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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introducci&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> El terme &#171;llindar anaer&#242;bic&#187; fou encunyat inicialment per Wasserman i McIlroy &#40;1964&#41; aplicant la taxa d&#8217;intercanvi respiratori &#40;RER&#44; per les sigles en angl&#232;s&#41; per detectar l&#8217;inici del metabolisme anaer&#242;bic en pacients amb problemes card&#237;acs en realitzar proves d&#8217;esfor&#231;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#46; Posteriorment&#44; Wasserman&#44; Whipp&#44; Koyl i Beaver &#40;1973&#41; definiren el llindar anaer&#242;bic com&#58; a&#41; un augment no lineal de la ventilaci&#243; &#40;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>&#41;&#59; b&#41; un increment no lineal de l&#8217;eliminaci&#243; de CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#59; c&#41; un augment de la pressi&#243; parcial d&#8217;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> durant una s&#232;rie de respiracions &#40;PetO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; sense caiguda corresponent en la pressi&#243; parcial del CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;PetCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; i d&#41; un augment de RER&#44; que es correlaciona positivament amb la c&#224;rrega de treball &#40;tot durant una prova d&#8217;esfor&#231; incremental&#41;&#46; En canvi&#44; Skinner i McLellan &#40;1980&#41; desenvoluparen el model trif&#224;sic que utilitza variables d&#8217;intercanvi de gasos &#40;respiratori&#41;&#44; distingint aix&#237; els dos llindars&#58; el llindar ventilatori 1 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; i el llindar ventilatori 2 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#46; Malauradament&#44; a la literatura&#44; VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> s&#243;n coneguts per noms diferents&#44; cosa que ha generat molta ambig&#252;itat<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> S&#8217;assumeix que VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> estan influenciats pels canvis en la concentraci&#243; d&#8217;&#224;cid l&#224;ctic en la sang<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span>&#46; Preferiblement&#44; els llindars ventilatoris &#40;VT&#41;&#44; que marquen els l&#237;mits de la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica&#44; han de ser el m&#233;s a prop possible del valor m&#224;xim de consum d&#8217;oxigen &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41;&#46; Aix&#242; &#233;s aix&#237; perqu&#232; el cos pugui experimentar condicions en qu&#232; l&#8217;oxigen es pugui utilitzar de manera eficient durant el major temps possible&#46; L&#8217;acidosi comen&#231;a quan se supera VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; i en aquesta etapa la hiperventilaci&#243; compensat&#242;ria facilita la continu&#239;tat de l&#8217;exercici a mesura que s&#8217;acumula l&#8217;&#224;cid l&#224;ctic&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Diversos estudis han proporcionat dades descriptives de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> de diferents grups d&#8217;atletes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-11</span>&#59; tanmateix&#44; sembla que la literatura no cont&#233; articles referents a la relaci&#243; entre aquests llindars&#44; ni suggereix que hi hagi una relaci&#243; ideal entre els VT&#46; Com se suggereix en un article de revisi&#243;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span>&#44; VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> pot variar entre un 0&#44;5 i un 22&#37; en relaci&#243; amb VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; mentre que la variaci&#243; de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> oscil&#183;la entre el 2&#44;5 i el 12&#44;8&#37;&#44; i amb refer&#232;ncia espec&#237;fica a aquesta revisi&#243;&#44; aquestes variacions es produeixen en una o m&#233;s temporades de competici&#243;&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; s&#8217;estima que un par&#224;metre conegut com a &#224;rea interllindar &#40;ITA&#41; connecta els VT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46; L&#8217;ITA s&#8217;expressa com l&#8217;&#224;rea entre VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT2 per a la funci&#243;&#58; ventilaci&#243; &#247; consum d&#8217;oxigen &#40;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>&#47;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> en l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> D&#8217;acord amb aquest criteri&#44; l&#8217;objectiu general d&#8217;aquest estudi fou examinar l&#8217;ITA&#44; i informar sobre els valors del llindar interventilatori en una gran mostra d&#8217;atletes masculins especialitzats en diferents esports&#46; Les dades es recolliren mitjan&#231;ant la realitzaci&#243; d&#8217;un test d&#8217;esfor&#231; incremental per part dels subjectes fins a l&#8217;esgotament&#46; La nostra recerca segu&#237; el protocol verificat&#44; proposat per Peinado et al&#46; &#40;2014&#41;&#46; Platej&#224;rem la hip&#242;tesi que els atletes que practiquen esports en qu&#232; domina la resist&#232;ncia&#44; com ara ciclisme i atletisme &#40;pista&#41;&#44; mostren valors m&#233;s alts de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#59; i a m&#233;s que ITA &#233;s una variable adequada per indicar l&#8217;estatus metab&#242;lic durant una prova d&#8217;esfor&#231; incremental m&#224;xim&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Material i m&#232;todes</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Participants</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Un total de 606 homes realitzaren un test d&#8217;esfor&#231; incremental m&#224;xim fins a l&#8217;esgotament en un cicloerg&#242;metre &#40;Jaeger ER 800&#44; Alemanya&#41; o en cinta de c&#243;rrer &#40;H&#47;P&#47;COSMOS 3PW 4&#46;0&#44; H&#47;P&#47;Cosmos Sports &#38; Medical&#44; Nussdorf-Traunstein&#44; Alemanya&#41;&#58; 251 ciclistes&#44; 104 triatletes&#44; 53 nedadors&#44; 51 atletes de pista&#44; 17 basquetbolistes&#44; 26 jugadors de futbol&#44; 12 gimnastes i 92 estudiants d&#8217;educaci&#243; f&#237;sica &#40;EF&#41;&#46; Totes les proves es realitzaren en condicions atmosf&#232;riques similars &#40;temperatura 22&#44;8 &#177; 0&#44;6 &#176;C&#59; humitat relativa 62&#44;5 &#177; 4&#44;4&#37;&#59; pressi&#243; atmosf&#232;rica 703&#44;54 &#177; 7&#44;41 mmHg&#41;&#46; Tots els subjectes foren informats de la naturalesa de l&#8217;estudi i van signar el consentiment per a participar-hi&#44; d&#8217;acord amb la normativa establerta a la Declaraci&#243; d&#8217;H&#232;lsinki sobre la investigaci&#243; amb &#233;ssers humans<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#46; Tots els procediments esmentats en aquesta recerca foren aprovats pel comit&#232; d&#8217;&#232;tica local&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Instruments i par&#224;metres</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tots els participants van realitzar una prova d&#8217;esfor&#231; incremental m&#224;xim per determinar el consum m&#224;xim d&#8217;oxigen &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41; i els VT&#46; Se&#8217;ls va estimular verbalment per garantir que assolissin l&#8217;esfor&#231; m&#224;xim&#46; Les dades d&#8217;intercanvi de gasos es recolliren ininterrompudament durant cada prova utilitzant un sistema autom&#224;tic de respiraci&#243; a respiraci&#243; &#40;Jaeger Oxycon Pro gas analyser&#44; Erich Jaeger&#44; Viasys Healthcare&#44; Alemanya&#41;&#46; El senyal de volum i els analitzadors de gasos es calibraren&#44; respectivament&#44; amb una xeringa de precisi&#243; coneguda i pel volum de mescla de gas analitzat&#46; Els valors mitjans es calcularen per un per&#237;ode de 60 s&#46; Per determinar la freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;HR&#41;&#44; un electrocardiograma de 12 derivacions &#40;ECG&#59; Viasys Healthcare&#44; Alemanya&#41; estigu&#233; constantment enregistrant les proves&#46; Calien almenys dos dels criteris seg&#252;ents per assolir el VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#58; repl&#224; en valors de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> tot i augmentar la c&#224;rrega de treball&#44; RER &#8805; 1&#44;1&#44; o la consecuci&#243; del 95&#37; de la freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca te&#242;rica m&#224;xima &#40;FC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;15</span>&#46; Els VT es van determinar d&#8217;acord amb els criteris proposats per Davis &#40;1985&#41; i Siegler&#44; Gaskill i Ruby &#40;2003&#41;&#44; mentre que el VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> obtingut es va determinar segons Lucia et al&#46; &#40;2006&#41;&#44; i s&#8217;establiren d&#8217;una manera espec&#237;fica per assolir el punt de m&#224;xima concordan&#231;a entre els diferents m&#232;todes d&#8217;avaluaci&#243;&#46; Els resultats de totes les proves van ser valorats per dos investigadors en un proc&#233;s de doble cec&#46; El coeficient de variaci&#243; entre les valoracions d&#8217;aquests dos investigadors i el d&#8217;un expert altament experimentat fou de l&#8217;1&#44;3&#37;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> El c&#224;lcul ITA i la correcci&#243; &#40;CITA&#41; es realitz&#224; d&#8217;acord amb el model elemental proposat per Peinado et al&#46; &#40;2014&#41;&#58; l&#8217;&#224;rea sota la corba &#40;ITA&#41; per a les funcions VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> &#40;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; c&#224;rrega&#47;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;W&#183;l&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; i c&#224;rrega&#47;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> &#40;W&#183;l&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; Es calcula mitjan&#231;ant la suma de l&#8217;&#224;rea del triangle i el rectangle sota de la funci&#243; V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>&#47;c&#224;rrega &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figura 1&#46; Procediment elemental per calcular l’ITA de la funci&#243; VO2 &#47; VE&#46;" src="278v53n199-90463094fig1.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 1&#46; </span>Procediment elemental per calcular l&#8217;ITA de la funci&#243; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#47; V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">An&#224;lisi estad&#237;stica</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Les dades foren provades per determinar la normalitat&#44; basada en l&#8217;asimetria &#40;&#8722;2 &#60; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span> &#60; 2&#41; i la curtosi &#40;&#8722;2 &#60; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span> &#60; 2&#41; mitjan&#231;ant el test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov&#46; Per examinar la relaci&#243; entre variables de rendiment&#44; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> i ITA&#44; es realitz&#224; l&#8217;an&#224;lisi de correlaci&#243; bivariada de Pearson&#46; Per comparar les difer&#232;ncies entre els resultats dels dos grups de subjectes s&#8217;empr&#224; la prova t d&#8217;Student per a mostres independents&#46; Les magnituds de l&#8217;efecte entre els diferents m&#232;todes d&#8217;expressi&#243; dels VT es calcularen amb la d de Cohen&#59; i s&#8217;empraren les mitjanes i desviacions est&#224;ndard agrupades dels mesuraments a partir de les condicions&#46; La d de Cohen es correg&#237; per la depend&#232;ncia entre mitjanes amb l&#8217;&#250;s de la correlaci&#243; entre les dues mitjanes&#46; Interpretaci&#243; de la d de Cohen&#58; una grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;efecte inferior a 0&#44;33 es considera petita&#44; de 0&#44;33 a 0&#44;55 es considera moderada i la grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;efecte de 0&#44;56-1&#44;2 es considera gran&#46; Les comparacions foren proves bilaterals&#46; Totes les dades foren processades i analitzades amb el paquet estad&#237;stic SPSS v15&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;SPSS Worldwide Headquarters&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#41;&#46; El nivell de significaci&#243; per a tots els estudis s&#8217;establ&#237; en p &#60; 0&#44;05&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultats</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La taula 1 mostra les variables antropom&#232;triques i el VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> de la mostra&#44; dividida en dues categories&#58; esports amb un alt component de resist&#232;ncia i esports amb un baix component de resist&#232;ncia&#46; En els esports de resist&#232;ncia&#44; els valors de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> s&#243;n relativament m&#233;s elevats en els ciclistes &#40;71&#44;89 &#177; 8&#44;84 ml&#47;min&#47;kg&#41; comparats amb els dels triatletes &#40;65&#44;37 &#177; 8&#44;39 ml&#47;min&#47;kg&#41;&#44; nedadors &#40;53&#44;91 &#177; 7&#44;54 ml&#47;min&#47; kg&#41; i atletes de pista &#40;61&#44;21 &#177; 9&#44;07 ml&#47;min&#47;kg&#41;&#46; En esports amb un baix component de resist&#232;ncia&#44; els jugadors de b&#224;squet presentaren valors m&#233;s elevats de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> &#40;58&#44;33 &#177; 5&#44;56 ml&#47;min&#47;kg&#41; que els que obtingueren els jugadors de futbol &#40;56&#44;5 &#177; 5&#44;03 ml&#47;min&#47;kg&#41;&#46; Els estudiants d&#8217;EF i els gimnastes indicaren valors m&#233;s baixos de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46; La taula 2 mostra els valors obtinguts en VT i ITA per als dos grups segons el component de resist&#232;ncia&#46; En ordre descendent&#44; els valors reportats per VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> s&#243;n de la manera seg&#252;ent&#58; atletes de pista &#40;65&#44;0 &#177; 8&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; triatletes &#40;58&#44;6 &#177; 9&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; ciclistes &#40;56&#44;0 &#177; 7&#44;5&#37;&#41; i nedadors &#40;55&#44;4 &#177; 7&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Els ciclistes mostraren els valors m&#233;s elevats d&#8217;ITA &#40;35&#44;75 &#177; 17&#44;11 l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; en comparaci&#243; amb els triatletes &#40;31&#44;10 &#177; 15&#44;86 l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; atletes de pista &#40;23&#44;07 &#177; 12&#44;30 l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; i nedadors &#40;16&#44;11 &#177; 12&#44;67 l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; L&#8217;atletisme &#40;pista&#41; &#40;65&#44;0 &#177; 8&#44;6&#37;&#41; i el b&#224;squet &#40;64&#44;6 &#177; 10&#44;2&#37;&#41; mostraren un llindar aer&#242;bic m&#233;s elevat &#40;&#37;&#41; en comparaci&#243; amb els altres esports&#46; En refer&#232;ncia als diferents esports i als percentatges del llindar anaer&#242;bic&#44; s&#8217;han descrit v&#224;ries difer&#232;ncies&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; els jugadors de b&#224;squet i els atletes de pista presentaren una mitjana m&#233;s elevada de valors ITA respecte als altres esports &#40;30&#44;23 &#177; 13&#44;70 l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; 23&#44;07 &#177; 11&#44;06 l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; &#40;taula 2&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 1&#46; Variables antropom&#232;triques i VO2max d’esportistes amb alta i baixa capacitat de resist&#232;ncia" src="278v53n199-90463094fig2.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 2&#46; Llindars ventilatoris i &#224;rea interllindars interventilatoris d’esportistes d’alta i baixa capacitat de resist&#232;ncia" src="278v53n199-90463094fig3.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els valors de l&#8217;&#224;rea del llindar interventilatori foren significativament m&#233;s elevats en subjectes amb una capacitat de resist&#232;ncia elevada&#44; per a ambd&#243;s valors absoluts &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>300 &#61; 3-88&#44; p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; d &#61; 0&#44;37&#41; i per al corregit &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>298 &#61; 4&#44;31&#44; p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; d &#61; 0&#44;41&#41;&#46; Ambd&#243;s VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;en percentatges respecte al VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41; foren significativament superiors en subjectes d&#8217;alta resist&#232;ncia &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>604 &#61; 1&#44;85&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;033&#44; d &#61; 0&#44;18&#41; en comparaci&#243; amb els de resist&#232;ncia baixa &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>213 &#61; 2&#44;06&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;022&#44; d &#61; 0&#44;20&#41;&#46; Els valors absoluts de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; tamb&#233;&#44; foren significativament m&#233;s elevats en subjectes d&#8217;alta resist&#232;ncia en comparaci&#243; amb els de baixa resist&#232;ncia &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>198 &#61; 7&#44;37&#44; p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; d &#61; 0&#44;70 i <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>604 &#61; 6&#44;07&#44; p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; d &#61; 0&#44;58&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tot i que &#233;s significatiu &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#41;&#44; l&#8217;estudi d&#8217;an&#224;lisi correlacional &#40;taula 3&#41; indica un ITA molt baix&#44; en relaci&#243; als valors de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> expressats en valors absoluts &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; o relatius &#40;&#37;&#41;&#46; Nom&#233;s la correlaci&#243; entre ITA i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; es pot considerar com a s&#242;lida i apropiada &#40;r &#61; 0&#44;601&#41;&#46; Es trobaren efectes moderats en l&#8217;&#224;rea del llindar interventilatori &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;41&#41; i valors molt baixos en VT &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;20&#41;&#44; expressats en percentatges respecte al VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46; El valor d de Cohen fou m&#233;s elevat en els VT en valors absoluts &#40;ml&#47;min VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;58&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 3&#46; Correlacions de diferents par&#224;metres" src="278v53n199-90463094fig4.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Discussi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;objectiu d&#8217;aquest estudi fou examinar l&#8217;ITA i descriure els valors del llindar interventilatori en una gran mostra d&#8217;esportistes homes especialitzats en diferents esports&#46; Proposem que la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica s&#8217;ha d&#8217;examinar mitjan&#231;ant el c&#224;lcul de l&#8217;ITA&#44; entre VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; Pel que sabem&#44; aquest &#233;s el primer estudi que proporciona evid&#232;ncia d&#8217;una relaci&#243; entre els VT en una gran mostra d&#8217;individus sans amb diferents nivells de condici&#243; f&#237;sica&#44; que es refereix espec&#237;ficament a la capacitat de resist&#232;ncia&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#192;rea del llindar interventilatori</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En teoria&#44; els VT&#44; que marquen els l&#237;mits de la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica&#44; han d&#8217;estar tan a prop com sigui possible del VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; de tal manera que el cos pugui experimentar condicions en qu&#232; l&#8217;oxigen pugui ser emprat de forma eficient durant el major temps possible&#46; Durant l&#8217;acidosi&#44; que comen&#231;a quan se supera VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; la hiperventilaci&#243; compensat&#242;ria facilita la continuaci&#243; de l&#8217;exercici a mesura que s&#8217;acumula l&#8217;&#224;cid l&#224;ctic&#46; Per tant&#44; &#233;s plausible argumentar que un ITA m&#233;s alt &#233;s el resultat d&#8217;una major capacitat per fer proves de resist&#232;ncia i il&#183;lustra que el subjecte &#233;s capa&#231; de compensar l&#8217;augment de l&#8217;&#224;cid l&#224;ctic&#46; D&#8217;aquesta manera&#44; hi ha una forta correlaci&#243; entre lactat i VT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5&#44;16</span>&#46; Una vegada superat el VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; la concentraci&#243; plasm&#224;tica de l&#8217;&#224;cid l&#224;ctic augmenta notablement&#46; Aquest &#233;s el resultat de l&#8217;augment de la producci&#243; d&#8217;&#224;cid l&#224;ctic i d&#8217;una taxa redu&#239;da de depuraci&#243;&#46; Com a resultat&#44; la nostra investigaci&#243; demostra que els valors ITA m&#233;s elevats es troben en ciclistes i triatletes&#44; esports en qu&#232; l&#8217;alta capacitat de resist&#232;ncia &#233;s vital per a un rendiment d&#8217;alt nivell&#46; Tanmateix&#44; no es pot explicar simplement un valor de l&#8217;ITA elevat en els jugadors de b&#224;squet&#44; ja que el b&#224;squet no es considera com a prevalent en la resist&#232;ncia<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Es van obtenir els valors m&#233;s alts d&#8217;ITA en el ciclisme&#44; seguit del triatl&#243; i el b&#224;squet&#46; L&#8217;atletisme &#40;pista&#41; i el b&#224;squet reporten els valors m&#224;xims de llindar aer&#242;bic &#40;&#37;&#41; en relaci&#243; amb VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; per damunt d&#8217;altres esports &#40;fig&#46; 2&#41;&#46; Hi ha una difer&#232;ncia significativa entre els resultats del llindar anaer&#242;bic &#40;&#37;&#41; i el consum m&#224;xim d&#8217;oxigen entre els esports&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figura 2&#46; Valors mitjans de l’&#224;rea del llindar interventilatori dels diferents esports&#46;" src="278v53n199-90463094fig5.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 2&#46; </span>Valors mitjans de l&#8217;&#224;rea del llindar interventilatori dels diferents esports&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Els llindars ventilatoris &#40;&#37; respecte a VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La mitjana de valors del llindar aer&#242;bic dels ciclistes&#44; expressats en percentatges&#44; foren 56&#44;6 &#177; 7&#44;5&#37;&#46; Els nostres resultats s&#243;n similars als reportats per Zapico et al&#46; &#40;2007&#41;&#58; novembredesembre &#40;50 &#177; 2&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#44; gener-febrer &#40;61 &#177; 2&#44;1&#37;&#41; i maig-juny &#40;56 &#177; 2&#37;&#41;&#46; No obstant aix&#242;&#44; estan molt per sota dels valors de Pardo &#40;2001&#41;&#58; novembre-desembre &#40;76&#44;1 &#177; 1&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; gener-febrer &#40;72 &#177; 1&#44;5&#37;&#41; i maig-juny &#40;73&#44;1 &#177; 1&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; que analitz&#224; l&#8217;evoluci&#243; de la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica durant tota una temporada de competici&#243;&#46; Els nostres resultats tamb&#233; difereixen dels trobats per Withers et al&#46; &#40;1981&#41; &#40;66&#44;3&#37;&#41; i Simon et al&#46; &#40;1986&#41; &#40;65&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#46; Les difer&#232;ncies poden ser degudes a les variants terminol&#242;giques i de metodologia emprades per determinar la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Les relacions entre ITA per a la funci&#243; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;associades amb les variables ergoespirom&#232;triques presents&#41; s&#8217;expliquen pel fet que un VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> m&#233;s gran produeix un ITA m&#233;s gran&#46; Les posicions de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> dels ciclistes de la present investigaci&#243; s&#243;n similars a les descrites en altres estudis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;11&#44;18-20</span>&#46; En general&#44; l&#8217;ITA dels ciclistes fou superior en comparaci&#243; amb els altres esports amb caracter&#237;stiques de menor resist&#232;ncia&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> A la nostra investigaci&#243;&#44; la mitjana de valors dels llindars aer&#242;bic i anaer&#242;bic dels triatletes&#44; expressats en percentatges&#44; foren del 58&#44;6 &#177; 9&#44;3&#37; i del 86&#44;0 &#177; 6&#44;4&#37;&#44; respectivament&#46; Galy et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41; investigaren l&#8217;evoluci&#243; dels par&#224;metres fisiol&#242;gics sobre els par&#224;metres estacionals i van trobar un percentatge de llindar aer&#242;bic que va des del 73&#44;8 &#177; 0&#44;2&#37; al 75&#44;6 &#177; 0&#44;2&#37;&#44; i per al llindar anaer&#242;bic del 79 &#177; 0&#44;2&#37; al 88&#44;9 &#177; 0&#44;2&#37;&#46; Es plausible suposar que les difer&#232;ncies en els valors dels llindars aer&#242;bics reportats&#44; entre les investigacions&#44; s&#243;n el resultat del m&#232;tode utilitzat per determinar la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica&#46; Vam descobrir que el m&#232;tode utilitzat era el mateix que el nostre<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#46; Altres estudis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22-25</span> reportaren grans variacions en els VT &#40;que van del 61 al 81&#37;&#41;&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; les difer&#232;ncies i la variabilitat es poden explicar per la nomenclatura utilitzada en termes de transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> pels m&#232;todes per determinar els llindars<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span> i per la modalitat d&#8217;exercici<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En nataci&#243;&#44; futbol&#44; gimn&#224;stica&#44; atletisme &#40;pista&#41; i EF&#44; els percentatges del llindar aer&#242;bic&#44; respecte a VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; foren molt similars &#40;oscil&#183;laven entre el 51&#44;7 i el 55&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; per&#242; foren inferiors als dels esports espec&#237;fics de resist&#232;ncia&#46; Per tant&#44; els valors m&#233;s alts obtinguts d&#8217;aquest par&#224;metre en la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica s&#243;n per a l&#8217;atletisme &#40;pista&#41; &#40;65&#44;0 &#177; 8&#44;6&#37;&#41; i el b&#224;squet &#40;64&#44;6 &#177; 10&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46; El percentatge mitj&#224; del llindar anaer&#242;bic &#233;s molt similar en tots els esports &#40;oscil&#183;la entre el 80 i el 89&#37;&#41;&#46; Els nostres resultats concorden amb els informes de Bunc et al&#46; &#40;1987&#41;&#44; que investigaren un total de 223 atletes de pista molt ben entrenats&#46; En concret&#44; el percentatge de llindars anaer&#242;bics varia entre el 80&#44;5 i el 86&#44;6&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>&#46; Els atletes de pista i els jugadors de b&#224;squet presenten els valors percentuals dels llindars aer&#242;bics m&#233;s elevats respecte al VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; sobre tots els altres esports&#46; Entre els esports&#44; hi ha una difer&#232;ncia significativa en els percentatges de llindars anaer&#242;bics del consum m&#224;xim d&#8217;oxigen reportats&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Expressi&#243; dels llindars ventilatoris</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En aquest estudi es va avaluar el grau d&#8217;associaci&#243; entre els VT en les dues categories d&#8217;atletes de pista estudiats&#46; Creiem que la forma en qu&#232; s&#8217;expressen els VT pot generar resultats significativament diferents&#46; El c&#224;lcul d&#8217;ITA t&#233; com a objectiu ajudar i explicar els elevats valors que es troben normalment en la resist&#232;ncia d&#8217;atletes de pista&#46; Es podria esperar que els atletes de pista amb un component de resist&#232;ncia m&#233;s gran &#40;tant en l&#8217;entrenament com en la competici&#243;&#41; presentessin valors relatius significativament alts&#46; Tanmateix&#44; no es van detectar difer&#232;ncies significatives entre els grups amb un component de resist&#232;ncia alta i baixa per a ambd&#243;s VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;59 &#177; 8&#44;3&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 56&#44;8 &#177; 9&#44;4&#37;&#41; i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;85&#44;5 &#177; 6&#44;5&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 84&#44;6 &#177; 6&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En aquest estudi&#44; els individus amb una capacitat de resist&#232;ncia baixa presentaren un valor mitj&#224; de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> de 55&#44;94 &#177; 10&#44;3 i un valor VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> de 84&#44;26 &#177; 6&#44;9&#44; respectivament&#44; mentre que els individus amb una alta capacitat de resist&#232;ncia tenien valors de 57&#44;88 &#177; 8&#44;5 i 85&#44;4 &#177; 6&#44;4&#44; respectivament&#46; Quan es calcul&#224; la grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;efecte&#44; l&#8217;atleta mitj&#224; amb una capacitat de resist&#232;ncia alta superaria aproximadament el 58&#37; &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;20&#59; 57&#44;8&#37;&#41; de la mostra d&#8217;atletes amb una capacitat de resist&#232;ncia baixa&#46; Per tant&#44; no &#233;s convenient expressar els VT com a percentatge de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46; Tanmateix&#44; la grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;efecte per a la superf&#237;cie del llindar interventilatori i els VT expressats en valors absoluts &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; s&#243;n maneres adequades d&#8217;expressar la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;efecte dels valors absoluts de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> d&#8217;atletes de resist&#232;ncia baixa&#44; 2&#46;253 &#177; 606&#44;26 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; i 3&#46;381&#44;76 &#177; 641&#44;87 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; significa que aproximadament el 71&#37; podria tenir valors m&#233;s alts que la corresponent poblaci&#243; d&#8217;atletes de resist&#232;ncia baixa &#40;2&#46;614&#44;50 &#177; 635&#44;09 i 3&#46;856&#44;91 &#177; 787&#44;02 per a VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; respectivament&#41; &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;50&#44; 69&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#46; La grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;efecte de l&#8217;&#224;rea del llindar interventilatori &#233;s menor &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;40&#44; 65&#44;5&#37;&#41; que VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> en valors absoluts&#46; Creiem que &#233;s convenient expressar els VT primer com a valors absoluts&#44; i segon&#44; com a valors en termes d&#8217;&#224;rea del llindar interventilatori&#44; per&#242; mai com a percentatges de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Quan la grand&#224;ria obtinguda de l&#8217;efecte s&#8217;estima per damunt d&#8217;un 58&#37; &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;20&#59; 57&#44;8&#37;&#41; de la poblaci&#243; d&#8217;atletes amb una capacitat de resist&#232;ncia baixa&#44; els valors de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> seran diferents de la mostra de mitjana d&#8217;atletes amb alta resist&#232;ncia&#46; Per tant&#44; no &#233;s convenient expressar els VT com a percentatges de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46; Tanmateix&#44; la grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;efecte d&#8217;ITA i els VT expressats en valors absoluts &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; s&#243;n maneres adequades d&#8217;expressar la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica&#46; Aproximadament el 66&#37; de la poblaci&#243; de baixa resist&#232;ncia seria m&#233;s gran que l&#8217;&#224;rea corresponent d&#8217;alta resist&#232;ncia &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;40&#59; 65&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; mentre que gaireb&#233; el 71&#37; del llindar ventilatori &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; seria m&#233;s alt en els atletes de resist&#232;ncia de pista&#46; Per tant&#44; sembla adequat expressar els VT primer com a valors absoluts&#44; i en segon lloc com a valors en termes de l&#8217;&#224;rea del llindar interventilatori&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;ITA &#233;s un m&#232;tode senzill per avaluar la relaci&#243; entre els VT&#46; L&#8217;ITA permet distingir entre esportistes amb diferents capacitats de resist&#232;ncia&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; &#233;s inadequat expressar els llindars anaer&#242;bics com a percentatges respecte a VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; ja que es fa rutin&#224;riament&#46; &#201;s m&#233;s apropiat descriure els llindars com a valors absoluts del consum d&#8217;oxigen&#46; Pel que fa a l&#8217;expressi&#243; dels VT&#44; els resultats d&#8217;aquest estudi indiquen que l&#8217;ITA no presenta informaci&#243; superior en comparaci&#243; amb els valors absoluts de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicte d&#8217;interessos</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els autors declaren que no tenen cap conflicte d&#8217;interessos&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Rebut el 14 de juny de 2017&#59;<br></br> acceptat el 6 de novembre de 2017</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> &#42; Autor per a la correspond&#232;ncia&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><br></br> Correu electr&#242;nic&#58; </span><a href="mailto&#58;franciscojavier&#46;calderon&#64;upm&#46;es" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">franciscojavier&#46;calderon&#64;upm&#46;es</a> &#40;F&#46;J&#46; Calder&#243;n Montero&#41;</p>"
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            0 => "Llindar anaer&#242;bic&#59; Transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica&#59; Llindars ventilatoris&#59; &#192;rea interllindar"
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            0 => "Anaerobic threshold&#59; Aerobic-anaerobic transition&#59; Ventilatory thresholds&#59; Inter-threshold area"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> Hi ha consens general que hi ha dos punts de ruptura de la ventilaci&#243; durant l&#8217;exercici incremental&#44; el llindar ventilatori 1 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; i el llindar ventilatori 2 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; que marquen els l&#237;mits de la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica&#46; L&#8217;&#224;rea interllindar &#40;ITA&#41; ha estat definida com un par&#224;metre que relaciona els llindars ventilatoris&#46; L&#8217;objectiu principal d&#8217;aquest estudi fou examinar l&#8217;ITA&#44; &#233;s a dir&#44; l&#8217;&#224;rea entre VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT2 de la funci&#243; ventilaci&#243; &#247; consum d&#8217;oxigen &#40;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>&#47;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> en l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; d&#8217;individus amb diferents capacitats de resist&#232;ncia&#46; Siscentssis homes de diferents nivells de resist&#232;ncia van realitzar una prova d&#8217;esfor&#231; incremental i se&#8217;ls registraren els llindars ventilatoris&#46; L&#8217;ITA &#233;s un trapeci l&#8217;&#224;rea del qual es calcula com la suma de l&#8217;&#224;rea del triangle i el rectangle que el formen&#44; entre VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT2&#44; per sota de la funci&#243; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>&#46; La mitjana d&#8217;ITA de la funci&#243; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>-V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> fou major en els ciclistes&#44; com a representants principals dels esportistes de resist&#232;ncia&#44; enfront de l&#8217;&#224;rea corresponent als estudiants d&#8217;educaci&#243; f&#237;sica amb nivells de resist&#232;ncia menors &#40;120 &#177; 34 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 86 &#177; 40 l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; Aquests resultats suggereixen que la determinaci&#243; de l&#8217;ITA pot reflectir l&#8217;estat de la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica durant les proves d&#8217;esfor&#231; incrementals&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> There is a general consensus in the literature regarding the existence of two ventilation break points during incremental exercise&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; Ventilatory Threshold 1 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; and Ventilatory Threshold 2 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; which mark the boundaries of the aerobic-anaerobic transition&#46; The Inter-Threshold Area &#40;ITA&#41; has been defined as a parameter that connects the ventilatory thresholds&#46; The main aim of the present study was to examine the ITA i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the expressed area between VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT2 for the function&#58; ventilation &#247; oxygen uptake &#40;VE&#47;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; in individuals with various endurance capacities&#46; Six hundred and six men with different levels of endurance completed an incremental exercise test and their ventilatory thresholds were recorded&#46; The ITA is a trapezoid whose area is calculated as the sum of the area of the triangle and rectangle that form it between VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> below the VO2&#47;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> function&#46; The mean ITA for the function VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>-V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> was greater in cyclists&#44; as the main representatives for endurance athletes&#44; than the mean corresponding to physical education students&#44; who averaged a lower endurance level &#40;120 &#177; 34 vs&#46; 86 &#177; 40 L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; The results suggest that the determination of the ITA can reflect metabolic status throughout the aerobic-anaerobic transition during maximal incremental exercise tests&#46;</p>"
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Determinació de l’àrea interllindars ventilatoris en individus de diferents capacitats de resistència
Determining the ventilatory inter-threshold area in individuals with different endurance capacities
Irma Lorenzo Capelláa, Pedro J. Benito Peinadob, Mar?a I. Barriopedro Moroc, Javier Butragueño Revengab, Nuno Koch Estevesd, Francisco J. Calderón Monterob
a Doctora en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Espanya
b Departamento de Salud y Rendimiento Humano, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Espanya
c Departamento de Ciencias Sociales de la Actividad Física, del Deporte y del Ocio, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Espanya
d Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University of London, Londres, Regne Unit
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d&#8217;&#224;cid l&#224;ctic en la sang<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span>&#46; Preferiblement&#44; els llindars ventilatoris &#40;VT&#41;&#44; que marquen els l&#237;mits de la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica&#44; han de ser el m&#233;s a prop possible del valor m&#224;xim de consum d&#8217;oxigen &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41;&#46; Aix&#242; &#233;s aix&#237; perqu&#232; el cos pugui experimentar condicions en qu&#232; l&#8217;oxigen es pugui utilitzar de manera eficient durant el major temps possible&#46; L&#8217;acidosi comen&#231;a quan se supera VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; i en aquesta etapa la hiperventilaci&#243; compensat&#242;ria facilita la continu&#239;tat de l&#8217;exercici a mesura que s&#8217;acumula l&#8217;&#224;cid l&#224;ctic&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Diversos estudis han proporcionat dades descriptives de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> de diferents grups d&#8217;atletes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-11</span>&#59; tanmateix&#44; sembla que la literatura no cont&#233; articles referents a la relaci&#243; entre aquests llindars&#44; ni suggereix que hi hagi una relaci&#243; ideal entre els VT&#46; Com se suggereix en un article de revisi&#243;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span>&#44; VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> pot variar entre un 0&#44;5 i un 22&#37; en relaci&#243; amb VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; mentre que la variaci&#243; de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> oscil&#183;la entre el 2&#44;5 i el 12&#44;8&#37;&#44; i amb refer&#232;ncia espec&#237;fica a aquesta revisi&#243;&#44; aquestes variacions es produeixen en una o m&#233;s temporades de competici&#243;&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; s&#8217;estima que un par&#224;metre conegut com a &#224;rea interllindar &#40;ITA&#41; connecta els VT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46; L&#8217;ITA s&#8217;expressa com l&#8217;&#224;rea entre VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT2 per a la funci&#243;&#58; ventilaci&#243; &#247; consum d&#8217;oxigen &#40;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>&#47;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> en l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> D&#8217;acord amb aquest criteri&#44; l&#8217;objectiu general d&#8217;aquest estudi fou examinar l&#8217;ITA&#44; i informar sobre els valors del llindar interventilatori en una gran mostra d&#8217;atletes masculins especialitzats en diferents esports&#46; Les dades es recolliren mitjan&#231;ant la realitzaci&#243; d&#8217;un test d&#8217;esfor&#231; incremental per part dels subjectes fins a l&#8217;esgotament&#46; La nostra recerca segu&#237; el protocol verificat&#44; proposat per Peinado et al&#46; &#40;2014&#41;&#46; Platej&#224;rem la hip&#242;tesi que els atletes que practiquen esports en qu&#232; domina la resist&#232;ncia&#44; com ara ciclisme i atletisme &#40;pista&#41;&#44; mostren valors m&#233;s alts de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#59; i a m&#233;s que ITA &#233;s una variable adequada per indicar l&#8217;estatus metab&#242;lic durant una prova d&#8217;esfor&#231; incremental m&#224;xim&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Material i m&#232;todes</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Participants</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Un total de 606 homes realitzaren un test d&#8217;esfor&#231; incremental m&#224;xim fins a l&#8217;esgotament en un cicloerg&#242;metre &#40;Jaeger ER 800&#44; Alemanya&#41; o en cinta de c&#243;rrer &#40;H&#47;P&#47;COSMOS 3PW 4&#46;0&#44; H&#47;P&#47;Cosmos Sports &#38; Medical&#44; Nussdorf-Traunstein&#44; Alemanya&#41;&#58; 251 ciclistes&#44; 104 triatletes&#44; 53 nedadors&#44; 51 atletes de pista&#44; 17 basquetbolistes&#44; 26 jugadors de futbol&#44; 12 gimnastes i 92 estudiants d&#8217;educaci&#243; f&#237;sica &#40;EF&#41;&#46; Totes les proves es realitzaren en condicions atmosf&#232;riques similars &#40;temperatura 22&#44;8 &#177; 0&#44;6 &#176;C&#59; humitat relativa 62&#44;5 &#177; 4&#44;4&#37;&#59; pressi&#243; atmosf&#232;rica 703&#44;54 &#177; 7&#44;41 mmHg&#41;&#46; Tots els subjectes foren informats de la naturalesa de l&#8217;estudi i van signar el consentiment per a participar-hi&#44; d&#8217;acord amb la normativa establerta a la Declaraci&#243; d&#8217;H&#232;lsinki sobre la investigaci&#243; amb &#233;ssers humans<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#46; Tots els procediments esmentats en aquesta recerca foren aprovats pel comit&#232; d&#8217;&#232;tica local&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Instruments i par&#224;metres</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tots els participants van realitzar una prova d&#8217;esfor&#231; incremental m&#224;xim per determinar el consum m&#224;xim d&#8217;oxigen &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41; i els VT&#46; Se&#8217;ls va estimular verbalment per garantir que assolissin l&#8217;esfor&#231; m&#224;xim&#46; Les dades d&#8217;intercanvi de gasos es recolliren ininterrompudament durant cada prova utilitzant un sistema autom&#224;tic de respiraci&#243; a respiraci&#243; &#40;Jaeger Oxycon Pro gas analyser&#44; Erich Jaeger&#44; Viasys Healthcare&#44; Alemanya&#41;&#46; El senyal de volum i els analitzadors de gasos es calibraren&#44; respectivament&#44; amb una xeringa de precisi&#243; coneguda i pel volum de mescla de gas analitzat&#46; Els valors mitjans es calcularen per un per&#237;ode de 60 s&#46; Per determinar la freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;HR&#41;&#44; un electrocardiograma de 12 derivacions &#40;ECG&#59; Viasys Healthcare&#44; Alemanya&#41; estigu&#233; constantment enregistrant les proves&#46; Calien almenys dos dels criteris seg&#252;ents per assolir el VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#58; repl&#224; en valors de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> tot i augmentar la c&#224;rrega de treball&#44; RER &#8805; 1&#44;1&#44; o la consecuci&#243; del 95&#37; de la freq&#252;&#232;ncia card&#237;aca te&#242;rica m&#224;xima &#40;FC<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;15</span>&#46; Els VT es van determinar d&#8217;acord amb els criteris proposats per Davis &#40;1985&#41; i Siegler&#44; Gaskill i Ruby &#40;2003&#41;&#44; mentre que el VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> obtingut es va determinar segons Lucia et al&#46; &#40;2006&#41;&#44; i s&#8217;establiren d&#8217;una manera espec&#237;fica per assolir el punt de m&#224;xima concordan&#231;a entre els diferents m&#232;todes d&#8217;avaluaci&#243;&#46; Els resultats de totes les proves van ser valorats per dos investigadors en un proc&#233;s de doble cec&#46; El coeficient de variaci&#243; entre les valoracions d&#8217;aquests dos investigadors i el d&#8217;un expert altament experimentat fou de l&#8217;1&#44;3&#37;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> El c&#224;lcul ITA i la correcci&#243; &#40;CITA&#41; es realitz&#224; d&#8217;acord amb el model elemental proposat per Peinado et al&#46; &#40;2014&#41;&#58; l&#8217;&#224;rea sota la corba &#40;ITA&#41; per a les funcions VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> &#40;l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; c&#224;rrega&#47;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;W&#183;l&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; i c&#224;rrega&#47;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> &#40;W&#183;l&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; Es calcula mitjan&#231;ant la suma de l&#8217;&#224;rea del triangle i el rectangle sota de la funci&#243; V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>&#47;c&#224;rrega &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figura 1&#46; Procediment elemental per calcular l’ITA de la funci&#243; VO2 &#47; VE&#46;" src="278v53n199-90463094fig1.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 1&#46; </span>Procediment elemental per calcular l&#8217;ITA de la funci&#243; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#47; V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">An&#224;lisi estad&#237;stica</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Les dades foren provades per determinar la normalitat&#44; basada en l&#8217;asimetria &#40;&#8722;2 &#60; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span> &#60; 2&#41; i la curtosi &#40;&#8722;2 &#60; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span> &#60; 2&#41; mitjan&#231;ant el test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov&#46; Per examinar la relaci&#243; entre variables de rendiment&#44; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> i ITA&#44; es realitz&#224; l&#8217;an&#224;lisi de correlaci&#243; bivariada de Pearson&#46; Per comparar les difer&#232;ncies entre els resultats dels dos grups de subjectes s&#8217;empr&#224; la prova t d&#8217;Student per a mostres independents&#46; Les magnituds de l&#8217;efecte entre els diferents m&#232;todes d&#8217;expressi&#243; dels VT es calcularen amb la d de Cohen&#59; i s&#8217;empraren les mitjanes i desviacions est&#224;ndard agrupades dels mesuraments a partir de les condicions&#46; La d de Cohen es correg&#237; per la depend&#232;ncia entre mitjanes amb l&#8217;&#250;s de la correlaci&#243; entre les dues mitjanes&#46; Interpretaci&#243; de la d de Cohen&#58; una grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;efecte inferior a 0&#44;33 es considera petita&#44; de 0&#44;33 a 0&#44;55 es considera moderada i la grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;efecte de 0&#44;56-1&#44;2 es considera gran&#46; Les comparacions foren proves bilaterals&#46; Totes les dades foren processades i analitzades amb el paquet estad&#237;stic SPSS v15&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;SPSS Worldwide Headquarters&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#41;&#46; El nivell de significaci&#243; per a tots els estudis s&#8217;establ&#237; en p &#60; 0&#44;05&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultats</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La taula 1 mostra les variables antropom&#232;triques i el VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> de la mostra&#44; dividida en dues categories&#58; esports amb un alt component de resist&#232;ncia i esports amb un baix component de resist&#232;ncia&#46; En els esports de resist&#232;ncia&#44; els valors de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> s&#243;n relativament m&#233;s elevats en els ciclistes &#40;71&#44;89 &#177; 8&#44;84 ml&#47;min&#47;kg&#41; comparats amb els dels triatletes &#40;65&#44;37 &#177; 8&#44;39 ml&#47;min&#47;kg&#41;&#44; nedadors &#40;53&#44;91 &#177; 7&#44;54 ml&#47;min&#47; kg&#41; i atletes de pista &#40;61&#44;21 &#177; 9&#44;07 ml&#47;min&#47;kg&#41;&#46; En esports amb un baix component de resist&#232;ncia&#44; els jugadors de b&#224;squet presentaren valors m&#233;s elevats de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> &#40;58&#44;33 &#177; 5&#44;56 ml&#47;min&#47;kg&#41; que els que obtingueren els jugadors de futbol &#40;56&#44;5 &#177; 5&#44;03 ml&#47;min&#47;kg&#41;&#46; Els estudiants d&#8217;EF i els gimnastes indicaren valors m&#233;s baixos de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46; La taula 2 mostra els valors obtinguts en VT i ITA per als dos grups segons el component de resist&#232;ncia&#46; En ordre descendent&#44; els valors reportats per VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> s&#243;n de la manera seg&#252;ent&#58; atletes de pista &#40;65&#44;0 &#177; 8&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; triatletes &#40;58&#44;6 &#177; 9&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; ciclistes &#40;56&#44;0 &#177; 7&#44;5&#37;&#41; i nedadors &#40;55&#44;4 &#177; 7&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Els ciclistes mostraren els valors m&#233;s elevats d&#8217;ITA &#40;35&#44;75 &#177; 17&#44;11 l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; en comparaci&#243; amb els triatletes &#40;31&#44;10 &#177; 15&#44;86 l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; atletes de pista &#40;23&#44;07 &#177; 12&#44;30 l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; i nedadors &#40;16&#44;11 &#177; 12&#44;67 l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; L&#8217;atletisme &#40;pista&#41; &#40;65&#44;0 &#177; 8&#44;6&#37;&#41; i el b&#224;squet &#40;64&#44;6 &#177; 10&#44;2&#37;&#41; mostraren un llindar aer&#242;bic m&#233;s elevat &#40;&#37;&#41; en comparaci&#243; amb els altres esports&#46; En refer&#232;ncia als diferents esports i als percentatges del llindar anaer&#242;bic&#44; s&#8217;han descrit v&#224;ries difer&#232;ncies&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; els jugadors de b&#224;squet i els atletes de pista presentaren una mitjana m&#233;s elevada de valors ITA respecte als altres esports &#40;30&#44;23 &#177; 13&#44;70 l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; 23&#44;07 &#177; 11&#44;06 l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; &#40;taula 2&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 1&#46; Variables antropom&#232;triques i VO2max d’esportistes amb alta i baixa capacitat de resist&#232;ncia" src="278v53n199-90463094fig2.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 2&#46; Llindars ventilatoris i &#224;rea interllindars interventilatoris d’esportistes d’alta i baixa capacitat de resist&#232;ncia" src="278v53n199-90463094fig3.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els valors de l&#8217;&#224;rea del llindar interventilatori foren significativament m&#233;s elevats en subjectes amb una capacitat de resist&#232;ncia elevada&#44; per a ambd&#243;s valors absoluts &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>300 &#61; 3-88&#44; p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; d &#61; 0&#44;37&#41; i per al corregit &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>298 &#61; 4&#44;31&#44; p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; d &#61; 0&#44;41&#41;&#46; Ambd&#243;s VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;en percentatges respecte al VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41; foren significativament superiors en subjectes d&#8217;alta resist&#232;ncia &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>604 &#61; 1&#44;85&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;033&#44; d &#61; 0&#44;18&#41; en comparaci&#243; amb els de resist&#232;ncia baixa &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>213 &#61; 2&#44;06&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;022&#44; d &#61; 0&#44;20&#41;&#46; Els valors absoluts de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; tamb&#233;&#44; foren significativament m&#233;s elevats en subjectes d&#8217;alta resist&#232;ncia en comparaci&#243; amb els de baixa resist&#232;ncia &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>198 &#61; 7&#44;37&#44; p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; d &#61; 0&#44;70 i <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>604 &#61; 6&#44;07&#44; p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; d &#61; 0&#44;58&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tot i que &#233;s significatiu &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#41;&#44; l&#8217;estudi d&#8217;an&#224;lisi correlacional &#40;taula 3&#41; indica un ITA molt baix&#44; en relaci&#243; als valors de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> expressats en valors absoluts &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; o relatius &#40;&#37;&#41;&#46; Nom&#233;s la correlaci&#243; entre ITA i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; es pot considerar com a s&#242;lida i apropiada &#40;r &#61; 0&#44;601&#41;&#46; Es trobaren efectes moderats en l&#8217;&#224;rea del llindar interventilatori &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;41&#41; i valors molt baixos en VT &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;20&#41;&#44; expressats en percentatges respecte al VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46; El valor d de Cohen fou m&#233;s elevat en els VT en valors absoluts &#40;ml&#47;min VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;58&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 3&#46; Correlacions de diferents par&#224;metres" src="278v53n199-90463094fig4.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Discussi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;objectiu d&#8217;aquest estudi fou examinar l&#8217;ITA i descriure els valors del llindar interventilatori en una gran mostra d&#8217;esportistes homes especialitzats en diferents esports&#46; Proposem que la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica s&#8217;ha d&#8217;examinar mitjan&#231;ant el c&#224;lcul de l&#8217;ITA&#44; entre VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; Pel que sabem&#44; aquest &#233;s el primer estudi que proporciona evid&#232;ncia d&#8217;una relaci&#243; entre els VT en una gran mostra d&#8217;individus sans amb diferents nivells de condici&#243; f&#237;sica&#44; que es refereix espec&#237;ficament a la capacitat de resist&#232;ncia&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#192;rea del llindar interventilatori</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En teoria&#44; els VT&#44; que marquen els l&#237;mits de la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica&#44; han d&#8217;estar tan a prop com sigui possible del VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; de tal manera que el cos pugui experimentar condicions en qu&#232; l&#8217;oxigen pugui ser emprat de forma eficient durant el major temps possible&#46; Durant l&#8217;acidosi&#44; que comen&#231;a quan se supera VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; la hiperventilaci&#243; compensat&#242;ria facilita la continuaci&#243; de l&#8217;exercici a mesura que s&#8217;acumula l&#8217;&#224;cid l&#224;ctic&#46; Per tant&#44; &#233;s plausible argumentar que un ITA m&#233;s alt &#233;s el resultat d&#8217;una major capacitat per fer proves de resist&#232;ncia i il&#183;lustra que el subjecte &#233;s capa&#231; de compensar l&#8217;augment de l&#8217;&#224;cid l&#224;ctic&#46; D&#8217;aquesta manera&#44; hi ha una forta correlaci&#243; entre lactat i VT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5&#44;16</span>&#46; Una vegada superat el VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; la concentraci&#243; plasm&#224;tica de l&#8217;&#224;cid l&#224;ctic augmenta notablement&#46; Aquest &#233;s el resultat de l&#8217;augment de la producci&#243; d&#8217;&#224;cid l&#224;ctic i d&#8217;una taxa redu&#239;da de depuraci&#243;&#46; Com a resultat&#44; la nostra investigaci&#243; demostra que els valors ITA m&#233;s elevats es troben en ciclistes i triatletes&#44; esports en qu&#232; l&#8217;alta capacitat de resist&#232;ncia &#233;s vital per a un rendiment d&#8217;alt nivell&#46; Tanmateix&#44; no es pot explicar simplement un valor de l&#8217;ITA elevat en els jugadors de b&#224;squet&#44; ja que el b&#224;squet no es considera com a prevalent en la resist&#232;ncia<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Es van obtenir els valors m&#233;s alts d&#8217;ITA en el ciclisme&#44; seguit del triatl&#243; i el b&#224;squet&#46; L&#8217;atletisme &#40;pista&#41; i el b&#224;squet reporten els valors m&#224;xims de llindar aer&#242;bic &#40;&#37;&#41; en relaci&#243; amb VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; per damunt d&#8217;altres esports &#40;fig&#46; 2&#41;&#46; Hi ha una difer&#232;ncia significativa entre els resultats del llindar anaer&#242;bic &#40;&#37;&#41; i el consum m&#224;xim d&#8217;oxigen entre els esports&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figura 2&#46; Valors mitjans de l’&#224;rea del llindar interventilatori dels diferents esports&#46;" src="278v53n199-90463094fig5.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 2&#46; </span>Valors mitjans de l&#8217;&#224;rea del llindar interventilatori dels diferents esports&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Els llindars ventilatoris &#40;&#37; respecte a VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La mitjana de valors del llindar aer&#242;bic dels ciclistes&#44; expressats en percentatges&#44; foren 56&#44;6 &#177; 7&#44;5&#37;&#46; Els nostres resultats s&#243;n similars als reportats per Zapico et al&#46; &#40;2007&#41;&#58; novembredesembre &#40;50 &#177; 2&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#44; gener-febrer &#40;61 &#177; 2&#44;1&#37;&#41; i maig-juny &#40;56 &#177; 2&#37;&#41;&#46; No obstant aix&#242;&#44; estan molt per sota dels valors de Pardo &#40;2001&#41;&#58; novembre-desembre &#40;76&#44;1 &#177; 1&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; gener-febrer &#40;72 &#177; 1&#44;5&#37;&#41; i maig-juny &#40;73&#44;1 &#177; 1&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; que analitz&#224; l&#8217;evoluci&#243; de la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica durant tota una temporada de competici&#243;&#46; Els nostres resultats tamb&#233; difereixen dels trobats per Withers et al&#46; &#40;1981&#41; &#40;66&#44;3&#37;&#41; i Simon et al&#46; &#40;1986&#41; &#40;65&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#46; Les difer&#232;ncies poden ser degudes a les variants terminol&#242;giques i de metodologia emprades per determinar la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Les relacions entre ITA per a la funci&#243; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;associades amb les variables ergoespirom&#232;triques presents&#41; s&#8217;expliquen pel fet que un VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> m&#233;s gran produeix un ITA m&#233;s gran&#46; Les posicions de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> dels ciclistes de la present investigaci&#243; s&#243;n similars a les descrites en altres estudis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;11&#44;18-20</span>&#46; En general&#44; l&#8217;ITA dels ciclistes fou superior en comparaci&#243; amb els altres esports amb caracter&#237;stiques de menor resist&#232;ncia&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> A la nostra investigaci&#243;&#44; la mitjana de valors dels llindars aer&#242;bic i anaer&#242;bic dels triatletes&#44; expressats en percentatges&#44; foren del 58&#44;6 &#177; 9&#44;3&#37; i del 86&#44;0 &#177; 6&#44;4&#37;&#44; respectivament&#46; Galy et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41; investigaren l&#8217;evoluci&#243; dels par&#224;metres fisiol&#242;gics sobre els par&#224;metres estacionals i van trobar un percentatge de llindar aer&#242;bic que va des del 73&#44;8 &#177; 0&#44;2&#37; al 75&#44;6 &#177; 0&#44;2&#37;&#44; i per al llindar anaer&#242;bic del 79 &#177; 0&#44;2&#37; al 88&#44;9 &#177; 0&#44;2&#37;&#46; Es plausible suposar que les difer&#232;ncies en els valors dels llindars aer&#242;bics reportats&#44; entre les investigacions&#44; s&#243;n el resultat del m&#232;tode utilitzat per determinar la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica&#46; Vam descobrir que el m&#232;tode utilitzat era el mateix que el nostre<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#46; Altres estudis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22-25</span> reportaren grans variacions en els VT &#40;que van del 61 al 81&#37;&#41;&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; les difer&#232;ncies i la variabilitat es poden explicar per la nomenclatura utilitzada en termes de transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> pels m&#232;todes per determinar els llindars<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span> i per la modalitat d&#8217;exercici<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En nataci&#243;&#44; futbol&#44; gimn&#224;stica&#44; atletisme &#40;pista&#41; i EF&#44; els percentatges del llindar aer&#242;bic&#44; respecte a VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; foren molt similars &#40;oscil&#183;laven entre el 51&#44;7 i el 55&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; per&#242; foren inferiors als dels esports espec&#237;fics de resist&#232;ncia&#46; Per tant&#44; els valors m&#233;s alts obtinguts d&#8217;aquest par&#224;metre en la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica s&#243;n per a l&#8217;atletisme &#40;pista&#41; &#40;65&#44;0 &#177; 8&#44;6&#37;&#41; i el b&#224;squet &#40;64&#44;6 &#177; 10&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46; El percentatge mitj&#224; del llindar anaer&#242;bic &#233;s molt similar en tots els esports &#40;oscil&#183;la entre el 80 i el 89&#37;&#41;&#46; Els nostres resultats concorden amb els informes de Bunc et al&#46; &#40;1987&#41;&#44; que investigaren un total de 223 atletes de pista molt ben entrenats&#46; En concret&#44; el percentatge de llindars anaer&#242;bics varia entre el 80&#44;5 i el 86&#44;6&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>&#46; Els atletes de pista i els jugadors de b&#224;squet presenten els valors percentuals dels llindars aer&#242;bics m&#233;s elevats respecte al VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; sobre tots els altres esports&#46; Entre els esports&#44; hi ha una difer&#232;ncia significativa en els percentatges de llindars anaer&#242;bics del consum m&#224;xim d&#8217;oxigen reportats&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Expressi&#243; dels llindars ventilatoris</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En aquest estudi es va avaluar el grau d&#8217;associaci&#243; entre els VT en les dues categories d&#8217;atletes de pista estudiats&#46; Creiem que la forma en qu&#232; s&#8217;expressen els VT pot generar resultats significativament diferents&#46; El c&#224;lcul d&#8217;ITA t&#233; com a objectiu ajudar i explicar els elevats valors que es troben normalment en la resist&#232;ncia d&#8217;atletes de pista&#46; Es podria esperar que els atletes de pista amb un component de resist&#232;ncia m&#233;s gran &#40;tant en l&#8217;entrenament com en la competici&#243;&#41; presentessin valors relatius significativament alts&#46; Tanmateix&#44; no es van detectar difer&#232;ncies significatives entre els grups amb un component de resist&#232;ncia alta i baixa per a ambd&#243;s VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;59 &#177; 8&#44;3&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 56&#44;8 &#177; 9&#44;4&#37;&#41; i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;85&#44;5 &#177; 6&#44;5&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 84&#44;6 &#177; 6&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En aquest estudi&#44; els individus amb una capacitat de resist&#232;ncia baixa presentaren un valor mitj&#224; de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> de 55&#44;94 &#177; 10&#44;3 i un valor VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> de 84&#44;26 &#177; 6&#44;9&#44; respectivament&#44; mentre que els individus amb una alta capacitat de resist&#232;ncia tenien valors de 57&#44;88 &#177; 8&#44;5 i 85&#44;4 &#177; 6&#44;4&#44; respectivament&#46; Quan es calcul&#224; la grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;efecte&#44; l&#8217;atleta mitj&#224; amb una capacitat de resist&#232;ncia alta superaria aproximadament el 58&#37; &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;20&#59; 57&#44;8&#37;&#41; de la mostra d&#8217;atletes amb una capacitat de resist&#232;ncia baixa&#46; Per tant&#44; no &#233;s convenient expressar els VT com a percentatge de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46; Tanmateix&#44; la grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;efecte per a la superf&#237;cie del llindar interventilatori i els VT expressats en valors absoluts &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; s&#243;n maneres adequades d&#8217;expressar la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;efecte dels valors absoluts de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> d&#8217;atletes de resist&#232;ncia baixa&#44; 2&#46;253 &#177; 606&#44;26 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; i 3&#46;381&#44;76 &#177; 641&#44;87 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; significa que aproximadament el 71&#37; podria tenir valors m&#233;s alts que la corresponent poblaci&#243; d&#8217;atletes de resist&#232;ncia baixa &#40;2&#46;614&#44;50 &#177; 635&#44;09 i 3&#46;856&#44;91 &#177; 787&#44;02 per a VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; respectivament&#41; &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;50&#44; 69&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#46; La grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;efecte de l&#8217;&#224;rea del llindar interventilatori &#233;s menor &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;40&#44; 65&#44;5&#37;&#41; que VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> en valors absoluts&#46; Creiem que &#233;s convenient expressar els VT primer com a valors absoluts&#44; i segon&#44; com a valors en termes d&#8217;&#224;rea del llindar interventilatori&#44; per&#242; mai com a percentatges de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Quan la grand&#224;ria obtinguda de l&#8217;efecte s&#8217;estima per damunt d&#8217;un 58&#37; &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;20&#59; 57&#44;8&#37;&#41; de la poblaci&#243; d&#8217;atletes amb una capacitat de resist&#232;ncia baixa&#44; els valors de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> seran diferents de la mostra de mitjana d&#8217;atletes amb alta resist&#232;ncia&#46; Per tant&#44; no &#233;s convenient expressar els VT com a percentatges de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46; Tanmateix&#44; la grand&#224;ria de l&#8217;efecte d&#8217;ITA i els VT expressats en valors absoluts &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; s&#243;n maneres adequades d&#8217;expressar la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica&#46; Aproximadament el 66&#37; de la poblaci&#243; de baixa resist&#232;ncia seria m&#233;s gran que l&#8217;&#224;rea corresponent d&#8217;alta resist&#232;ncia &#40;d &#61; 0&#44;40&#59; 65&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; mentre que gaireb&#233; el 71&#37; del llindar ventilatori &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; seria m&#233;s alt en els atletes de resist&#232;ncia de pista&#46; Per tant&#44; sembla adequat expressar els VT primer com a valors absoluts&#44; i en segon lloc com a valors en termes de l&#8217;&#224;rea del llindar interventilatori&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;ITA &#233;s un m&#232;tode senzill per avaluar la relaci&#243; entre els VT&#46; L&#8217;ITA permet distingir entre esportistes amb diferents capacitats de resist&#232;ncia&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; &#233;s inadequat expressar els llindars anaer&#242;bics com a percentatges respecte a VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; ja que es fa rutin&#224;riament&#46; &#201;s m&#233;s apropiat descriure els llindars com a valors absoluts del consum d&#8217;oxigen&#46; Pel que fa a l&#8217;expressi&#243; dels VT&#44; els resultats d&#8217;aquest estudi indiquen que l&#8217;ITA no presenta informaci&#243; superior en comparaci&#243; amb els valors absoluts de VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicte d&#8217;interessos</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els autors declaren que no tenen cap conflicte d&#8217;interessos&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Rebut el 14 de juny de 2017&#59;<br></br> acceptat el 6 de novembre de 2017</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> &#42; Autor per a la correspond&#232;ncia&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><br></br> Correu electr&#242;nic&#58; </span><a href="mailto&#58;franciscojavier&#46;calderon&#64;upm&#46;es" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">franciscojavier&#46;calderon&#64;upm&#46;es</a> &#40;F&#46;J&#46; Calder&#243;n Montero&#41;</p>"
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            0 => "Llindar anaer&#242;bic&#59; Transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica&#59; Llindars ventilatoris&#59; &#192;rea interllindar"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> Hi ha consens general que hi ha dos punts de ruptura de la ventilaci&#243; durant l&#8217;exercici incremental&#44; el llindar ventilatori 1 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; i el llindar ventilatori 2 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; que marquen els l&#237;mits de la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica&#46; L&#8217;&#224;rea interllindar &#40;ITA&#41; ha estat definida com un par&#224;metre que relaciona els llindars ventilatoris&#46; L&#8217;objectiu principal d&#8217;aquest estudi fou examinar l&#8217;ITA&#44; &#233;s a dir&#44; l&#8217;&#224;rea entre VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT2 de la funci&#243; ventilaci&#243; &#247; consum d&#8217;oxigen &#40;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>&#47;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> en l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; d&#8217;individus amb diferents capacitats de resist&#232;ncia&#46; Siscentssis homes de diferents nivells de resist&#232;ncia van realitzar una prova d&#8217;esfor&#231; incremental i se&#8217;ls registraren els llindars ventilatoris&#46; L&#8217;ITA &#233;s un trapeci l&#8217;&#224;rea del qual es calcula com la suma de l&#8217;&#224;rea del triangle i el rectangle que el formen&#44; entre VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> i VT2&#44; per sota de la funci&#243; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>&#46; La mitjana d&#8217;ITA de la funci&#243; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>-V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> fou major en els ciclistes&#44; com a representants principals dels esportistes de resist&#232;ncia&#44; enfront de l&#8217;&#224;rea corresponent als estudiants d&#8217;educaci&#243; f&#237;sica amb nivells de resist&#232;ncia menors &#40;120 &#177; 34 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 86 &#177; 40 l<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; Aquests resultats suggereixen que la determinaci&#243; de l&#8217;ITA pot reflectir l&#8217;estat de la transici&#243; aerobicoanaer&#242;bica durant les proves d&#8217;esfor&#231; incrementals&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> There is a general consensus in the literature regarding the existence of two ventilation break points during incremental exercise&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; Ventilatory Threshold 1 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; and Ventilatory Threshold 2 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; which mark the boundaries of the aerobic-anaerobic transition&#46; The Inter-Threshold Area &#40;ITA&#41; has been defined as a parameter that connects the ventilatory thresholds&#46; The main aim of the present study was to examine the ITA i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the expressed area between VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT2 for the function&#58; ventilation &#247; oxygen uptake &#40;VE&#47;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; in individuals with various endurance capacities&#46; Six hundred and six men with different levels of endurance completed an incremental exercise test and their ventilatory thresholds were recorded&#46; The ITA is a trapezoid whose area is calculated as the sum of the area of the triangle and rectangle that form it between VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> below the VO2&#47;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> function&#46; The mean ITA for the function VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>-V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> was greater in cyclists&#44; as the main representatives for endurance athletes&#44; than the mean corresponding to physical education students&#44; who averaged a lower endurance level &#40;120 &#177; 34 vs&#46; 86 &#177; 40 L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#183;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; The results suggest that the determination of the ITA can reflect metabolic status throughout the aerobic-anaerobic transition during maximal incremental exercise tests&#46;</p>"
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                0 => array:3 [
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ISSN: X8866581
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