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Aquesta darrera funci&#243; &#233;s transcendental&#44; perqu&#232; s&#8217;ha estimat que el canvi de volum a l&#8217;aorta durant el cicle card&#237;ac pot ser establert en 12&#44;5 ml assumint una pressi&#243; del pols de 25 mmHg i una distensibilitat de 0&#44;5 ml&#47;mmHg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La capacitat de reservori permet realitzar un canvi de volum considerable en tot l&#8217;arbre arterial amb canvis molt petits de pressi&#243;&#46; Si l&#8217;aorta no fos &#171;el&#224;stica&#187; o be perd&#233;s l&#8217;elasticitat&#44; com s&#8217;esdev&#233; amb l&#8217;edat&#44; fet comprovat des de fa temps<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-4</span> i actualment<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-10</span>&#44; la pressi&#243; tan elevada exercida pel ventricle esquerre podria limitar el buidat&#44; i la pressi&#243; a l&#8217;aorta cauria tan r&#224;pidament que no es podria emplenar el ventricle durant la di&#224;stole amb els valors de pressi&#243; normals a l&#8217;aur&#237;cula esquerra&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els objectius d&#8217;aquesta revisi&#243; es duran a terme des d&#8217;una perspectiva fisiol&#242;gica i s&#243;n els seg&#252;ents&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 1&#46; Descriure les propietats mec&#224;niques de l&#8217;aorta que tenen la base en les caracter&#237;stiques de les capes del vas&#46; La compressi&#243; del comportament mec&#224;nic de l&#8217;aorta pot servir per justificar el proc&#233;s d&#8217;adaptaci&#243; o no de l&#8217;aorta en esportistes amb una alta exig&#232;ncia cardiovascular&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> 2&#46; Revisar i analitzar si&#44; a conseq&#252;&#232;ncia de fer exercici exigent per al sistema cardiovascular&#44; es produeix o no un proc&#233;s d&#8217;adaptaci&#243; de l&#8217;aorta&#46; Durant l&#8217;exercici intens es produeixen considerables oscil&#183;lacions de la pressi&#243;&#44; de manera que &#233;s coherent pensar que l&#8217;aorta podria modificar l&#8217;estructura i&#44; com a conseq&#252;&#232;ncia&#44; el comportament mec&#224;nic&#44; que es faria m&#233;s eficient&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Propietats mec&#224;niques de l&#8217;aorta</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;augment de pressi&#243; durant tota la fase isovolum&#232;trica i el buidat r&#224;pid determinen que l&#8217;aorta hagi de maximitzar el radi i aix&#237; disminuir la resist&#232;ncia al fluix&#46; Aix&#237;&#44; el fluix ha de ser el m&#233;s laminar possible&#44; procurant no assolir un valor del nombre de Reynolds pr&#242;xim a 1&#46;000&#44; que originaria turbul&#232;ncia&#46; Per tant&#44; el radi de l&#8217;aorta hauria de ser proporcional a la despesa card&#237;aca i la constant de proporcionalitat seria donada per l&#8217;equaci&#243; seg&#252;ent &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K &#61; </span> &#963;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#47;</span>&#951; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#183; Re &#183; </span> &#960;&#44; essent&#951; la viscositat de la sang i &#963; la densitat&#41;&#46; Amb un valor de viscositat de la sang pr&#242;xim a 0&#44;03 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;s&#44; el radi de l&#8217;aorta hauria de ser el resultat de multiplicar aquest valor per la despesa card&#237;aca</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v52n193-90460852fig1.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tanmateix&#44; tot i que aquest valor te&#242;ric es correspon amb les mesures realitzades<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span> en la major part de les esp&#232;cies animals estudiades&#44; el valor predictiu &#233;s baix&#44; essent inferior en els animals petits i superior en animals de major grand&#224;ria&#46; Aix&#242; no obstant&#44; la correcci&#243; de la superf&#237;cie corporal &#40;&#224;rea aorta &#61; SC<span class="elsevierStyleSup">0&#44;72</span>&#41; ajusta en major mesura la relaci&#243; de proporcionalitat entre la despesa card&#237;aca i l&#8217;&#224;rea de l&#8217;aorta&#44; b&#233; que&#44; com que la durada de la s&#237;stole varia inversament amb l&#8217;arrel quadrada de la freq&#252;&#232;ncia del pols&#44; la velocitat lineal de la sang durant la s&#237;stole &#233;s major en els animals petits&#46; Aix&#242; significa que els animals petits gasten relativament m&#233;s energia que els grans<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span> en la mateixa secci&#243; transversal de l&#8217;aorta i una despesa card&#237;aca relativa a la grand&#224;ria&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">L&#8217;estructura de la paret de l&#8217;aorta com a justificaci&#243; de les propietats mec&#224;niques</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Actualment es considera que moltes de les estructures de la paret arterial estan interconnectades i no formen part exclusiva de cada una de les capes&#44; de tal manera que es veuen influ&#239;des m&#250;tuament&#46; S&#8217;ha demostrat que les aortes en qu&#232;&#44; mitjan&#231;ant tractament qu&#237;mic&#44; s&#8217;ha eliminat el collagen per&#242; tenen fibres el&#224;stiques &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41; mostren un increment de la capacitat de distensi&#243; no massa diferent de l&#8217;observada en el rang m&#233;s baix de la relaci&#243; longitud&#47;tensi&#243;&#44; corresponent al vas intacte&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figura 1&#46; Relaci&#243; entre la tensi&#243; de la paret de l’aorta i el seu radi relatiu&#46; Realitzaci&#243; pr&#242;pia a partir de dades de la bibliografia&#58; Shadwick RE&#46; Mechanical design in arteries&#46; J Experimen Biol&#46; 1999&#59;202&#58;3305-3313&#46;" src="278v52n193-90460852fig2.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 1&#46; </span>Relaci&#243; entre la tensi&#243; de la paret de l&#8217;aorta i el seu radi relatiu&#46; Realitzaci&#243; pr&#242;pia a partir de dades de la bibliografia&#58; Shadwick RE&#46; Mechanical design in arteries&#46; J Experimen Biol&#46; 1999&#59;202&#58;3305-3313&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Aix&#242; significa que les fibres musculars llises d&#8217;elastina i de col&#183;lagen estan interrelacionades formant una &#171;xarxa &#250;nica&#187; que funciona tant en s&#232;ries com en paral&#183;lel&#44; de manera que la distensibilitat de la paret en conjunt &#233;s el resultat no sols de les propietats individuals de cada una de las fibres&#44; sin&#243; de la seva interrelaci&#243;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Per la rellev&#224;ncia especial que tenen en la compressi&#243; de les propietats mec&#224;niques de l&#8217;aorta&#44; a continuaci&#243; es descriuen breument les capes de la paret de les art&#232;ries el&#224;stiques com l&#8217;aorta<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46; Particularment&#44; les caracter&#237;stiques de la capa mitjana permeten explicar d&#8217;alguna manera les propietats mec&#224;niques de les parets de les art&#232;ries i de quina manera es poden veure alterades en determinades patologies&#46; S&#8217;han descrit 3 tipus de fibrilina en el genoma hum&#224; i les mutacions de la fibrilina i condueixen a la s&#237;ndrome de Marfan&#44; que es caracteritza per alteracions card&#237;aques &#40;dilataci&#243; de l&#8217;arrel de l&#8217;aorta&#41;&#44; esquel&#232;tiques i oculars<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#46; Mutacions de la fibrilina ii s&#8217;associen a una malaltia cong&#232;nita autos&#242;mica dominant que cursa&#44; entre altres anomalies&#44; amb alteracions vasculars<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span>&#46; En animals&#44; la defici&#232;ncia de fibulina desencadena alteracions evidents de l&#8217;arc a&#242;rtic<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span>&#46; En l&#8217;&#233;sser hum&#224;&#44; les mutacions del col&#183;lagen tipus 1 poden conduir a una forma de malaltia autos&#242;mica recessiva &#40;s&#237;ndrome de Ehlers-Danlos&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#46; Finalment&#44; cal assenyalar que la funci&#243; d&#8217;altres prote&#239;nes &#40;emilina-1&#44; lisil oxidases&#41; en les parets de les art&#232;ries &#233;s desconeguda<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Caracter&#237;stiques mec&#224;niques de l&#8217;aorta</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Amb preparacions d&#8217;anells a&#242;rtics s&#8217;ha demostrat que la relaci&#243; entre la tensi&#243; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T </span>&#61; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dF</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dA</span>&#44; essent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span> la for&#231;a i <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> la superf&#237;cie o &#224;rea&#41; de la paret de l&#8217;aorta i la seva longitud no tenen una relaci&#243; lineal i que no obeeix a la llei d&#8217;Hook&#44; sobretot a partir d&#8217;un rang<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>&#46; Aquest autor establ&#237; una analogia del comportament de l&#8217;aorta amb el d&#8217;un tub de goma cobert amb un revestiment relativament r&#237;gid<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>&#46; En la denominaci&#243; actual&#44; estr&#232;s &#40;for&#231;a aplicada per unitat de superf&#237;cie&#41; i <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain</span> &#40;variaci&#243; de la longitud respecte a un valor inicial&#41; es relacionen de la manera seg&#252;ent&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v52n193-90460852fig4.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> en qu&#232; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Y</span> &#233;s una constant &#40;m&#242;dul de Young&#41;&#44; que dep&#232;n de la composici&#243; del material&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> &#233;s l&#8217;&#224;rea de la secci&#243; transversal i <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> &#233;s la tensi&#243; exercida del material de longitud inicial &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#41; i un canvi de longitud&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Caracter&#237;stiques generals de la relaci&#243; tensi&#243;&#47;longitud</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;aplicaci&#243; de l&#8217;equaci&#243; 1 a l&#8217;aorta condueix al comportament exposat per Remington i corroborat amb posterioritat &#40;fig&#46; 2&#41;&#46; Tanmateix&#44; quan s&#8217;ha intentat explicar el comportament general en funci&#243; dels 2 components principals de la paret de les art&#232;ries &#40;elastina i col&#183;lagen&#41; &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41;&#44; s&#8217;ha vist una variaci&#243; en el m&#242;dul de Young&#46; En valors baixos de tensi&#243;&#44; el m&#242;dul el&#224;stic de l&#8217;elastina domina el comportament mec&#224;nic de tot el conjunt d&#8217;estructures de la paret i aquesta paret &#233;s relativament extensible<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46; A partir de determinat valor de longitud&#44; la tensi&#243; experimentada augmenta de forma exponencial&#59; un lleuger increment de longitud determina un considerable augment de tensi&#243;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figura 2&#46; Relaci&#243; entre l’estirament circumferencial i l’increment del m&#242;dul d’elasticitat circumferencial&#46; Realitzaci&#243; pr&#242;pia a partir de dades de la bibliografia&#58; Wagenseil JE&#44; Mecham&#44; RP&#46; Vascular extracellular matrix and arterial mechanics&#46; Physiol Rev&#46; 2009&#59;89&#58;957&#46;" src="278v52n193-90460852fig3.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 2&#46; </span>Relaci&#243; entre l&#8217;estirament circumferencial i l&#8217;increment del m&#242;dul d&#8217;elasticitat circumferencial&#46; Realitzaci&#243; pr&#242;pia a partir de dades de la bibliografia&#58; Wagenseil JE&#44; Mecham&#44; RP&#46; Vascular extracellular matrix and arterial mechanics&#46; Physiol Rev&#46; 2009&#59;89&#58;957&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;explicaci&#243; donada per Wagenseil i Mecham<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> &#233;s que&#44; a grans valors de tensi&#243;&#44; l&#8217;aorta tamb&#233; &#233;s distensible&#44; per&#242; no l&#8217;elastina&#44; sin&#243; el col&#183;lagen&#44; de manera que en un valor determinat predominen les caracter&#237;stiques del col&#183;lagen perqu&#232; la paret &#233;s relativament inextensible&#46; Com que els vasos el&#224;stics estan sotmesos a variacions c&#237;cliques de la pressi&#243;&#44; significa que aquests vasos &#171;s&#8217;expandeixen i contrauen&#187; amb els canvis de pressi&#243;&#46; Aix&#242; evita que els vasos es trobin sotmesos a pressions molt elevades&#46; A la figura 1 es mostra el comportament del vas &#237;ntegre&#44; sense col&#183;lagen o elastina&#46; Observeu com es despla&#231;a la relaci&#243; r&#224;dio&#47;tensi&#243; vers el col&#183;lagen quan la tensi&#243; &#233;s elevada i vers l&#8217;elastina quan la tensi&#243; &#233;s baixa&#46; L&#8217;aorta &#237;ntegra mostra un comportament mitj&#224;&#44; que de l&#8217;an&#224;lisi de la figura es dedueix que no &#233;s el resultat d&#8217;una suma algebraica dels comportaments quan la paret est&#224; sense col&#183;lagen o sense elastina&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Models matem&#224;tics relatius al comportament mec&#224;nic de l&#8217;art&#232;ria</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La relaci&#243; no lineal fa complicada la descripci&#243; matem&#224;tica de la relaci&#243; tensi&#243;-longitud&#46; Aix&#237;&#44; l&#8217;estr&#232;s&#44; a un valor determinat de longitud&#44; pot ser calculat mitjan&#231;ant una simple equaci&#243; lineal quan la relaci&#243; es troba en el rang fisiol&#242;gic&#44; per&#242; cal determinar les constants per a un comportament exponencial o polin&#242;mic quan se supera el rang fisiol&#242;gic&#46; Malgrat les dificultats d&#8217;establir models matem&#224;tics que expliquin la relaci&#243; tensi&#243;&#47;longitud&#44; s&#243;n necessaris per comparar entre esp&#232;cies animals diferents i&#44; sobretot&#44; en condicions extremes&#44; com pot passar durant l&#8217;exercici&#46; &#201;s cert que amb les t&#232;cniques d&#8217;imatge actuals&#44; si es coneix la relaci&#243; longitud-tensi&#243; es pot calcular la tensi&#243; i determinar l&#8217;estabilitat de la paret del vas que es prediu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els models matem&#224;tics s&#243;n complicats de dur a terme&#44; perqu&#232; cal tenir present que la relaci&#243; tensi&#243;&#47;longitud presenta&#44; com moltes altres estructures biol&#242;giques&#44; el fenomen de la hist&#232;resi &#40;viscoelasticitat o pseudoelasticitat&#41;&#46; Aix&#242; significa que s&#8217;hauria de considerar una relaci&#243; tensi&#243;&#47; longitud per quan l&#8217;aorta es dist&#233;n i una altra durant el proc&#233;s de recuperaci&#243; el&#224;stica&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Es desconeix si el fenomen d&#8217;hist&#232;resi &#171;s&#8217;acumula&#187; o no quan es produeixen accions repetides de deformaci&#243;&#46; Quan es produeix el fenomen de la hist&#232;resi &#233;s possible que els diferents components de la paret arterial experimentin una reorganitzaci&#243; en els plans circular i longitudinal&#46; &#201;s possible que si&#44; en efecte&#44; fos aix&#237;&#44; seria molt important de cara a con&#232;ixer qu&#232; succeeix a l&#8217;arrel de l&#8217;aorta dels esportistes&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Presumiblement&#44; les descripcions matem&#224;tiques de la relaci&#243; longitud-tensi&#243; constitueixen equacions les constants de les quals fan refer&#232;ncia a les propietats dels materials&#46; El problema radica en qu&#232; cal realitzar determinades especificacions a l&#8217;hora d&#8217;abordar la geometria de l&#8217;art&#232;ria<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#58; 1&#41; con&#232;ixer la longitud i di&#224;metres de l&#8217;aorta en tots els seus segments&#44; i 2&#41; cal tenir en compte la transformaci&#243; del fluix laminar a turbulent&#44; per a la qual cosa cal tenir en compte una s&#232;rie de par&#224;metres dimensionals com ara el nombre de Reynolds i el nombre Womerseley&#46; No obstant aix&#242;&#44; m&#232;todes d&#8217;imatge sofisticats &#40;resson&#224;ncia magn&#232;tica&#44; tomografia computeritzada&#44; tomografia per emissi&#243; de positrons&#44; ultrasons&#44; microtomografia computeritzada&#44; tomografia &#242;ptica a nivell tissular&#44; microsc&#242;pia d&#8217;interfer&#232;ncia&#44; microsc&#242;pia multifot&#243; i tomografia electr&#242;nica a nivell cellular i cristal&#183;lografia de raigs X a nivell molecular&#41; han perm&#232;s en l&#8217;actualitat valorar els diferents m&#232;todes matem&#224;tics amb relativa precisi&#243;&#46; Alguna d&#8217;aquestes modalitats ha estat utilitzada en imatges de l&#8217;aorta<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;19&#44;20</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> De forma simple&#44; els models matem&#224;tics amb continu&#239;tat &#40;m&#232;todes continus&#41; proposen que tots els components de la paret intervenen com un tot&#44; de manera que els canvis produ&#239;ts a la paret del vas s&#243;n deguts al conjunt&#46; L&#8217;inconvenient &#233;s que no tenen en compte els canvis que es poden produir en els diferents components de la paret&#46; Consideren la paret un comportament viscoel&#224;stic o pseudoel&#224;stic&#44; cosa que significa que els comportaments de c&#224;rrega i desc&#224;rrega s&#243;n tractats separadament&#46; Els vasos son considerats no lineals&#44; anis&#242;trops &#40;diferents propietats en diferents direccions&#41; i incompressibles&#46; Tots els models continus descriuen raonadament b&#233; el comportament mec&#224;nic de la relaci&#243; longitud-tensi&#243;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els models sense continu&#239;tat &#40;m&#232;todes microestructurals&#41; assignen un comportament mec&#224;nic diferent a cada un dels components de la paret amb els l&#237;mits sobre com es deforma l&#8217;un respecte de l&#8217;altre i l&#8217;art&#232;ria completa&#46; Els canvis de composici&#243; modifiquen les propietats del material de l&#8217;art&#232;ria completa i condueixen a millorar els resultats en pacients amb malaltia arterial perif&#232;rica que s&#243;n tractats amb ramipril<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46; De forma general&#44; aquests models atribueixen diferents comportaments mec&#224;nics als seg&#252;ents components de la paret arterial&#58; elastina &#40;comportament lineal&#41; i col&#183;lagen &#40;comportament isotr&#242;pic no lineal i anis&#242;trop&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Independentment del model considerat&#44; Kassab<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> resumeix que&#44; en general&#44; la paret dels vasos pot modelar-se o remodelar-se en resposta als canvis de pressi&#243; que s&#8217;exerceixen en el sistema arterial&#44; de manera que la for&#231;a exercida sobre la paret es pot mantenir constant mitjan&#231;ant mecanismes de regulaci&#243; sobre el di&#224;metre dels vasos &#40;constricci&#243; o dilataci&#243;&#41;&#46; Altres investigadors suggereixen que la pressi&#243; de la sang es troba en &#171;oposici&#243;&#187; a les propietats d&#8217;elastina&#44; col&#183;lagen i fibres musculars llises&#44; les quals es troben orientades en capes&#44; de forma que la tensi&#243; mitjana de cada lamel&#183;la &#233;s for&#231;a constant &#40;&#916;L&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Adaptaci&#243; de l&#8217;aorta a l&#8217;entrenament</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En els esportistes&#44; sembla coherent pensar que la m&#224;xima expressi&#243; d&#8217;adaptaci&#243; a&#242;rtica sigui en els cors que experimenten un grau major de dilataci&#243; i hipertrofia&#44; valorades mitjan&#231;ant ecocardiografia&#44; donat que s&#243;n els que sotmeten el sistema cardiovascular a un estr&#232;s elevat&#46; En aquest sentit&#44; s&#243;n els esportistes que en els entrenaments i competici&#243; desenvolupen un alt component din&#224;mic i component est&#224;tic de moderat a alt&#44; segons la classificaci&#243; de Mitchell et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#46; Per aquest motiu&#44; aquest ep&#237;graf est&#224; enfocat a aquests atletes&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Experimentaci&#243; animal</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Diversos estudis han abordat l&#8217;an&#224;lisi de les caracter&#237;stiques mec&#224;niques de les art&#232;ries i no trobaren difer&#232;ncies en el m&#242;dul de Young &#40;distensibilitat arterial&#41; en ratolins entrenats<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span>&#44; o b&#233; aquest &#237;ndex era menor en ratolins entrenats respecte als sedentaris<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span>&#46; Tanmateix&#44; el m&#242;dul de Young no demostra que la distensibilitat a&#242;rtica &#40;dV&#47;dP&#41; canvi&#239;&#44; segons argumenten Koutsis et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span>&#46; Degut a la llei de Laplace&#44; una modificaci&#243; en el m&#242;dul de Young pot ser contrarestada per una modificaci&#243; del radi del vas&#44; tal com succeeix amb l&#8217;avan&#231;ament de l&#8217;edat&#44; en qu&#232; un empitjorament de la distensibilitat es compensa amb un major di&#224;metre de l&#8217;aorta&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Koutsis et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span> demostraren que&#44; a conseq&#252;&#232;ncia de l&#8217;entrenament&#44; millora la distensibilitat passiva de la paret a&#242;rtica dels ratolins entrenats&#46; Certament la millora fou significativa &#250;nicament a l&#8217;extrem superior de la relaci&#243; entre la variaci&#243; de longitud de l&#8217;aorta en relaci&#243; a la variaci&#243; de tensi&#243; &#40;&#916;L&#47;&#916;T&#41;&#44; L&#47;T&#44; &#233;s a dir&#44; situaci&#243; dif&#237;cil d&#8217;assolir en condicions <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span>&#46; Les difer&#232;ncies en la distensibilitat passiva de l&#8217;aorta entre ratolins sedentaris i entrenats eren degudes a l&#8217;augment del col&#183;lagen a la capa mitjana de ratolins sedentaris&#44; cosa que explicaria especialment les difer&#232;ncies observades de la velocitat d&#8217;extensi&#243;&#44; en qu&#232; el col&#183;lagen es mant&#233; com a factor principal de la rigidesa&#46; Tant la quantitat de col&#183;lagen com la d&#8217;elastina no eren menors en la capa mitjana de les aortes dels ratolins entrenats respecte dels sedentaris&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Finalment&#44; per con&#232;ixer millor la resposta de l&#8217;aorta a l&#8217;exercici&#44; &#233;s important determinar les difer&#232;ncies de la resposta de la tensi&#243; m&#224;xima a l&#8217;increment de les catecolamines&#44; donat que durant l&#8217;exercici es produeix un increment de l&#8217;activitat simpaticoadrenal&#46; Els canvis possibles de la tensi&#243; m&#224;xima en ratolins entrenats&#44; respecte als sedentaris&#44; podrien se conseq&#252;&#232;ncia de&#58; 1&#41; hipertr&#242;fia de les fibres musculars llises de la paret de les art&#232;ries&#44; i 2&#41; un nombre menor de receptors alfa-adren&#232;rgics o b&#233; una menor sensibilitat d&#8217;aquests receptors a la concentraci&#243; de catecolamines en general i de noradrenalina en particular&#46; Aquestes eventuals explicacions encara estan per demostrar&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#201;ssers humans</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Caracter&#237;stiques hemodin&#224;miques que repercuteixen en la possible adaptaci&#243; de l&#8217;aorta</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;&#237;ndex d&#8217;ejecci&#243; &#40;volum d&#8217;ejecci&#243;&#47;superf&#237;cie corporal&#41; augmenta de 6-15 ml&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;en rep&#242;s&#41; a 8-25 ml&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> o&#44; en valors absoluts&#44; de 5-6 a 25-40 l&#47;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span>&#46; Aquestes dades suggereixen un augment de la pressi&#243; exercida pel ventricle esquerre&#46; Mesurades en animals o indirectes en &#233;ssers humans &#40;pressi&#243; de l&#8217;art&#232;ria braquial&#41; suggereixen el que pot esdevenir a l&#8217;aorta ascendent<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span>&#46; S&#8217;ha demostrat que la pressi&#243; sist&#242;lica mesurada en el bra&#231; &#233;s sobreestimada i que la pressi&#243; mitjana &#233;s similar a l&#8217;aorta ascendent durant un exercici en cinta de c&#243;rrer<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span>&#46; De tota manera&#44; malgrat que hi ha una difer&#232;ncia entre els valors trobats entre una art&#232;ria perif&#232;rica i l&#8217;aorta&#44; &#233;s obvi que es produeixen grans oscil&#183;lacions &#171;sostingudes&#187; durant esfor&#231;os din&#224;mics&#44; tot i que poden ser fins i tot m&#233;s elevades en esfor&#231;os isom&#232;trics<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> D&#8217;altra banda&#44; el treball que realitza el cor durant l&#8217;exercici ha d&#8217;assolir valors que podrien repercutir en la funci&#243; de l&#8217;aorta&#46; El treball total card&#237;ac &#233;s la suma de&#58; 1&#41; el treball per a desenvolupar pressi&#243; a la sang i bombar un volum determinat &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wbatec</span> &#61; pressi&#243; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> volum&#41;&#59; 2&#41; l&#8217;energia cin&#232;tica <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">c</span> &#61; &#189;m &#183; v<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></span>&#44; i 3&#41; l&#8217;energia desenvolupada per generar la tensi&#243; durant el per&#237;ode de contracci&#243; isovolum&#232;trica &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tensi</span>&#243;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> &#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K&#183;T&#183;</span>&#916;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&#44; essent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> la tensi&#243; de la paret ventricular i &#916;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> que el ventricle mant&#233; la tensi&#243;&#41;&#46; Es considera que en rep&#242;s l&#8217;Ec &#233;s pr&#224;cticament menyspreable&#44; per&#242; que pot ser important en exercici f&#237;sic d&#8217;alta intensitat&#44; arribant fins al 15&#37;&#44; quan la velocitat de la sang pot assolir valors que superen el nombre cr&#237;tic de Reynolds&#46; Durant l&#8217;exercici&#44; encara pot ser m&#233;s important el treball de cada batec i sobretot l&#8217;energia desenvolupada en contracci&#243; isovolum&#232;trica&#44; en qu&#232; s&#8217;estima que es generen els valors de pressi&#243; m&#233;s alts&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Aix&#237;&#44; probablement&#44; els &#171;valors m&#233;s elevats de pressi&#243; ventricular i el treball total desenvolupat durant l&#8217;exercici intens&#187; s&#8217;obtenen en esportistes que tenen un component din&#224;mic molt elevat i un component est&#224;tic moderat segons la classificaci&#243; de Mitchell et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;aorta com a fenomen d&#8217;adaptaci&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els l&#237;mits superiors en el grau de dilataci&#243; i hipertr&#242;fia card&#237;aques s&#8217;han demostrat en remers i ciclistes en 2 de les s&#232;ries m&#233;s grans publicades&#44; 947<span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span> i 4&#46;739<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span>&#46; La taula 1 mostra les dades de la grand&#224;ria del ventricle esquerre&#44; gruix de les parets i grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;aorta &#250;nicament en esportistes amb una exig&#232;ncia cardiovascular elevada&#46; Els valors admesos del di&#224;metre de l&#8217;aorta s&#8217;han realitzat en una dimensi&#243; &#40;mode M&#41;&#44; malgrat que actualment es realitzen a diferents nivells en mode bidimensional&#46; Tenint en compte nom&#233;s les mesures en mode M&#44; tota la comunitat cient&#237;fica admet que el di&#224;metre de l&#8217;aorta est&#224; augmentat en els atletes de gran exig&#232;ncia cardiovascular respecte als valors de normalitat determinats per Roman et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span> i admesos per les societats europea i americana d&#8217;ecocardiografia&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 1&#46; Volum&#44; gross&#224;ria i di&#224;metres de l’aorta en esportistes de resist&#232;ncia" src="278v52n193-90460852fig5.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En un estudi de metan&#224;lisi<span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span> la dimensi&#243; de l&#8217;arrel de l&#8217;aorta &#233;s major &#40;2&#44;2 mm&#41; en els esportistes de resist&#232;ncia que en els sedentaris&#44; i malgrat que aquests autors consideren que l&#8217;augment de la grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;arrel a&#242;rtica &#233;s lleuger&#44; crec que cal tenir-lo en compte&#44; des del punt de vista anatomicofuncional&#44; per les raons seg&#252;ents&#46; En primer lloc&#44; les difer&#232;ncies de grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;aorta entre esportistes i sedentaris s&#243;n similars als increments de la grand&#224;ria del ventricle i gross&#224;ria del miocardi&#44; al voltant del 20&#37;&#46; En segon lloc&#44; cal tenir present que l&#8217;arrel de l&#8217;aorta es troba dins del pericardi fibr&#243;s conjuntament amb l&#8217;art&#232;ria pulmonar&#44; de manera que hi ha una capacitat molt redu&#239;da per assolir l&#8217;estirament&#46; D&#8217;altra banda&#44; la dilataci&#243; de l&#8217;arrel de l&#8217;aorta en esportistes &#233;s excepcional<span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span>&#44; donat que 17 de 2&#46;317 esportistes italians tingueren unes dimensions de l&#8217;arrel de l&#8217;aorta &#8805; 99 percentil de la poblaci&#243; estudiada &#40;&#62; 40 mm en els homes i &#62; 34 mm en les dones&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Modificacions a nivell ultraestructural a conseq&#252;&#232;ncia de l&#8217;entrenament</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tot i que les dimensions de l&#8217;aorta en esportistes de resist&#232;ncia s&#243;n clarament majors que en sedentaris&#44; es planteja el dubte de saber si aquest increment &#233;s conseq&#252;&#232;ncia de la modificaci&#243; morfofuncional de la paret a&#242;rtica&#46; Tal com s&#8217;ha dit anteriorment&#44; l&#8217;experimentaci&#243; animal sembla que confirma una millora de la distensibilitat passiva de l&#8217;aorta ascendent&#46; Els diferents estudis en &#233;ssers humans no demostren indirectament de forma un&#224;nime una millora de les propietats mec&#224;niques de l&#8217;aorta&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Burr et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span> observaren que l&#8217;exercici d&#8217;ultraresist&#232;ncia podria provocar una alteraci&#243; de l&#8217;elasticitat arterial&#44; per&#242; que era reversible&#46; Altres autors han demostrat evid&#232;ncies relatives a qu&#232; l&#8217;entrenament de resist&#232;ncia produeix un descens de l&#8217;elasticitat arterial<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35-37</span> o b&#233; no desencadena canvis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">38-40</span>&#46; Finalment&#44; diversos investigadors argumenten que l&#8217;entrenament millora les caracter&#237;stiques mec&#224;niques de les art&#232;ries<span class="elsevierStyleSup">41-47</span> o b&#233; indueix canvis que depenen del tipus d&#8217;entrenament<span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;49</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En general&#44; els autors que indiquen una millor adaptaci&#243; de l&#8217;aorta han demostrat difer&#232;ncies de sensibilitat arterial en els esportistes de resist&#232;ncia&#46; Concretament&#44; D&#8217;Andrea et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span> trobaren difer&#232;ncies entre els esportistes de resist&#232;ncia enfront dels de for&#231;a i control &#40;4&#44;7&#44; 2&#44;8 i 3&#44;1 dines<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#183;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span>&#183;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;6</span> en els esportistes de resist&#232;ncia&#44; for&#231;a i control&#44; respectivament&#41;&#46; L&#8217;&#237;ndex de rigidesa calculat per D&#8217;Andrea et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span> fou major en esportistes de for&#231;a respecte als de resist&#232;ncia i subjectes control &#40;9&#44;2&#44; 6&#44;9 i 6&#44;6 &#233;s adimensional&#44; donat que l&#8217;equaci&#243; &#233;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">aortic stiffness</span> &#61; ln &#40;SBP&#47;DBP&#41;&#47;&#91;&#40;AoS&#95;AoD&#41;&#47;AoD&#93; en els esportistes de for&#231;a&#44; resist&#232;ncia i control&#44; respectivament&#41;&#46; Aquests investigadors<span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span> atribueixen l&#8217;augment de rigidesa de l&#8217;aorta dels esportistes de for&#231;a a la sobrec&#224;rrega de pressi&#243; que es produeix en aquest tipus d&#8217;esfor&#231;os&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Degut a les considerables limitacions metodol&#242;giques dels diferents estudis que sostenen o no una millora de les caracter&#237;stiques mec&#224;niques&#44; el cert &#233;s que els resultats que trobem s&#243;n molt coherents&#46; Tal com s&#8217;ha indicat anteriorment&#44; sembla l&#242;gic que en els esportistes que han de bombejar un volum de sang elevat l&#8217;aorta esdev&#233; m&#233;s distensible i alhora menys r&#237;gida&#44; &#233;s a dir&#44; m&#233;s el&#224;stica&#46; Les variacions de les propietats mec&#224;niques de l&#8217;aorta proposades se sostenen per l&#8217;increment de les concentracions dels diferents components &#40;col&#183;lagen i elastina&#41; de les parets arterials&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En resum&#44; existeixen evid&#232;ncies cient&#237;fiques sobre l&#8217;adaptaci&#243; de la paret a l&#8217;entrenament sostingut&#46; Aquestes adaptacions es poden considerar fisiol&#242;giques i poden ser m&#233;s notables en els esportistes amb una exig&#232;ncia cardiovascular alta&#44; tal com s&#8217;esdev&#233; en els que tenen un component din&#224;mic alt i est&#224;tic moderat segons la classificaci&#243; de Mitchell et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#46; Els valors majors del di&#224;metre de l&#8217;aorta mesurat per ecocardiografia dels esportistes de resist&#232;ncia s&#243;n una evid&#232;ncia indirecta de l&#8217;adaptaci&#243; de l&#8217;aorta a l&#8217;alta exig&#232;ncia cardiovascular&#46; Estudis en animals demostren que les adaptacions de la paret s&#243;n consecutives a fen&#242;mens estructurals que es produeixen a la paret &#40;canvis quantitatius dels components&#41;&#44; per&#242; tenen una explicaci&#243; o justificaci&#243; complexa en els &#233;ssers humans&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicte d&#8217;interessos</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;autor declara que no t&#233; cap conflicte d&#8217;interessos&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Rebut el 23 de juny de 2016&#59;<br></br> acceptat el 12 de setembre de 2016</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Correu electr&#242;nic&#58; </span><a href="mailto&#58;franciscojavier&#46;calderon&#64;upm&#46;es" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">franciscojavier&#46;calderon&#64;upm&#46;es</a></p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> La funci&#243; d&#8217;amortiment de les oscil&#183;lacions de la pressi&#243; de la sang fa de l&#8217;aorta una &#171;prolongaci&#243;&#187; de la funci&#243; ventricular sist&#242;lica&#46; Aquesta es posa encara m&#233;s de manifest en l&#8217;exercici de resist&#232;ncia&#44; durant el qual es produeix un increment de l&#8217;&#237;ndex d&#8217;ejecci&#243; d&#8217;unes 4 vegades els valors de rep&#242;s&#46; De la mateixa manera que&#44; a conseq&#252;&#232;ncia de l&#8217;entrenament&#44; es produeix una adaptaci&#243; de la morfologia card&#237;aca&#44; l&#8217;aorta experimenta una modificaci&#243; de l&#8217;estructura que permet una funci&#243; amortidora millor&#46; Els esportistes que poden experimentar un grau d&#8217;adaptaci&#243; m&#233;s gran&#44; tant de les cavitats card&#237;aques com de l&#8217;aorta&#44; s&#243;n els que demanen una exig&#232;ncia cardiovascular elevada&#44; un alt component din&#224;mic i un component est&#224;tic moderat&#46; En els &#233;ssers humans&#44; mitjan&#231;ant mesures incruentes &#40;ecocardiografia&#44; resson&#224;ncia magn&#232;tica&#44; fonamentalment&#41;&#44; s&#8217;ha demostrat un increment de la grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;aorta en els esportistes amb major exig&#232;ncia cardiovascular&#46;</p>"
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Adaptació de l’aorta a l’entrenament. Perspectiva fisiològica
Adaptation of the aorta to training. Physiological perspective
Francisco Javier Calderón Monteroa
a Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, INEF Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Espanya
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essent&#951; la viscositat de la sang i &#963; la densitat&#41;&#46; Amb un valor de viscositat de la sang pr&#242;xim a 0&#44;03 cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;s&#44; el radi de l&#8217;aorta hauria de ser el resultat de multiplicar aquest valor per la despesa card&#237;aca</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v52n193-90460852fig1.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tanmateix&#44; tot i que aquest valor te&#242;ric es correspon amb les mesures realitzades<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span> en la major part de les esp&#232;cies animals estudiades&#44; el valor predictiu &#233;s baix&#44; essent inferior en els animals petits i superior en animals de major grand&#224;ria&#46; Aix&#242; no obstant&#44; la correcci&#243; de la superf&#237;cie corporal &#40;&#224;rea aorta &#61; SC<span class="elsevierStyleSup">0&#44;72</span>&#41; ajusta en major mesura la relaci&#243; de proporcionalitat entre la despesa card&#237;aca i l&#8217;&#224;rea de l&#8217;aorta&#44; b&#233; que&#44; com que la durada de la s&#237;stole varia inversament amb l&#8217;arrel quadrada de la freq&#252;&#232;ncia del pols&#44; la velocitat lineal de la sang durant la s&#237;stole &#233;s major en els animals petits&#46; Aix&#242; significa que els animals petits gasten relativament m&#233;s energia que els grans<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span> en la mateixa secci&#243; transversal de l&#8217;aorta i una despesa card&#237;aca relativa a la grand&#224;ria&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">L&#8217;estructura de la paret de l&#8217;aorta com a justificaci&#243; de les propietats mec&#224;niques</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Actualment es considera que moltes de les estructures de la paret arterial estan interconnectades i no formen part exclusiva de cada una de les capes&#44; de tal manera que es veuen influ&#239;des m&#250;tuament&#46; S&#8217;ha demostrat que les aortes en qu&#232;&#44; mitjan&#231;ant tractament qu&#237;mic&#44; s&#8217;ha eliminat el collagen per&#242; tenen fibres el&#224;stiques &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41; mostren un increment de la capacitat de distensi&#243; no massa diferent de l&#8217;observada en el rang m&#233;s baix de la relaci&#243; longitud&#47;tensi&#243;&#44; corresponent al vas intacte&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figura 1&#46; Relaci&#243; entre la tensi&#243; de la paret de l’aorta i el seu radi relatiu&#46; Realitzaci&#243; pr&#242;pia a partir de dades de la bibliografia&#58; Shadwick RE&#46; Mechanical design in arteries&#46; J Experimen Biol&#46; 1999&#59;202&#58;3305-3313&#46;" src="278v52n193-90460852fig2.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 1&#46; </span>Relaci&#243; entre la tensi&#243; de la paret de l&#8217;aorta i el seu radi relatiu&#46; Realitzaci&#243; pr&#242;pia a partir de dades de la bibliografia&#58; Shadwick RE&#46; Mechanical design in arteries&#46; J Experimen Biol&#46; 1999&#59;202&#58;3305-3313&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Aix&#242; significa que les fibres musculars llises d&#8217;elastina i de col&#183;lagen estan interrelacionades formant una &#171;xarxa &#250;nica&#187; que funciona tant en s&#232;ries com en paral&#183;lel&#44; de manera que la distensibilitat de la paret en conjunt &#233;s el resultat no sols de les propietats individuals de cada una de las fibres&#44; sin&#243; de la seva interrelaci&#243;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Per la rellev&#224;ncia especial que tenen en la compressi&#243; de les propietats mec&#224;niques de l&#8217;aorta&#44; a continuaci&#243; es descriuen breument les capes de la paret de les art&#232;ries el&#224;stiques com l&#8217;aorta<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46; Particularment&#44; les caracter&#237;stiques de la capa mitjana permeten explicar d&#8217;alguna manera les propietats mec&#224;niques de les parets de les art&#232;ries i de quina manera es poden veure alterades en determinades patologies&#46; S&#8217;han descrit 3 tipus de fibrilina en el genoma hum&#224; i les mutacions de la fibrilina i condueixen a la s&#237;ndrome de Marfan&#44; que es caracteritza per alteracions card&#237;aques &#40;dilataci&#243; de l&#8217;arrel de l&#8217;aorta&#41;&#44; esquel&#232;tiques i oculars<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#46; Mutacions de la fibrilina ii s&#8217;associen a una malaltia cong&#232;nita autos&#242;mica dominant que cursa&#44; entre altres anomalies&#44; amb alteracions vasculars<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span>&#46; En animals&#44; la defici&#232;ncia de fibulina desencadena alteracions evidents de l&#8217;arc a&#242;rtic<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span>&#46; En l&#8217;&#233;sser hum&#224;&#44; les mutacions del col&#183;lagen tipus 1 poden conduir a una forma de malaltia autos&#242;mica recessiva &#40;s&#237;ndrome de Ehlers-Danlos&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#46; Finalment&#44; cal assenyalar que la funci&#243; d&#8217;altres prote&#239;nes &#40;emilina-1&#44; lisil oxidases&#41; en les parets de les art&#232;ries &#233;s desconeguda<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Caracter&#237;stiques mec&#224;niques de l&#8217;aorta</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Amb preparacions d&#8217;anells a&#242;rtics s&#8217;ha demostrat que la relaci&#243; entre la tensi&#243; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T </span>&#61; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dF</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dA</span>&#44; essent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span> la for&#231;a i <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> la superf&#237;cie o &#224;rea&#41; de la paret de l&#8217;aorta i la seva longitud no tenen una relaci&#243; lineal i que no obeeix a la llei d&#8217;Hook&#44; sobretot a partir d&#8217;un rang<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>&#46; Aquest autor establ&#237; una analogia del comportament de l&#8217;aorta amb el d&#8217;un tub de goma cobert amb un revestiment relativament r&#237;gid<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>&#46; En la denominaci&#243; actual&#44; estr&#232;s &#40;for&#231;a aplicada per unitat de superf&#237;cie&#41; i <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">strain</span> &#40;variaci&#243; de la longitud respecte a un valor inicial&#41; es relacionen de la manera seg&#252;ent&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v52n193-90460852fig4.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> en qu&#232; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Y</span> &#233;s una constant &#40;m&#242;dul de Young&#41;&#44; que dep&#232;n de la composici&#243; del material&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> &#233;s l&#8217;&#224;rea de la secci&#243; transversal i <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> &#233;s la tensi&#243; exercida del material de longitud inicial &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#41; i un canvi de longitud&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Caracter&#237;stiques generals de la relaci&#243; tensi&#243;&#47;longitud</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;aplicaci&#243; de l&#8217;equaci&#243; 1 a l&#8217;aorta condueix al comportament exposat per Remington i corroborat amb posterioritat &#40;fig&#46; 2&#41;&#46; Tanmateix&#44; quan s&#8217;ha intentat explicar el comportament general en funci&#243; dels 2 components principals de la paret de les art&#232;ries &#40;elastina i col&#183;lagen&#41; &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41;&#44; s&#8217;ha vist una variaci&#243; en el m&#242;dul de Young&#46; En valors baixos de tensi&#243;&#44; el m&#242;dul el&#224;stic de l&#8217;elastina domina el comportament mec&#224;nic de tot el conjunt d&#8217;estructures de la paret i aquesta paret &#233;s relativament extensible<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46; A partir de determinat valor de longitud&#44; la tensi&#243; experimentada augmenta de forma exponencial&#59; un lleuger increment de longitud determina un considerable augment de tensi&#243;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figura 2&#46; Relaci&#243; entre l’estirament circumferencial i l’increment del m&#242;dul d’elasticitat circumferencial&#46; Realitzaci&#243; pr&#242;pia a partir de dades de la bibliografia&#58; Wagenseil JE&#44; Mecham&#44; RP&#46; Vascular extracellular matrix and arterial mechanics&#46; Physiol Rev&#46; 2009&#59;89&#58;957&#46;" src="278v52n193-90460852fig3.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 2&#46; </span>Relaci&#243; entre l&#8217;estirament circumferencial i l&#8217;increment del m&#242;dul d&#8217;elasticitat circumferencial&#46; Realitzaci&#243; pr&#242;pia a partir de dades de la bibliografia&#58; Wagenseil JE&#44; Mecham&#44; RP&#46; Vascular extracellular matrix and arterial mechanics&#46; Physiol Rev&#46; 2009&#59;89&#58;957&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;explicaci&#243; donada per Wagenseil i Mecham<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> &#233;s que&#44; a grans valors de tensi&#243;&#44; l&#8217;aorta tamb&#233; &#233;s distensible&#44; per&#242; no l&#8217;elastina&#44; sin&#243; el col&#183;lagen&#44; de manera que en un valor determinat predominen les caracter&#237;stiques del col&#183;lagen perqu&#232; la paret &#233;s relativament inextensible&#46; Com que els vasos el&#224;stics estan sotmesos a variacions c&#237;cliques de la pressi&#243;&#44; significa que aquests vasos &#171;s&#8217;expandeixen i contrauen&#187; amb els canvis de pressi&#243;&#46; Aix&#242; evita que els vasos es trobin sotmesos a pressions molt elevades&#46; A la figura 1 es mostra el comportament del vas &#237;ntegre&#44; sense col&#183;lagen o elastina&#46; Observeu com es despla&#231;a la relaci&#243; r&#224;dio&#47;tensi&#243; vers el col&#183;lagen quan la tensi&#243; &#233;s elevada i vers l&#8217;elastina quan la tensi&#243; &#233;s baixa&#46; L&#8217;aorta &#237;ntegra mostra un comportament mitj&#224;&#44; que de l&#8217;an&#224;lisi de la figura es dedueix que no &#233;s el resultat d&#8217;una suma algebraica dels comportaments quan la paret est&#224; sense col&#183;lagen o sense elastina&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Models matem&#224;tics relatius al comportament mec&#224;nic de l&#8217;art&#232;ria</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La relaci&#243; no lineal fa complicada la descripci&#243; matem&#224;tica de la relaci&#243; tensi&#243;-longitud&#46; Aix&#237;&#44; l&#8217;estr&#232;s&#44; a un valor determinat de longitud&#44; pot ser calculat mitjan&#231;ant una simple equaci&#243; lineal quan la relaci&#243; es troba en el rang fisiol&#242;gic&#44; per&#242; cal determinar les constants per a un comportament exponencial o polin&#242;mic quan se supera el rang fisiol&#242;gic&#46; Malgrat les dificultats d&#8217;establir models matem&#224;tics que expliquin la relaci&#243; tensi&#243;&#47;longitud&#44; s&#243;n necessaris per comparar entre esp&#232;cies animals diferents i&#44; sobretot&#44; en condicions extremes&#44; com pot passar durant l&#8217;exercici&#46; &#201;s cert que amb les t&#232;cniques d&#8217;imatge actuals&#44; si es coneix la relaci&#243; longitud-tensi&#243; es pot calcular la tensi&#243; i determinar l&#8217;estabilitat de la paret del vas que es prediu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els models matem&#224;tics s&#243;n complicats de dur a terme&#44; perqu&#232; cal tenir present que la relaci&#243; tensi&#243;&#47;longitud presenta&#44; com moltes altres estructures biol&#242;giques&#44; el fenomen de la hist&#232;resi &#40;viscoelasticitat o pseudoelasticitat&#41;&#46; Aix&#242; significa que s&#8217;hauria de considerar una relaci&#243; tensi&#243;&#47; longitud per quan l&#8217;aorta es dist&#233;n i una altra durant el proc&#233;s de recuperaci&#243; el&#224;stica&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Es desconeix si el fenomen d&#8217;hist&#232;resi &#171;s&#8217;acumula&#187; o no quan es produeixen accions repetides de deformaci&#243;&#46; Quan es produeix el fenomen de la hist&#232;resi &#233;s possible que els diferents components de la paret arterial experimentin una reorganitzaci&#243; en els plans circular i longitudinal&#46; &#201;s possible que si&#44; en efecte&#44; fos aix&#237;&#44; seria molt important de cara a con&#232;ixer qu&#232; succeeix a l&#8217;arrel de l&#8217;aorta dels esportistes&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Presumiblement&#44; les descripcions matem&#224;tiques de la relaci&#243; longitud-tensi&#243; constitueixen equacions les constants de les quals fan refer&#232;ncia a les propietats dels materials&#46; El problema radica en qu&#232; cal realitzar determinades especificacions a l&#8217;hora d&#8217;abordar la geometria de l&#8217;art&#232;ria<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#58; 1&#41; con&#232;ixer la longitud i di&#224;metres de l&#8217;aorta en tots els seus segments&#44; i 2&#41; cal tenir en compte la transformaci&#243; del fluix laminar a turbulent&#44; per a la qual cosa cal tenir en compte una s&#232;rie de par&#224;metres dimensionals com ara el nombre de Reynolds i el nombre Womerseley&#46; No obstant aix&#242;&#44; m&#232;todes d&#8217;imatge sofisticats &#40;resson&#224;ncia magn&#232;tica&#44; tomografia computeritzada&#44; tomografia per emissi&#243; de positrons&#44; ultrasons&#44; microtomografia computeritzada&#44; tomografia &#242;ptica a nivell tissular&#44; microsc&#242;pia d&#8217;interfer&#232;ncia&#44; microsc&#242;pia multifot&#243; i tomografia electr&#242;nica a nivell cellular i cristal&#183;lografia de raigs X a nivell molecular&#41; han perm&#232;s en l&#8217;actualitat valorar els diferents m&#232;todes matem&#224;tics amb relativa precisi&#243;&#46; Alguna d&#8217;aquestes modalitats ha estat utilitzada en imatges de l&#8217;aorta<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;19&#44;20</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> De forma simple&#44; els models matem&#224;tics amb continu&#239;tat &#40;m&#232;todes continus&#41; proposen que tots els components de la paret intervenen com un tot&#44; de manera que els canvis produ&#239;ts a la paret del vas s&#243;n deguts al conjunt&#46; L&#8217;inconvenient &#233;s que no tenen en compte els canvis que es poden produir en els diferents components de la paret&#46; Consideren la paret un comportament viscoel&#224;stic o pseudoel&#224;stic&#44; cosa que significa que els comportaments de c&#224;rrega i desc&#224;rrega s&#243;n tractats separadament&#46; Els vasos son considerats no lineals&#44; anis&#242;trops &#40;diferents propietats en diferents direccions&#41; i incompressibles&#46; Tots els models continus descriuen raonadament b&#233; el comportament mec&#224;nic de la relaci&#243; longitud-tensi&#243;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els models sense continu&#239;tat &#40;m&#232;todes microestructurals&#41; assignen un comportament mec&#224;nic diferent a cada un dels components de la paret amb els l&#237;mits sobre com es deforma l&#8217;un respecte de l&#8217;altre i l&#8217;art&#232;ria completa&#46; Els canvis de composici&#243; modifiquen les propietats del material de l&#8217;art&#232;ria completa i condueixen a millorar els resultats en pacients amb malaltia arterial perif&#232;rica que s&#243;n tractats amb ramipril<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46; De forma general&#44; aquests models atribueixen diferents comportaments mec&#224;nics als seg&#252;ents components de la paret arterial&#58; elastina &#40;comportament lineal&#41; i col&#183;lagen &#40;comportament isotr&#242;pic no lineal i anis&#242;trop&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Independentment del model considerat&#44; Kassab<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> resumeix que&#44; en general&#44; la paret dels vasos pot modelar-se o remodelar-se en resposta als canvis de pressi&#243; que s&#8217;exerceixen en el sistema arterial&#44; de manera que la for&#231;a exercida sobre la paret es pot mantenir constant mitjan&#231;ant mecanismes de regulaci&#243; sobre el di&#224;metre dels vasos &#40;constricci&#243; o dilataci&#243;&#41;&#46; Altres investigadors suggereixen que la pressi&#243; de la sang es troba en &#171;oposici&#243;&#187; a les propietats d&#8217;elastina&#44; col&#183;lagen i fibres musculars llises&#44; les quals es troben orientades en capes&#44; de forma que la tensi&#243; mitjana de cada lamel&#183;la &#233;s for&#231;a constant &#40;&#916;L&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Adaptaci&#243; de l&#8217;aorta a l&#8217;entrenament</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En els esportistes&#44; sembla coherent pensar que la m&#224;xima expressi&#243; d&#8217;adaptaci&#243; a&#242;rtica sigui en els cors que experimenten un grau major de dilataci&#243; i hipertrofia&#44; valorades mitjan&#231;ant ecocardiografia&#44; donat que s&#243;n els que sotmeten el sistema cardiovascular a un estr&#232;s elevat&#46; En aquest sentit&#44; s&#243;n els esportistes que en els entrenaments i competici&#243; desenvolupen un alt component din&#224;mic i component est&#224;tic de moderat a alt&#44; segons la classificaci&#243; de Mitchell et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#46; Per aquest motiu&#44; aquest ep&#237;graf est&#224; enfocat a aquests atletes&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Experimentaci&#243; animal</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Diversos estudis han abordat l&#8217;an&#224;lisi de les caracter&#237;stiques mec&#224;niques de les art&#232;ries i no trobaren difer&#232;ncies en el m&#242;dul de Young &#40;distensibilitat arterial&#41; en ratolins entrenats<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span>&#44; o b&#233; aquest &#237;ndex era menor en ratolins entrenats respecte als sedentaris<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span>&#46; Tanmateix&#44; el m&#242;dul de Young no demostra que la distensibilitat a&#242;rtica &#40;dV&#47;dP&#41; canvi&#239;&#44; segons argumenten Koutsis et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span>&#46; Degut a la llei de Laplace&#44; una modificaci&#243; en el m&#242;dul de Young pot ser contrarestada per una modificaci&#243; del radi del vas&#44; tal com succeeix amb l&#8217;avan&#231;ament de l&#8217;edat&#44; en qu&#232; un empitjorament de la distensibilitat es compensa amb un major di&#224;metre de l&#8217;aorta&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Koutsis et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span> demostraren que&#44; a conseq&#252;&#232;ncia de l&#8217;entrenament&#44; millora la distensibilitat passiva de la paret a&#242;rtica dels ratolins entrenats&#46; Certament la millora fou significativa &#250;nicament a l&#8217;extrem superior de la relaci&#243; entre la variaci&#243; de longitud de l&#8217;aorta en relaci&#243; a la variaci&#243; de tensi&#243; &#40;&#916;L&#47;&#916;T&#41;&#44; L&#47;T&#44; &#233;s a dir&#44; situaci&#243; dif&#237;cil d&#8217;assolir en condicions <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span>&#46; Les difer&#232;ncies en la distensibilitat passiva de l&#8217;aorta entre ratolins sedentaris i entrenats eren degudes a l&#8217;augment del col&#183;lagen a la capa mitjana de ratolins sedentaris&#44; cosa que explicaria especialment les difer&#232;ncies observades de la velocitat d&#8217;extensi&#243;&#44; en qu&#232; el col&#183;lagen es mant&#233; com a factor principal de la rigidesa&#46; Tant la quantitat de col&#183;lagen com la d&#8217;elastina no eren menors en la capa mitjana de les aortes dels ratolins entrenats respecte dels sedentaris&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Finalment&#44; per con&#232;ixer millor la resposta de l&#8217;aorta a l&#8217;exercici&#44; &#233;s important determinar les difer&#232;ncies de la resposta de la tensi&#243; m&#224;xima a l&#8217;increment de les catecolamines&#44; donat que durant l&#8217;exercici es produeix un increment de l&#8217;activitat simpaticoadrenal&#46; Els canvis possibles de la tensi&#243; m&#224;xima en ratolins entrenats&#44; respecte als sedentaris&#44; podrien se conseq&#252;&#232;ncia de&#58; 1&#41; hipertr&#242;fia de les fibres musculars llises de la paret de les art&#232;ries&#44; i 2&#41; un nombre menor de receptors alfa-adren&#232;rgics o b&#233; una menor sensibilitat d&#8217;aquests receptors a la concentraci&#243; de catecolamines en general i de noradrenalina en particular&#46; Aquestes eventuals explicacions encara estan per demostrar&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#201;ssers humans</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Caracter&#237;stiques hemodin&#224;miques que repercuteixen en la possible adaptaci&#243; de l&#8217;aorta</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;&#237;ndex d&#8217;ejecci&#243; &#40;volum d&#8217;ejecci&#243;&#47;superf&#237;cie corporal&#41; augmenta de 6-15 ml&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;en rep&#242;s&#41; a 8-25 ml&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> o&#44; en valors absoluts&#44; de 5-6 a 25-40 l&#47;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span>&#46; Aquestes dades suggereixen un augment de la pressi&#243; exercida pel ventricle esquerre&#46; Mesurades en animals o indirectes en &#233;ssers humans &#40;pressi&#243; de l&#8217;art&#232;ria braquial&#41; suggereixen el que pot esdevenir a l&#8217;aorta ascendent<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span>&#46; S&#8217;ha demostrat que la pressi&#243; sist&#242;lica mesurada en el bra&#231; &#233;s sobreestimada i que la pressi&#243; mitjana &#233;s similar a l&#8217;aorta ascendent durant un exercici en cinta de c&#243;rrer<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span>&#46; De tota manera&#44; malgrat que hi ha una difer&#232;ncia entre els valors trobats entre una art&#232;ria perif&#232;rica i l&#8217;aorta&#44; &#233;s obvi que es produeixen grans oscil&#183;lacions &#171;sostingudes&#187; durant esfor&#231;os din&#224;mics&#44; tot i que poden ser fins i tot m&#233;s elevades en esfor&#231;os isom&#232;trics<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> D&#8217;altra banda&#44; el treball que realitza el cor durant l&#8217;exercici ha d&#8217;assolir valors que podrien repercutir en la funci&#243; de l&#8217;aorta&#46; El treball total card&#237;ac &#233;s la suma de&#58; 1&#41; el treball per a desenvolupar pressi&#243; a la sang i bombar un volum determinat &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wbatec</span> &#61; pressi&#243; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> volum&#41;&#59; 2&#41; l&#8217;energia cin&#232;tica <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">c</span> &#61; &#189;m &#183; v<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></span>&#44; i 3&#41; l&#8217;energia desenvolupada per generar la tensi&#243; durant el per&#237;ode de contracci&#243; isovolum&#232;trica &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">tensi</span>&#243;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> &#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K&#183;T&#183;</span>&#916;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&#44; essent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> la tensi&#243; de la paret ventricular i &#916;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> que el ventricle mant&#233; la tensi&#243;&#41;&#46; Es considera que en rep&#242;s l&#8217;Ec &#233;s pr&#224;cticament menyspreable&#44; per&#242; que pot ser important en exercici f&#237;sic d&#8217;alta intensitat&#44; arribant fins al 15&#37;&#44; quan la velocitat de la sang pot assolir valors que superen el nombre cr&#237;tic de Reynolds&#46; Durant l&#8217;exercici&#44; encara pot ser m&#233;s important el treball de cada batec i sobretot l&#8217;energia desenvolupada en contracci&#243; isovolum&#232;trica&#44; en qu&#232; s&#8217;estima que es generen els valors de pressi&#243; m&#233;s alts&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Aix&#237;&#44; probablement&#44; els &#171;valors m&#233;s elevats de pressi&#243; ventricular i el treball total desenvolupat durant l&#8217;exercici intens&#187; s&#8217;obtenen en esportistes que tenen un component din&#224;mic molt elevat i un component est&#224;tic moderat segons la classificaci&#243; de Mitchell et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;aorta com a fenomen d&#8217;adaptaci&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els l&#237;mits superiors en el grau de dilataci&#243; i hipertr&#242;fia card&#237;aques s&#8217;han demostrat en remers i ciclistes en 2 de les s&#232;ries m&#233;s grans publicades&#44; 947<span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span> i 4&#46;739<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span>&#46; La taula 1 mostra les dades de la grand&#224;ria del ventricle esquerre&#44; gruix de les parets i grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;aorta &#250;nicament en esportistes amb una exig&#232;ncia cardiovascular elevada&#46; Els valors admesos del di&#224;metre de l&#8217;aorta s&#8217;han realitzat en una dimensi&#243; &#40;mode M&#41;&#44; malgrat que actualment es realitzen a diferents nivells en mode bidimensional&#46; Tenint en compte nom&#233;s les mesures en mode M&#44; tota la comunitat cient&#237;fica admet que el di&#224;metre de l&#8217;aorta est&#224; augmentat en els atletes de gran exig&#232;ncia cardiovascular respecte als valors de normalitat determinats per Roman et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span> i admesos per les societats europea i americana d&#8217;ecocardiografia&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 1&#46; Volum&#44; gross&#224;ria i di&#224;metres de l’aorta en esportistes de resist&#232;ncia" src="278v52n193-90460852fig5.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En un estudi de metan&#224;lisi<span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span> la dimensi&#243; de l&#8217;arrel de l&#8217;aorta &#233;s major &#40;2&#44;2 mm&#41; en els esportistes de resist&#232;ncia que en els sedentaris&#44; i malgrat que aquests autors consideren que l&#8217;augment de la grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;arrel a&#242;rtica &#233;s lleuger&#44; crec que cal tenir-lo en compte&#44; des del punt de vista anatomicofuncional&#44; per les raons seg&#252;ents&#46; En primer lloc&#44; les difer&#232;ncies de grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;aorta entre esportistes i sedentaris s&#243;n similars als increments de la grand&#224;ria del ventricle i gross&#224;ria del miocardi&#44; al voltant del 20&#37;&#46; En segon lloc&#44; cal tenir present que l&#8217;arrel de l&#8217;aorta es troba dins del pericardi fibr&#243;s conjuntament amb l&#8217;art&#232;ria pulmonar&#44; de manera que hi ha una capacitat molt redu&#239;da per assolir l&#8217;estirament&#46; D&#8217;altra banda&#44; la dilataci&#243; de l&#8217;arrel de l&#8217;aorta en esportistes &#233;s excepcional<span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span>&#44; donat que 17 de 2&#46;317 esportistes italians tingueren unes dimensions de l&#8217;arrel de l&#8217;aorta &#8805; 99 percentil de la poblaci&#243; estudiada &#40;&#62; 40 mm en els homes i &#62; 34 mm en les dones&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Modificacions a nivell ultraestructural a conseq&#252;&#232;ncia de l&#8217;entrenament</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tot i que les dimensions de l&#8217;aorta en esportistes de resist&#232;ncia s&#243;n clarament majors que en sedentaris&#44; es planteja el dubte de saber si aquest increment &#233;s conseq&#252;&#232;ncia de la modificaci&#243; morfofuncional de la paret a&#242;rtica&#46; Tal com s&#8217;ha dit anteriorment&#44; l&#8217;experimentaci&#243; animal sembla que confirma una millora de la distensibilitat passiva de l&#8217;aorta ascendent&#46; Els diferents estudis en &#233;ssers humans no demostren indirectament de forma un&#224;nime una millora de les propietats mec&#224;niques de l&#8217;aorta&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Burr et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span> observaren que l&#8217;exercici d&#8217;ultraresist&#232;ncia podria provocar una alteraci&#243; de l&#8217;elasticitat arterial&#44; per&#242; que era reversible&#46; Altres autors han demostrat evid&#232;ncies relatives a qu&#232; l&#8217;entrenament de resist&#232;ncia produeix un descens de l&#8217;elasticitat arterial<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35-37</span> o b&#233; no desencadena canvis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">38-40</span>&#46; Finalment&#44; diversos investigadors argumenten que l&#8217;entrenament millora les caracter&#237;stiques mec&#224;niques de les art&#232;ries<span class="elsevierStyleSup">41-47</span> o b&#233; indueix canvis que depenen del tipus d&#8217;entrenament<span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;49</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En general&#44; els autors que indiquen una millor adaptaci&#243; de l&#8217;aorta han demostrat difer&#232;ncies de sensibilitat arterial en els esportistes de resist&#232;ncia&#46; Concretament&#44; D&#8217;Andrea et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span> trobaren difer&#232;ncies entre els esportistes de resist&#232;ncia enfront dels de for&#231;a i control &#40;4&#44;7&#44; 2&#44;8 i 3&#44;1 dines<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#183;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span>&#183;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;6</span> en els esportistes de resist&#232;ncia&#44; for&#231;a i control&#44; respectivament&#41;&#46; L&#8217;&#237;ndex de rigidesa calculat per D&#8217;Andrea et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span> fou major en esportistes de for&#231;a respecte als de resist&#232;ncia i subjectes control &#40;9&#44;2&#44; 6&#44;9 i 6&#44;6 &#233;s adimensional&#44; donat que l&#8217;equaci&#243; &#233;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">aortic stiffness</span> &#61; ln &#40;SBP&#47;DBP&#41;&#47;&#91;&#40;AoS&#95;AoD&#41;&#47;AoD&#93; en els esportistes de for&#231;a&#44; resist&#232;ncia i control&#44; respectivament&#41;&#46; Aquests investigadors<span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span> atribueixen l&#8217;augment de rigidesa de l&#8217;aorta dels esportistes de for&#231;a a la sobrec&#224;rrega de pressi&#243; que es produeix en aquest tipus d&#8217;esfor&#231;os&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Degut a les considerables limitacions metodol&#242;giques dels diferents estudis que sostenen o no una millora de les caracter&#237;stiques mec&#224;niques&#44; el cert &#233;s que els resultats que trobem s&#243;n molt coherents&#46; Tal com s&#8217;ha indicat anteriorment&#44; sembla l&#242;gic que en els esportistes que han de bombejar un volum de sang elevat l&#8217;aorta esdev&#233; m&#233;s distensible i alhora menys r&#237;gida&#44; &#233;s a dir&#44; m&#233;s el&#224;stica&#46; Les variacions de les propietats mec&#224;niques de l&#8217;aorta proposades se sostenen per l&#8217;increment de les concentracions dels diferents components &#40;col&#183;lagen i elastina&#41; de les parets arterials&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En resum&#44; existeixen evid&#232;ncies cient&#237;fiques sobre l&#8217;adaptaci&#243; de la paret a l&#8217;entrenament sostingut&#46; Aquestes adaptacions es poden considerar fisiol&#242;giques i poden ser m&#233;s notables en els esportistes amb una exig&#232;ncia cardiovascular alta&#44; tal com s&#8217;esdev&#233; en els que tenen un component din&#224;mic alt i est&#224;tic moderat segons la classificaci&#243; de Mitchell et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#46; Els valors majors del di&#224;metre de l&#8217;aorta mesurat per ecocardiografia dels esportistes de resist&#232;ncia s&#243;n una evid&#232;ncia indirecta de l&#8217;adaptaci&#243; de l&#8217;aorta a l&#8217;alta exig&#232;ncia cardiovascular&#46; Estudis en animals demostren que les adaptacions de la paret s&#243;n consecutives a fen&#242;mens estructurals que es produeixen a la paret &#40;canvis quantitatius dels components&#41;&#44; per&#242; tenen una explicaci&#243; o justificaci&#243; complexa en els &#233;ssers humans&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicte d&#8217;interessos</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;autor declara que no t&#233; cap conflicte d&#8217;interessos&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Rebut el 23 de juny de 2016&#59;<br></br> acceptat el 12 de setembre de 2016</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Correu electr&#242;nic&#58; </span><a href="mailto&#58;franciscojavier&#46;calderon&#64;upm&#46;es" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">franciscojavier&#46;calderon&#64;upm&#46;es</a></p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> La funci&#243; d&#8217;amortiment de les oscil&#183;lacions de la pressi&#243; de la sang fa de l&#8217;aorta una &#171;prolongaci&#243;&#187; de la funci&#243; ventricular sist&#242;lica&#46; Aquesta es posa encara m&#233;s de manifest en l&#8217;exercici de resist&#232;ncia&#44; durant el qual es produeix un increment de l&#8217;&#237;ndex d&#8217;ejecci&#243; d&#8217;unes 4 vegades els valors de rep&#242;s&#46; De la mateixa manera que&#44; a conseq&#252;&#232;ncia de l&#8217;entrenament&#44; es produeix una adaptaci&#243; de la morfologia card&#237;aca&#44; l&#8217;aorta experimenta una modificaci&#243; de l&#8217;estructura que permet una funci&#243; amortidora millor&#46; Els esportistes que poden experimentar un grau d&#8217;adaptaci&#243; m&#233;s gran&#44; tant de les cavitats card&#237;aques com de l&#8217;aorta&#44; s&#243;n els que demanen una exig&#232;ncia cardiovascular elevada&#44; un alt component din&#224;mic i un component est&#224;tic moderat&#46; En els &#233;ssers humans&#44; mitjan&#231;ant mesures incruentes &#40;ecocardiografia&#44; resson&#224;ncia magn&#232;tica&#44; fonamentalment&#41;&#44; s&#8217;ha demostrat un increment de la grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;aorta en els esportistes amb major exig&#232;ncia cardiovascular&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> The damping of the blood pressure oscillations makes the aorta an &#8216;&#8216;extension&#8217;&#8217; of the ventricular systolic function&#46; This function is even more evident during endurance exercise&#44; with an increase in the ejection index of 4 times the resting values&#46; Similarly&#44; as a result of training&#44; an adaptation occurs in cardiac morphology&#44; in which the aorta undergoes a change in its structure that allows for better damping function&#46; Athletes that adapt more may experience both of the heart chambers and the aorta&#44; are those who demand a high cardiovascular stress&#44; a high dynamic component and moderate static component&#46; By using non-invasive measurements in humans &#40;mainly echocardiography and MRI&#41;&#44; the size of the aorta has been shown to increase in athletes with greater cardiovascular demands&#46;</p>"
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ISSN: X8866581
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