ser citades a les 8&#44;30 hores en condicions de dejuni previ de 8 hores&#44; i se&#39;ls va permetre d&#39;ingerir un m&#224;xim de 500 ml d&#39;aigua mineral &#40;Lanjar&#243;n&#41;&#44; i sense haver fet cap esfor&#231; f&#237;sic en les 24 hores precedents&#46; A partir d&#39;aquest moment se&#39;ls va fer una extracci&#243; de sang&#46; Tot seguit les tennistes van prendre un iogurt natural &#40;Danone&#41; amb 8-10 grams de sucre com&#250;&#46; Cada jugadora va entrar a la pista de tennis amb una ampolla d&#39;1&#44;5 litres d&#39;aigua mineral Lanjar&#243;n&#44; marcada amb el seu nom&#44; a fi de valorar el volum de la ingesta durant el partit&#44; que van fer ad libitum&#46; A totes les tennistes se&#39;ls va controlar la freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;FC&#41; durant el partit&#44; mitjan&#231;ant un puls&#242;metre Polar Accurex Plus<span class="elsevierStyleSup">TM</span>&#44; que va registrar i va emmagatzemar l&#39;FC cada 5 segons&#46; Per a cada partit es va utilitzar un pot de pilotes noves &#40;3&#41;&#44; marca Dunlop Ford&#46; Es va fer un escalfament entre 10 i 15 minuts a la pista abans de comen&#231;ar el partit&#46; Els partits es van jugar al millor de tres sets amb tie-break en tots&#44; i van ser enregistrats per mitj&#224; d&#39;una c&#224;mera Sony Handycam per a l&#39;an&#224;lisi posterior&#46; Tots els partits es van jugar a una temperatura ambient que va oscil&#183;lar entre 19 i 22 &#176;C&#44; amb un grau d&#39;humitat relativa entre el 40 i 50&#37;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Aix&#237; doncs&#44; la primera extracci&#243; de sang es va produir entre les 8&#44;30 i 8&#44;45 hores del mat&#237;&#44; mentre que la segona extracci&#243; es va produir entre les 10&#46;30 i 12&#46;30 hores&#44; amb un interval horari m&#233;s ampli a causa de la durada dels partits&#46; Aquestes extraccions es van obtenir per punci&#243; venosa a la regi&#243; antecubital&#44; amb els subjectes en posici&#243; asseguda&#46; Les mostres van ser traslladades al laboratori&#44; on es va fer l&#39;an&#224;lisi hematol&#242;gica de les mostres i l&#39;obtenci&#243; d&#39;al&#237;quotes de plasma despr&#233;s del centrifugat&#44; que van ser emmagatzemades en tubs de polipropil&#232; a&#173;20 &#176;C fins a l&#39;an&#224;lisi posterior&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En el tractament estad&#237;stic de les dades es va utilitzar el paquet estad&#237;stic SPSS per a Windows &#40;versi&#243; 11&#46;0&#41;&#46; En totes les dades s&#39;indica el valor de mitjana i la desviaci&#243; t&#237;pica &#40;DT&#41;&#46; S&#39;ha considerat un interval de confian&#231;a del 95&#37; per a un valor de p igual o menor de 0&#44;05 &#40;p &#8804;  0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Resultats</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Durada i intensitat del partit</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El temps total de joc va ser de 99&#44;66 &#177; 18&#44;5 min&#46;&#59; amb un temps de joc real de 30&#44;0 &#177; 5&#44;93 min&#46;&#59; i un temps de descans de 69&#44;66 &#177; 9&#44;6 min&#46; La freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca mitjana en els partits va ser de 158&#44;4 &#177; 1&#44;98 bat&#47;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; la qual cosa va representar 80&#44;83 &#177; 1&#44;46&#37; de l&#39;FC m&#224;xima del grup de jugadores&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Canvis en el volum plasm&#224;tic</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El volum plasm&#224;tic va ser calculat a partir dels valors corresponents a l&#39;hemat&#242;crit &#40;Hct&#41; i a la concentraci&#243; d&#39;hemoglobina &#40;Hb&#41;&#44; segons el m&#232;tode de Dill i Costill<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span>&#46; Cal indicar que en aquests c&#224;lculs es va assignar el valor 100 &#40;100&#37;&#41; al volum sanguini&#46; D&#39;altra banda&#44; es va controlar la ingesta d&#39;aigua a demanda feta per les tennistes&#46; En la taula I es mostren els valors mitjans d&#39;ingesta h&#237;drica durant la competici&#243; &#40;0&#44;48 &#177; 0&#44;08 litres&#41;&#44; els canvis en el volum plasm&#224;tic&#44; tot observant el percentatge de canvi entre abans i despr&#233;s de l&#39;activitat &#40;3&#44;59 &#177; 2&#44;56&#37;&#41; i el canvi en percentatge del pes corporal entre abans i despr&#233;s del partit &#40;-1&#44;31 &#177; 0&#44;27&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n156-13113816tab01.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Canvis en electr&#242;lits plasm&#224;tics</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En la taula II es mostren els valors plasm&#224;tics mitjans&#44; obtinguts abans i despr&#233;s de la competici&#243; de tennis per al sodi &#40;136&#44;98 &#177; 1&#44;71 respecte de 145&#44;77 &#177; 1&#44;77 mEq&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#44; potassi &#40;3&#44;90 &#177; 0&#44;13 respecte de 3&#44;13 &#177; 0&#44;19 mEq&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41; i clor &#40;92&#44;17 &#177; 1&#44;21 respecte de 100&#44;12 &#177; 1&#44;31 mEq&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#46; Els asteriscos indiquen la significaci&#243; estad&#237;stica en comparar ambdues situacions &#40;&#42;p &#8804; 0&#44;01&#41; &#40;&#42;&#42;p &#8804; 0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v42n156-13113816tab02.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Discussi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Durada i intensitat del partit</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els resultats en relaci&#243; amb la durada dels partits corroboren el que ja han informat altres autors<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span>&#44; tot i que en categories diferents<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>&#46; Aix&#237;&#44; la durada dels partits va ser entorn de 100 minuts de joc total&#44; i amb una relaci&#243; temps de joc&#47;temps de descans d&#39;1&#58;3&#44; &#233;s a dir aproximadament 30&#37; respecte de 70&#37; joc&#47;descans&#44; respectivament&#46; El mateix reglament del tennis permet un temps de descans entre punts de 20 segons i un temps de 90 segons en els canvis de camp<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Quant a la intensitat de l&#39;esfor&#231; realitzat en els partits&#44; en valorar les variacions observades en la freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca a causa del car&#224;cter intermitent d&#39;aquest esport&#44; vam trobar una FC mitjana de les nostres tennistes de 158 bat&#47;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; que coincideix amb el que han referit altres autors<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;14&#44;15</span>&#44; per b&#233; que alguns estudis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;8&#44;9</span> observen aquest valor mitj&#224; una mica per sota&#44; entre 130-145 bat&#47;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46; Aquest valor representaria entorn del 80&#37; de l&#39;FC m&#224;xima&#44; tot concordant tamb&#233; amb altres autors<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span>&#59; una intensitat considerada predominantment aer&#242;bica en subjectes de 15 a 17 anys<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Canvis en el volum plasm&#224;tic</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els canvis en el volum plasm&#224;tic durant l&#39;exercici f&#237;sic moderat o intens v&#233;nen donats per un despla&#231;ament de l&#237;quid des de l&#39;espai intravascular cap als compartiments intersticials i intracel&#183;lulars de la musculatura activa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span>&#46; Hi ha diversos mecanismes responsables d&#39;aquestes modificacions&#46; En primer lloc&#44; la magnitud dels canvis est&#224; influenciada per la pressi&#243; del fluid a nivell capil&#183;lar<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span>&#46; L&#39;augment de la pressi&#243; arterial i l&#39;efecte de la contracci&#243; muscular sobre les v&#232;nules afavoreixen l&#39;augment de la pressi&#243; hidrost&#224;tica en els capil&#183;lars&#44; i forcen la filtraci&#243; del plasma cap a l&#39;espai extravascular&#46; En canvi&#44; el descens de la pressi&#243; hidrost&#224;tica capil&#183;lar genera l&#39;entrada de fluid cap a l&#39;espai intravascular&#44; la qual cosa es tradueix en un augment del volum plasm&#224;tic&#46; Per facilitar aquest proc&#233;s&#44; es produeix una redistribuci&#243; sangu&#237;nia a partir dels circuits espl&#224;cnic i renal<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Malgrat que es tracta d&#39;un esfor&#231; de llarga durada&#44; i que molts estudis que indiquen una disminuci&#243; del VP en esfor&#231;os de curta i&#47;o llarga durada<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26-29</span>&#44; en el nostre estudi hem observat un lleu augment en el VP&#46; Cal considerar que la ingesta d&#39;aigua en aquesta investigaci&#243; va ser lliure&#44; amb una mitjana de 0&#44;48 &#177; 0&#44;08 l&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#39;increment del VP ha estat constatat en diversos estudis&#59; aix&#237;&#44; en esfor&#231;os de llarga durada&#44; si es fa una ingesta adequada de l&#237;quid&#44; el VP tendeix a mantenir-se o fins i tot a augmentar&#44; tot afavorint la realitzaci&#243; de l&#39;exercici&#44; i evita en qualsevol cas una deshidrataci&#243; produ&#239;da per la p&#232;rdua de l&#237;quids<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30-31</span>&#46; D&#39;altra banda&#44; &#233;s interessant destacar que els canvis de VP poden passar de valors negatius a positius pel fet que els esportistes estiguin aclimatats a les condicions ambientals<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span>&#46; En el nostre cas&#44; i en tractar-se de subjectes entrenats&#44; es podria pensar en una possible adaptaci&#243; termoreguladora&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En el tennis s&#243;n molt escassos els estudis que valoren els canvis en el VP&#44; malgrat que sembla que hi hagi consens respecte de la manca de variaci&#243;&#44; o increment del VP<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;28&#44;32</span>&#44; a causa de les caracter&#237;stiques del seu reglament&#44; ja que els temps de descans entre jocs permeten una hidrataci&#243; continuada<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span>&#46; Bergeron et al<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> van observar una disminuci&#243; lleu en el VP despr&#233;s d&#39;una fase d&#39;escalfament &#40;-0&#44;7 &#177; 5&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#59; i que aquest anava pujant a mesura que s&#39;anava jugant el partit&#44; i passava d&#39;un increment del 2&#44;3 &#177; 4&#44;1&#37; en acabar el partit a 5&#44;1 &#177; 8&#44;3&#37; cinc minuts despr&#233;s d&#39;haver-lo acabat&#46; En un esport com el tennis&#44; en qu&#232; es pot ingerir s&#242;lid i&#47;o l&#237;quid lliurement durant la competici&#243; en els temps de descans&#44; fa pensar que aquest proc&#233;s de rehidrataci&#243; sigui adequat a les demandes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;19</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els nostres resultats amb relaci&#243; al volum plasm&#224;tic mostren &#40;taula I&#41; un increment de 3&#44;59 &#177; 2&#44;56&#37;&#46; Com s&#39;indica en l&#39;apartat de material i m&#232;tode&#44; la ingesta l&#237;quida d&#39;aigua durant el partit va ser lliure i cada jugadora podia ingerir el volum que consider&#233;s oport&#250;&#46; La ingesta d&#39;aigua va ser de 0&#44;48 &#177; 0&#44;08 litres&#44; semblant en totes les tennistes &#40;taula I&#41;&#44; i malgrat que no pot ser considerada una ingesta alta&#44; cal tenir en compte que cada jugadora va ingerir 500 ml abans de comen&#231;ar el partit&#44; i abans de cada extracci&#243;&#46; Aquests resultats estan en la l&#237;nia dels estudis que refereixen un increment del VP en esfor&#231;os de llarga durada&#44; si es fa una ingesta adequada de l&#237;quid&#44; ja que el VP tendeix a mantenir-se o fins i tot a augmentar&#44; la qual cosa facilita la realitzaci&#243; de l&#39;exercici&#44; i evita en qualsevol cas una deshidrataci&#243; produ&#239;da per la p&#232;rdua de l&#237;quids<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span>&#46; Observant aquests resultats en tennistes entrenades&#44; es pot pensar en una possible adaptaci&#243; termoreguladora&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Canvis en els electr&#242;lits plasm&#224;tics</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els mecanismes fisiol&#242;gics responsables d&#39;equilibrar les p&#232;rdues d&#39;aigua i electr&#242;lits que es produeixen durant l&#39;esfor&#231; f&#237;sic a trav&#233;s de la respiraci&#243; i la suor&#44; fonamentalment&#44; s&#243;n l&#39;est&#237;mul de la set i la disminuci&#243; de la di&#252;resi amb el control hormonal de la vasopresina<span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span>&#46; Alhora&#44; l&#39;augment del volum plasm&#224;tic durant la rehidrataci&#243; inhibeix l&#39;alliberament de vasopresina i estimula la del p&#232;ptid natriur&#232;tic atrial&#44; els efectes del qual&#44; a nivell renal&#44; permeten ajustar el volum del l&#237;quid extracel&#183;lular&#46; En pres&#232;ncia de nivells elevats de vasopresina&#44; l&#39;administraci&#243; d&#39;aigua sense sal pot causar hiponatr&#232;mia per diluci&#243;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span>&#46; Es considera hiponatr&#232;mia quan les xifres de sodi en plasma s&#243;n inferiors a 135 mmol&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46; En abs&#232;ncia de malaltia i&#47;o tractament farmacol&#242;gic que justifiqui aquestes xifres&#44; cal pensar en una sobrec&#224;rrega aquosa&#44; semblant al que s&#39;esdev&#233; en casos de polid&#237;psia psic&#242;gena<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span>&#46; En conseq&#252;&#232;ncia&#44; un dels par&#224;metres homeost&#224;tics que pot patir canvis importants durant l&#39;exercici f&#237;sic &#233;s l&#39;osmolaritat plasm&#224;tica&#44; dependent b&#224;sicament de la concentraci&#243; de sodi i els seus anions&#46; El sodi &#233;s l&#39;i&#243; m&#233;s abundant al compartiment extracel&#183;lular&#46; La seva concentraci&#243; oscil&#183;la al voltant de 142 mEq&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> i l&#39;osmolaritat plasm&#224;tica entorn dels 300 mOsm&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; i no solen variar m&#233;s enll&#224; del 2-3&#37;&#46; Aquests par&#224;metres han de ser controlats d&#39;una manera precisa&#44; ja que determinen la distribuci&#243; de l&#237;quid entre els compartiments intracel&#183;lular i extracel&#183;lular&#46; Com que el sodi i els anions que l&#39;acompanyen representen a prop del 94&#37; dels soluts del compartiment extracel&#183;lular&#44; l&#39;osmolaritat plasm&#224;tica sol calcular-se en la majoria dels laboratoris multiplicant la concentraci&#243; plasm&#224;tica de sodi per 2&#44;1&#46; La deshidrataci&#243; i p&#232;rdua d&#39;electr&#242;lits &#233;s una constant durant l&#39;activitat esportiva&#44; que adquireix m&#233;s rellev&#224;ncia en els esfor&#231;os de llarga durada i quan la temperatura ambiental &#233;s elevada&#44; i pot arribar a constituir un factor limitant de l&#39;aptitud f&#237;sica i del rendiment esportiu&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els nostres resultats mostren un increment significatiu &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;001&#41; en els nivells de sodi en acabar el partit respecte dels nivells basals &#40;de 136&#44;98 &#177; 1&#44;71 a 145&#44;77 &#177; 1&#44;77 mEq&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#44; els quals mostren xifres compatibles amb una hemodiluci&#243;&#46; L&#39;increment observat en els nivells de sodi en les nostres tennistes &#40;6&#44;8&#37;&#41; es correspon amb els increments observats per altres autors despr&#233;s d&#39;exercici f&#237;sic&#44; quantificats entre el 3 i 5&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span>&#46; Malgrat l&#39;escassetat de treballs en qu&#232; s&#39;analitzen esfor&#231;os referents al tennis de competici&#243;&#44; cal destacar la investigaci&#243; desenvolupada per Therminarias et al<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#44; els quals mostren un increment dels nivells plasm&#224;tics de sodi tant en tennistes joves &#40;21&#44;2 &#177; 1&#44;9 anys&#41; com en adults &#40;46&#44;5 &#177; 1&#44;3 anys&#41;&#46; Per la seva banda&#44; Bergeron et al<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span> registren p&#232;rdues de sodi i potassi a trav&#233;s de la suor durant un partit de tennis&#46; Malgrat no valorar els canvis en la concentraci&#243; plasm&#224;tica d&#39;aquests ions&#44; els autors indiquen que aquestes p&#232;rdues no haurien de tenir una repercussi&#243; directa sobre el rendiment dels tennistes&#44; sobretot quan n&#39;estigui garantida l&#39;aportaci&#243; en la dieta&#46; Per la seva banda&#44; els nivells basals de potassi de les nostres tennistes tamb&#233; mostren nivells compatibles amb una hemodiluci&#243;&#44; i minven significativament &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;01&#41; despr&#233;s del partit &#40;de 3&#44;90 &#177; 0&#44;13 a 3&#44;13 &#177; 0&#44;19 mEq&#47;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#59; taula II&#41;&#46; Malgrat que en un principi es podria esperar un augment en els nivells de potassi com a conseq&#252;&#232;ncia de l&#39;exercici muscular intens i prolongat&#44; com s&#39;ha evidenciat en alguns estudis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#44;38</span>&#44; en canvi els nostres resultats mostren un descens significatiu d&#39;aquest i&#243;&#44; en la l&#237;nia d&#39;all&#242; observat per Therminarias et al<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#44; que van trobar un descens de potassi despr&#233;s de jugar un partit de tennis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els nostres resultats s&#243;n compatibles amb un estat d&#39;hiperhidrataci&#243; previ al partit&#46; L&#39;explicaci&#243; podria estar en la ingesta dels 500 ml d&#39;aigua abans de la competici&#243; esportiva&#44; com a recurs utilitzat per les jugadores per compensar les p&#232;rdues per sudoraci&#243; durant el partit&#46; La hiperhidrataci&#243; aconseguida d&#39;aquesta manera podria ser responsable d&#39;una hemodiluci&#243;&#44; amb la disminuci&#243; conseg&#252;ent de la concentraci&#243; plasm&#224;tica dels diversos ions observada abans del partit<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#46;</span> La p&#232;rdua de l&#237;quid per sudoraci&#243; durant el joc indueix una relativa deshidrataci&#243;&#44; que podria explicar l&#39;augment en la concentraci&#243; de sodi i en l&#39;osmolaritat&#44; at&#232;s que en finalitzar el partit s&#39;aconsegueixen valors fisiol&#242;gics per a ambd&#243;s par&#224;metres i que la ingesta de l&#237;quid a demanda va mantenir un nivell acceptable d&#39;hidrataci&#243; com mostra el volum plasm&#224;tic&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Conclusi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els nivells basals d&#39;electr&#242;lits en plasma &#40;sodi&#44; clor i potassi&#41; determinats abans de la competici&#243; van mostrar valors indicatius de sobrec&#224;rrega aquosa&#44; que van tornar cap a valors fisiol&#242;gics en finalitzar el partit&#44; malgrat l&#39;esfor&#231; f&#237;sic de llarga durada que representa un partit de tennis&#44; aspecte que s&#39;haur&#224; de tenir en compte en el control de la competici&#243; en adolescents&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">No es van observar canvis significatius en volum plasm&#224;tic despr&#233;s de la competici&#243;&#44; malgrat la complexitat dels processos d&#39;hiperhidrataci&#243;&#47;deshidrataci&#243;&#47;rehidrataci&#243;&#46; Aquestes troballes suggereixen que les jugadores de tennis s&#243;n capaces d&#39;optimitzar la ingesta de l&#237;quids a demanda&#44; amb relaci&#243; a les necessitats homeost&#224;tiques desencadenades durant el partit&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Correspond&#232;ncia&#58; Gema Torres Luque&#46; Universidad Cat&#243;lica San Antonio de Murcia&#46; Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad F&#237;sica y Deporte&#46; Campus de los Jer&#243;nimos&#46; 30107 Guadalupe&#46; Murcia&#46; Espanya&#46; Correu electr&#242;nic&#58; <a href="mailto&#58;gtorres&#64;pdi&#46;ucam&#46;edu" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"> gtorres&#64;pdi&#46;ucam&#46;edu</a></p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objectiu&#58;</span> Observar els possibles canvis a nivell bioqu&#237;mic&#44; despr&#233;s d&#39;un partit de tennis individual femen&#237;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Material i m&#232;tode&#58;</span> Es van seleccionar 10 jugadores de tennis &#40;edat&#58; 15&#44;6 &#177; 0&#44;87 anys&#59; talla&#58; 164 &#177; 0&#44;19 cm&#59; pes&#58; 58&#44;77 &#177; 2&#44;08 kg&#41;&#46; Abans de la competici&#243; es va fer una extracci&#243; de 15 ml de sang&#44; i es va permetre ingerir 500 ml d&#39;aigua&#46; Durant el partit es va controlar la freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca i la ingesta d&#39;aigua &#40;ad libitum&#41;&#46; Els partits van ser enregistrats en v&#237;deo&#46; Es va fer una nova extracci&#243; de sang una vegada finalitzat l&#39;esfor&#231;&#46; Les variables valorades van ser freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;FC&#41;&#44; temps total de joc&#44; temps de treball i temps de descans&#44; concentraci&#243; plasm&#224;tica d&#39;electr&#242;lits &#40;sodi&#44; potassi i clor&#41; i volum plasm&#224;tic&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultats&#58;</span> Temps de joc de 99&#44;6 &#177; 18&#44;5 min&#46;&#44; una FC mitjana durant el joc de 158&#44;4 &#177; 1&#44;98 bat&#47;min-1&#46; Despr&#233;s del partit es va observar increment del volum plasm&#224;tic &#40;3&#44;59 &#177; 2&#44;56&#37;&#41;&#44; p&#232;rdua del pes corporal &#40;-1&#44;31 &#177; 0&#44;27&#41;&#44; i un augment significatiu de la concentraci&#243; plasm&#224;tica de sodi &#40;136&#44;98 &#177; 1&#44;71 a 145&#44;77 &#177; 1&#44;77&#41; i clor &#40;92&#44;17 &#177; 1&#44;21 a 100&#44;12 &#177; 1&#44;31&#41; &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;001&#41; i un descens del potassi &#40;3&#44;90 &#177; 0&#44;13 a 3&#44;13 &#177; 0&#44;19&#41; &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;01&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Discussi&#243;&#58; </span>A causa de la distorsi&#243; del balan&#231; hidroelectrol&#237;tic es veu la necessitat de controlar la hidrataci&#243;&#46;"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objective&#58;</span> To determine possible electrolyte changes induced by competitive tennis in young female players&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Material and methods&#58;</span> Ten female tennis players &#40;mean &#177; SEM age&#58; 15&#46;6 &#177; 0&#46;87 years&#44; height&#58; 164&#46;55 &#177; 1&#46;98 cm&#44; weight&#58; 58&#46;77 &#177; 2&#46;08 kg&#41; were selected to participate in an official tennis tournament&#46; A blood sample &#40;15 mL&#41; was obtained 30 minutes before the tournament&#46; After extraction&#44; the players drank 500 mL of water before the match&#46; Water intake &#40;ad libitum&#41; and heart rate &#40;HR&#41; were recorded during the match&#46; The matches were recorded on video&#46; Another blood sample was obtained at the end of the match&#46; The variables analyzed were HR&#44; total play time&#44; real play time&#44; rest time&#44; plasma electrolyte concentrations &#40;sodium&#44; potassium and chloride&#41;&#44; and total plasma proteins to determine plasma volume changes&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58; </span>Total play time was 99&#46;6 &#177; 18&#46;5 min and mean HR during the match was 158&#46;4 &#177; 1&#46;98 bpm-1&#46; After the match&#44; an increase in plasma volume &#40;3&#46;59 &#177; 2&#46;56&#37;&#41; and a decrease in body weight &#40;&#173;1&#46;31 &#177; 0&#46;27&#41; were observed&#44; as well as a significant rise in plasma sodium &#40;136&#46;98 &#177; 1&#46;71 to 145&#46;77 &#177; 1&#46;77&#41; and chloride concentrations &#40;92&#46;17 &#177; 1&#46;21 a 100&#46;12 &#177; 1&#46;31&#41; compared with those registered before the match &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Plasma potassium concentration decreased slightly &#40;3&#46;90 &#177; 0&#46;13 to 3&#46;13 &#177; 0&#46;19&#41; &#40;p &#8804; 0&#46;01&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Discussion&#58;</span> Hydration should be controlled in tennis players to avoid electrolyte imbalance&#46;"
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Article information
ISSN: X8866581
Original language: Català
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