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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introducci&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Diversos autors suggereixen que c&#243;rrer descal&#231; habitualment pot evitar lesions relacionades amb l&#8217;impacte<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#173;3</span>&#46; Alguns estudis assenyalen que els humans han estat fets per c&#243;rrer descal&#231;os&#44; i aquest estil de cursa pot minimitzar els pics d&#8217;impacte i proporciona una major propiocepci&#243; i for&#231;a als peus&#59; tamb&#233; es planteja la hip&#242;tesi que pot ajudar a evitar lesions<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>&#46; Per tal de reduir el risc de lesions&#44; el cos del corredor genera canvis en la cinem&#224;tica de les extremitats inferiors&#46; Diversos autors han mesurat el risc de lesi&#243; en els peus dels corredors&#44; abans i despr&#233;s d&#8217;un per&#237;ode d&#8217;entrenament de transici&#243; de cal&#231;at tradicional a minimalista&#59; els participants del grup d&#8217;entrenament mostraren increments significatius de l&#8217;edema de medul&#183;la &#242;ssia en almenys un os despr&#233;s del per&#237;ode d&#8217;entrenament<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span>&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; c&#243;rrer descal&#231; tamb&#233; s&#8217;associa a una gambada m&#233;s curta&#44; a una cad&#232;ncia de gambada m&#233;s alta a velocitat de cursa tant alta com baixa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span>&#44; i en reduir la longitud de la gambada disminu&#237; la probabilitat de fractura per estr&#232;s d&#8217;un 3 a un 6&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Estudis previs sobre c&#243;rrer descal&#231; especifiquen encara m&#233;s els canvis cinem&#224;tics&#44; com ara la longitud de la passa m&#233;s curta i la freq&#252;&#232;ncia de la passa m&#233;s &#224;mplia&#44; la fase d&#8217;aterratge m&#233;s curta&#44; el temps de contacte m&#233;s curt&#44; el temps de vol m&#233;s curt i el temps de la passa m&#233;s curt<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#173;11</span>&#46; C&#243;rrer descal&#231; tamb&#233; est&#224; relacionat amb una cad&#232;ncia de gambada m&#233;s alta&#44; tant a velocitat de cursa alta com a velocitat baixa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span>&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; c&#243;rrer descal&#231; redueix el temps de vol i causa un pic de for&#231;a menor i una preactivaci&#243; major del tr&#237;ceps sural&#44; que c&#243;rrer cal&#231;at<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Un estudi recent assenyala que una intervenci&#243; de sis setmanes de simulaci&#243; d&#8217;entrenament descal&#231;&#44; amb cal&#231;at Vibram de cinc dits&#44; s&#8217;associa amb una disminuci&#243; significativa de les taxes de c&#224;rrega i les forces d&#8217;impacte<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46; Un altre estudi es pregunta sobre el proc&#233;s en qu&#232; s&#8217;esdevenen les adaptacions biomec&#224;niques i si aquestes adaptacions poden ser apreses per tothom<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#46; Encara s&#8217;ha de veure de quina manera l&#8217;entrenament basat en el c&#243;rrer descal&#231; pot modificar la cinem&#224;tica de la cursa tradicional amb cal&#231;at&#46; Hi ha molts aspectes relacionats amb la forma en qu&#232; els esportistes adapten les variables cinem&#224;tiques per c&#243;rrer despr&#233;s d&#8217;entrenaments espec&#237;fics descal&#231;os&#44; per&#242; encara no hi ha evid&#232;ncia dels efectes a llarg termini de c&#243;rrer descal&#231; pel que fa a la biomec&#224;nica o a conseq&#252;&#232;ncies per a la salut<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span>&#46; Aquesta percepci&#243; podria millorar amb l&#8217;estudi de la difer&#232;ncia cinem&#224;tica despr&#233;s d&#8217;un programa d&#8217;entrenament descal&#231; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">barefoot training program</span> &#91;BTP&#93;&#41; controlat i suficientment llarg&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tenint en compte la informaci&#243; anterior&#44; vam plantejar la hip&#242;tesi que les adaptacions neuromusculars de BTP podrien ser responsables del canvi en les variables cinem&#224;tiques dels cal&#231;ats en la postintervenci&#243;&#46; Per tant&#44; el prop&#242;sit d&#8217;aquest estudi &#233;s determinar si&#44; despr&#233;s de la intervenci&#243; de 12 setmanes descal&#231;&#44; les variables esmentades es modifiquen fins i tot quan s&#8217;utilitza cal&#231;at per c&#243;rrer&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Materials i m&#232;tode</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Aquest estudi experimental es realitz&#224; seguint la normativa de la Declaraci&#243; d&#8217;H&#232;lsinki &#40;versi&#243; de 2013&#41; i les directrius de la Comunitat Europea per a una bona pr&#224;ctica cl&#237;nica &#40;111&#47;3976&#47;88 de juliol de 1990&#41;&#44; aix&#237; com el marc jur&#237;dic espanyol per a la investigaci&#243; cl&#237;nica en humans &#40;Reial Decret 561&#47;1993 sobre assajos cl&#237;nics&#41;&#46; El consentiment informat i l&#8217;estudi foren aprovats pel Comit&#232; de Bio&#232;tica de la Universitat de Ja&#233;n &#40;Espanya&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Participants</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Trenta&#173;nou corredors entrenats del sud&#173;est d&#8217;Espanya van participar volunt&#224;riament en aquest estudi i foren assignats aleat&#242;riament per simple mostreig aleatori al grup experimental &#40;GE&#41; i al grup de control &#40;GC&#41;&#46; Les caracter&#237;stiques principals dels participants eren edat 35&#44;64 &#177; 11&#44;67 anys &#40;mitjana &#177; desviaci&#243; est&#224;ndard&#41;&#59; &#237;ndex de massa corporal 22&#44;93 &#177; 2&#44;43 kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; km per setmana 60&#44;18 &#177; 20&#44;41&#59; sessions per setmana 5&#44;47 &#177; 1&#44;29&#44; i competicions per any 13&#44;08 &#177; 10&#44;50&#46; Nom&#233;s dos atletes del GE van abandonar el programa per malaltia&#46; Sis persones del GC no van acabar&#44; a causa de malaltia durant la intervenci&#243; &#40;n &#61; 1&#41;&#44; o no van realitzar la prova posterior &#40;n &#61; 3&#41; o les dades eren corrompudes o il&#183;legibles &#40;n &#61; 2&#41;&#46; Es van excloure totes les dades dels atletes que van abandonar &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figura 1&#46; Progr&#233;s del diagrama de flux dels participants a l’estudi&#46;" src="278v53n199-90463095fig1.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 1&#46; </span>Progr&#233;s del diagrama de flux dels participants a l&#8217;estudi&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els criteris d&#8217;inclusi&#243; foren&#58; a&#41; tots els participants eren corredors habitualment cal&#231;ats &#40;cal&#231;at amb amortiment&#41;&#59; b&#41; sense lesions significatives durant els &#250;ltims tres mesos i sense dany o dolor que pogu&#233;s interferir correctament el seguiment del protocol d&#8217;entrenament descal&#231;&#44; i c&#41; amb un nivell esportiu verificable m&#237;nim &#40;poden haver participat al campionats d&#8217;atletisme regionals o nacionals en els &#250;ltims quatre anys&#41;&#46; Cada participant va signar un consentiment informat per participar en aquesta recerca&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mesuraments</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Es deman&#224; als participants que no realitzessin un esfor&#231; f&#237;sic fort les 72 h anteriors a la presa de dades del pretest i del posttest<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span>&#46; Es deman&#224; als participants que correguessin de forma consistent a una velocitat c&#242;moda de recuperaci&#243; i de competici&#243;&#44; escollida per ells mateixos&#44; els 1&#46;500 m de longitud<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span> per simular amb la major fidelitat possible la seva recuperaci&#243; habitual i el ritme competitiu&#44; i despr&#233;s van comen&#231;ar a c&#243;rrer en una cinta de c&#243;rrer &#40;Salter E&#173;Line PT&#173;320&#44; Salter International&#44; Barcelona&#44; Espanya&#41;&#46; Quan els participants autoseleccionaren la velocitat de cursa&#44; sembla que els calgueren menys intents abans de completar els assaigs necessaris per recopilar les dades&#44; en comparaci&#243; amb quan els subjectes corrien a la velocitat estandarditzada seleccionada pels investigadors<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#46; Ambdues velocitats de cursa es realitzaren amb el cal&#231;at d&#8217;entrenament habitual&#46; Les gravacions dels atletes es van realitzar des del pl&#224;nol sagital i posterior a una velocitat de c&#224;meres de v&#237;deo de 240 Hz &#40;Casio Exilim EX&#173;F1&#44; Shibuya&#173;ku&#44; T&#242;quio 151&#173;8543&#44; Jap&#243;&#41;&#46; Les c&#224;meres es van col&#183;locar a dos metres de la cinta a nivell del s&#242;l&#46; Es van col&#183;locar unes marques a terra per indicar el punt exacte de les c&#224;meres&#46; Les dades de v&#237;deo es van examinar mitjan&#231;ant un programa d&#8217;edici&#243; de v&#237;deo 2D &#40;VideoSpeed vs&#46; 1&#46;38&#44; ErgoSport&#44; Granada&#44; Espanya&#41;&#46; Abans dels enregistraments&#44; els esportistes van escalfar i es van habituar a la cinta i a la velocitat en cada situaci&#243; durant uns 8 min&#46; Es va escollir un per&#237;ode de 8 min perqu&#232; estudis previs sobre la locomoci&#243; humana han demostrat que l&#8217;habituaci&#243; a una nova condici&#243; es produeix dins d&#8217;aquest per&#237;ode<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span>&#46; S&#8217;inform&#224; els participants que havien de continuar corrent en cada prova sense aturades&#46; Es permet&#233; que els participants lliurement ajustessin la velocitat&#44; amunt i avall&#44; fins que trobessin la velocitat que coincid&#237;s amb la seva velocitat percebuda a terra&#44; que s&#8217;ha demostrat que millora la repetibilitat de les variables cinem&#224;tiques<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#46; La velocitat s&#8217;increment&#224; de la velocitat de recuperaci&#243; a la velocitat de competici&#243;&#46; Es van mesurar vuit etapes de cada atleta en estat de velocitat alta i baixa&#46; D&#8217;acord amb estudis anteriors&#44; les variables estudiades foren&#58; temps de contacte total &#40;temps en qu&#232; el peu est&#224; en contacte amb el s&#242;l&#41; dividit en tres moments diferents &#40;fase d&#8217;aterratge&#44; posici&#243; de recolzament&#44; fase d&#8217;enlairament&#41;&#59; temps de vol &#40;temps en qu&#232; no hi ha contacte amb el s&#242;l&#41;&#59; durada de la passa &#40;temps total de moviment de les extremitats inferiors incloent&#173;hi la fase de vol i la de contacte&#41;&#44; i cad&#232;ncia &#40;nombre de passes per minut&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;10&#44;20</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Procediments</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> D&#8217;acord amb Lieberman<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>&#44; el BTP consist&#237; en incloure progressivament a l&#8217;entrenament setmanal habitual del GE un augment de temps de c&#243;rrer descal&#231; sobre una superf&#237;cie de gespa &#40;taula 1&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 1&#46; Protocol d’entrenament setmanal utilitzat durant l’estudi&#46;" src="278v53n199-90463095fig2.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Durant les &#250;ltimes setmanes es van afegir exercicis m&#233;s intensos&#44; com ara curses progressives&#46; L&#8217;investigador principal va revisar la implementaci&#243; del BTP i control&#224; el risc de mals i dolors importants&#46; Abans de l&#8217;inici del protocol es va celebrar una reuni&#243; amb els atletes del GE per assessorar&#173;los sobre l&#8217;entrenament i es van donar explicacions i respondre totes les preguntes&#46; El GC nom&#233;s va realitzar l&#8217;entrenament diari normal&#46; Es va informar els atletes del possible augment del risc de lesi&#243; a causa dels possibles canvis en el patr&#243; de la cursa i la gambada&#46; S&#8217;aconsell&#224; disminuir la intensitat de l&#8217;entrenament o fins i tot abandonar&#173;lo&#44; quan hi hagu&#233;s dolor o lesi&#243;&#46; Durant el BTP als participants no se&#8217;ls va permetre canviar de sabatilles&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">An&#224;lisi estad&#237;stica</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Les dades van ser analitzades amb el programa estad&#237;stic SPSS de Windows&#44; v&#46;19&#46;0 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; EUA&#41; i el nivell de significaci&#243; s&#8217;establ&#237; en p &#60; 0&#44;05&#46; Les dades es mostren en estad&#237;stiques descriptives de mitjana i desviaci&#243; est&#224;ndard &#40;DE&#41;&#46; Abans de les an&#224;lisis es realitzaren els tests de distribuci&#243; normal i homogene&#239;tat &#40;Kolmogorov&#173;Smirnov i Levene&#44; respectivament&#41; sobre totes les dades&#46; Es realitz&#224; una an&#224;lisi de la vari&#224;ncia &#40;ANOVA&#41; de mesures repetides entre pretest i posttest&#44; en GE i GC&#44; prenent com a variable dependent la condici&#243; experimental&#44; i els par&#224;metres cinem&#224;tics com a variables independents&#46; Es realitz&#224; el test t d&#8217;Student per determinar les difer&#232;ncies de velocitat&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultats</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> No hi ha difer&#232;ncies significatives entre grups en relaci&#243; a la velocitat confortable &#40;GE &#61; 11&#44;21 &#177; 1&#44;28 km&#47;h vs&#46; GC &#61; 10&#44;97 &#177; 1&#44;20 km&#47;h&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;611&#41; i velocitat de competici&#243; &#40;GE &#61; 15&#44;56 &#177; 2&#44;08 km&#47;h vs&#46; GC &#61; 15&#44;45 &#177; 1&#44;67 km&#47;h&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;873&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> A la taula 2 es presenten els resultats del BTP&#46; En el pre&#173;test no es van trobar difer&#232;ncies significatives en cap variable&#46; En el posttest&#44; nom&#233;s la durada de la fase d&#8217;aterratge a l&#8217;alta velocitat mostr&#224; difer&#232;ncies significatives&#44; GE assol&#237; un temps m&#233;s breu que GC despr&#233;s del BTP &#40;0&#44;032 &#177; 0&#44;007 s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> 0&#44;038 &#177; 0&#44;006 s&#41;&#46; En relaci&#243; a les difer&#232;ncies dins el grup&#44; GC mostr&#224; un increment en la fase de recolzament a baixa velocitat &#40;&#916; &#61; 0&#44;014 s&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;024&#41; i una reducci&#243; del temps de vol a alta velocitat &#40;&#916; &#61; &#8722;0&#44;014 s&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;034&#41;&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; GE assol&#237; una reducci&#243; de la fase d&#8217;aterratge a alta velocitat &#40;&#916; &#61; &#8722;0&#44;008 s&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;004&#41;&#46; No es presentaren altres difer&#232;ncies significatives despr&#233;s del BTP&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 2&#46; Resultat de les variables temporals" src="278v53n199-90463095fig3.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Discussi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> El prop&#242;sit d&#8217;aquest estudi fou determinar els efectes de 12 setmanes de BTP en les variables cinem&#224;tiques dels corredors de llarga dist&#224;ncia&#46; La principal troballa d&#8217;aquest estudi mostr&#224; que 12 setmanes de BTP no alteren significativament les variables cinem&#224;tiques dels corredors de llarga dist&#224;ncia&#46; Nom&#233;s GE assol&#237; una reducci&#243; de la fase d&#8217;aterratge en la velocitat alta&#59; no es trobaren altres difer&#232;ncies significatives despr&#233;s de BTP&#46; Altres estudis tampoc no trobaren canvis en la for&#231;a i la propiocepci&#243; despr&#233;s de 8 setmanes de BTP progressiu sobre superf&#237;cie de gespa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span> o canvis biomec&#224;nics&#44; despr&#233;s d&#8217;un programa de vuit setmanes de c&#243;rrer descal&#231; introdu&#239;t de manera progressiva<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span>&#46; De la mateixa manera&#44; altres estudis mostraren que no es van trobar canvis biomec&#224;nics en el grup d&#8217;intervenci&#243; despr&#233;s de 8 setmanes de BTP progressiu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#46; Tanmateix&#44; s&#8217;ha demostrat que una intervenci&#243; de 12 setmanes d&#8217;entrenament simulat i controlat de cursa descal&#231; fou suficient per provocar canvis significatius en la cinem&#224;tica de les extremitats inferiors&#44; no nom&#233;s durant la cursa descal&#231;&#44; sin&#243; tamb&#233; durant la cursa amb cal&#231;at normal amortidor<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span>&#46; Aquests resultats controvertits indiquen que els futurs estudis s&#8217;haurien de plantejar l&#8217;aclariment dels dubtes sobre l&#8217;efecte del BTP sobre les variables cinem&#224;tiques&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els autors suggereixen que la manca d&#8217;efectes significatius en aquest estudi pot ser deguda a diversos punts&#58; a&#41; el cal&#231;at anul&#183;la aquest efecte&#59; b&#41; insufici&#232;ncia de la durada del BTP&#59; c&#41; insufici&#232;ncia de la c&#224;rrega del programa d&#8217;entrenament&#59; d&#41; efecte de la superf&#237;cie d&#8217;entrenament&#46; Quan els atletes corren descal&#231;os&#44; la duresa de la superf&#237;cie per on corren causa una alteraci&#243; del patr&#243; de trepitjada&#46; En estudis previs&#44; nom&#233;s el 20&#37; dels participants corregueren amb un model de mediopeu o avantpeu sobre superf&#237;cie tova&#44; mentre que el 65&#37; dels participants corrien amb patrons de mediopeu o d&#8217;avantpeu sobre superf&#237;cie dura<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span>&#46; La superf&#237;cie emprada en aquest estudi fou la gespa&#44; que pot ser un factor significatiu per no causar cap alteraci&#243; en el patr&#243; de la cinem&#224;tica del corredor&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Una &#224;rea inexplorada de la teoria de c&#243;rrer descal&#231; &#233;s el proc&#233;s pel qual es produeixen adaptacions biomec&#224;niques i si aquestes s&#243;n universalment conegudes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#46; Aix&#237;&#44; la cursa cinem&#224;tica associada a la cursa descal&#231;a pot ser una habilitat que es pot entrenar i requereix un entrenament adaptatiu amb canvis en l&#8217;activaci&#243; neuromuscular dels m&#250;sculs del panxell per facilitar la flexi&#243; plantar abans d&#8217;impactar en el s&#242;l&#46; En aquest sentit&#44; quan es produeixen suficients passes descal&#231; en relaci&#243; amb les passes cal&#231;at&#44; es produeix una major activaci&#243; pr&#232;via dels m&#250;sculs del tr&#237;ceps sural&#44; la qual cosa pot comportar una reducci&#243; del pic d&#8217;impacte i la disminuci&#243; subseg&#252;ent de l&#8217;estr&#232;s mec&#224;nic durant la cursa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> A difer&#232;ncia d&#8217;estudis recents en qu&#232; es relacionen nombrosos problemes amb una incid&#232;ncia major d&#8217;edema de medul&#183;la &#242;ssia degut a protocols d&#8217;entrenament descal&#231; i c&#224;rregues incontrolades&#44; una troballa positiva d&#8217;aquest estudi pot ser la no detecci&#243; de problemes f&#237;sics o lesions en atletes associats amb el disseny d&#8217;un programa d&#8217;entrenament descal&#231;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>&#46; En general&#44; cal una c&#224;rrega de treball suficient per provocar canvis en la cinem&#224;tica de les extremitats inferiors i el disseny d&#8217;un protocol d&#8217;entrenament que no causi danys&#46; Respecte a la progressi&#243; correcta de la condici&#243; de cal&#231;at a descal&#231;&#44; un pas previ per a l&#8217;adaptaci&#243; a la cursa descal&#231;a podria ser un cal&#231;at minimalista&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Finalment&#44; cal tenir en compte algunes limitacions&#44; com ara les t&#232;cniques 2D en l&#8217;an&#224;lisi del v&#237;deo&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; &#233;s molt dif&#237;cil saber quina quantitat d&#8217;entrenament descal&#231; i quina intensitat ha executat cada subjecte&#46; Caldria estandarditzar l&#8217;entrenament amb cautela per controlar el progr&#233;s i els problemes de cada atleta&#44; ja que cada corredor progressa de manera diferent&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; no s&#8217;han incl&#242;s mesures de for&#231;a que tamb&#233; seria interessant d&#8217;avaluar&#44; atesa la seva relaci&#243; amb el risc de lesi&#243;&#46; Tanmateix&#44; els punts forts del nostre estudi s&#243;n que proporciona una nova informaci&#243; sobre els protocols de transici&#243; de cal&#231;at a descal&#231; i proporciona una nova visi&#243; sobre el debat ja obert sobre c&#243;rrer descal&#231; sense altres intervencions&#44; com ara entrenament pliom&#232;tric o neuromuscular&#46; Pel que sabem&#44; hi ha informaci&#243; limitada sobre els programes de transici&#243; a descal&#231; i aquest estudi ajudar&#224; a augmentar el coneixement sobre aquesta tend&#232;ncia en augment&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tot i que cap esportista no va sofrir cap dany durant la intervenci&#243; de l&#8217;estudi de 12 setmanes de BTP&#44; basat en l&#8217;addici&#243; d&#8217;un temps de c&#243;rrer descal&#231; al final de l&#8217;entrenament diari&#44; no va ser suficient per provocar canvis cr&#242;nics en la cinem&#224;tica de les extremitats inferiors&#44; nom&#233;s en la fase d&#8217;aterratge a alta velocitat &#40;que fou m&#233;s baixa&#41;&#46; Els autors suggereixen que el cal&#231;at esportiu pot reduir els efectes cr&#242;nics de c&#243;rrer descal&#231;&#46; D&#8217;altra banda&#44; &#233;s necessari augmentar el volum de c&#224;rrega de treball o c&#243;rrer en superf&#237;cies m&#233;s dures per produir canvis m&#233;s cr&#242;nics&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicte d&#8217;interessos</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els autors declaren que no tenen cap conflicte d&#8217;interessos&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Rebut el 12 d&#8217;agost de 2017&#59;<br></br> acceptat el 27 de novembre de 2017</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> &#42; Autor per a la correspond&#232;ncia&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><br></br> Correu electr&#242;nic&#58; </span><a href="mailto&#58;mmj00006&#64;red&#46;ujaen&#46;es" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">mmj00006&#64;red&#46;ujaen&#46;es</a> &#40;M&#46;M&#46; Jim&#233;nez&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> Introducci&#243;&#58; Hi ha escassa informaci&#243; sobre els programes de la transici&#243; de c&#243;rrer cal&#231;at a descal&#231;&#44; i aquest estudi vol ajudar a augmentar el coneixement d&#8217;aquesta tend&#232;ncia que va en augment&#46; Per tant&#44; l&#8217;objectiu d&#8217;aquest estudi fou determinar l&#8217;efecte d&#8217;un programa d&#8217;entrenament descal&#231;&#44; de 12 setmanes&#44; sobre les variables cin&#232;tiques dels corredors de llarga dist&#224;ncia&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Materials i m&#232;tode&#58; Un total de 32 corredors de llarga dist&#224;ncia&#44; ben entrenats i habitualment cal&#231;ats&#44; foren distribu&#239;ts aleat&#242;riament en un grup control i un grup experimental per dur a terme un programa d&#8217;entrenament per c&#243;rrer descal&#231;&#46; Durant les proves pr&#232;vies i posteriors&#44; tots els participants realitzaren les proves a velocitats de cursa&#44; de recuperaci&#243; i competitiva&#44; autoseleccionades&#44; amb cal&#231;at esportiu&#44; en un cinta ergom&#232;trica&#46; Ambdues situacions es registraren amb un sistema de qualificaci&#243; per v&#237;deo de 240 Hz&#44; i s&#8217;analitzaren mitjan&#231;ant un programa d&#8217;edici&#243; de v&#237;deo 2D amb t&#232;cniques fotogram&#232;triques&#46; Es mesur&#224; el temps de contacte&#44; la durada de la passa i la cad&#232;ncia&#44; mitjan&#231;ant l&#8217;an&#224;lisi de la vari&#224;ncia &#40;ANOVA&#41; de mesures repetides&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Resultats&#58; A la prova posterior&#44; nom&#233;s la durada de la fase d&#8217;aterratge a alta velocitat reflect&#237; una difer&#232;ncia significativa&#44; aconseguint el grup experimental un temps inferior al del grup control despr&#233;s del programa d&#8217;entrenament de c&#243;rrer descal&#231; &#40;0&#44;032 &#177; 0&#44;007 s enfront a 0&#44;038 &#177; 0&#44;006 s&#41;&#46; En relaci&#243; a les difer&#232;ncies entre grups&#44; el grup control reflect&#237; un increment en la durada de la fase de recolzament a velocitat baixa &#40;&#916; &#61; 0&#44;014 s&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;024&#41; i una reducci&#243; del temps de vol a velocitat alta &#40;&#916; &#61; &#8722;0&#44;014s&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;034&#41;&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; el grup experimental assol&#237; una reducci&#243; de la durada en la fase d&#8217;aterratge a velocitat alta &#40;&#916; &#61; &#8722;0&#44;008s&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;004&#41;&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Conclusions&#58; Un programa de c&#243;rrer descal&#231; de 12 setmanes modifica la durada de la fase d&#8217;aterratge a velocitat alta&#44; que &#233;s m&#233;s curta en els corredors de llarga dist&#224;ncia&#46; En canvi&#44; els corredors que no realitzaren l&#8217;entrenament reflectiren un increment de la durada en la fase de recolzament a velocitat baixa&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> Introduction&#58; There is limited information about barefoot transition programs and this study will help to increase knowledge about this growing trend&#46; The purpose of this study was&#44; therefore&#44; to determine the effect of a twelve&#173;week barefoot training program on kinematic variables in long&#173;distance runners&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Materials and methods&#58; A total of 32 well&#173;trained&#44; habitually shod&#44; long&#173;distance runners&#44; randomized in a control group and an experimental group who undertook a barefoot training program&#46; At pre&#173;test and post&#173;test&#44; all participants&#44; wearing their usual sneakers&#44; performed running tests at self&#173;selected recovery and competitive running speeds on a treadmill&#46; Both conditions were recorded with a 240 Hz video rate system and analyzed using a 2&#173;D video editing program using photogrammetric techniques&#46; Contact time&#44; flight time&#44; step duration and cadence were measured using an analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41; with repeated measures was performed&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Results&#58; In posttest&#44; only the duration of landing phase at high speed showed significant difference&#44; the experimental group achieved a shorter time than the control group after the barefoot training program &#40;0&#46;032 &#177; 0&#46;007 s vs&#46; 0&#46;038 &#177; 0&#46;006 s&#41;&#46; In relation to within&#173;group differences&#44; the control group showed an increase of duration of stance phase at low speed &#40;&#916; &#61; 0&#46;014 s&#44; P &#61; &#46;024&#41; and a reduction of flight time at high speed &#40;&#916; &#61; &#8722;0&#46;014 s&#44; P &#61; &#46;034&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; the experimental group achieved a reduction of duration of landing phase at high speed &#40;&#916; &#61; &#8722;0&#46;008 s&#44; P &#61; &#46;004&#41;&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Conclusions&#58; A twelve&#173;week program of barefoot running changes the duration of the landing phase at high speed&#44; being shorter in long&#173;distance runners&#46; In contrast&#44; the runners who did not undertake the training showed an increase of duration of stance phase at low speed&#46;</p>"
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Pot modificar-se la cinètica de la cursa amb un programa d’entrenament descalç?
Can running kinetics be modified using a barefoot training program?
Marcos Muñoz Jiméneza, Felipe García-Pinillosa, Víctor M. Soto-Hermosob, Pedro A. Latorre-Romána
a Departamento de Didáctica de la Expresión Corporal, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Espanya
b Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Espanya
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introducci&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Diversos autors suggereixen que c&#243;rrer descal&#231; habitualment pot evitar lesions relacionades amb l&#8217;impacte<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#173;3</span>&#46; Alguns estudis assenyalen que els humans han estat fets per c&#243;rrer descal&#231;os&#44; i aquest estil de cursa pot minimitzar els pics d&#8217;impacte i proporciona una major propiocepci&#243; i for&#231;a als peus&#59; tamb&#233; es planteja la hip&#242;tesi que pot ajudar a evitar lesions<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>&#46; Per tal de reduir el risc de lesions&#44; el cos del corredor genera canvis en la cinem&#224;tica de les extremitats inferiors&#46; Diversos autors han mesurat el risc de lesi&#243; en els peus dels corredors&#44; abans i despr&#233;s d&#8217;un per&#237;ode d&#8217;entrenament de transici&#243; de cal&#231;at tradicional a minimalista&#59; els participants del grup d&#8217;entrenament mostraren increments significatius de l&#8217;edema de medul&#183;la &#242;ssia en almenys un os despr&#233;s del per&#237;ode d&#8217;entrenament<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span>&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; c&#243;rrer descal&#231; tamb&#233; s&#8217;associa a una gambada m&#233;s curta&#44; a una cad&#232;ncia de gambada m&#233;s alta a velocitat de cursa tant alta com baixa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span>&#44; i en reduir la longitud de la gambada disminu&#237; la probabilitat de fractura per estr&#232;s d&#8217;un 3 a un 6&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Estudis previs sobre c&#243;rrer descal&#231; especifiquen encara m&#233;s els canvis cinem&#224;tics&#44; com ara la longitud de la passa m&#233;s curta i la freq&#252;&#232;ncia de la passa m&#233;s &#224;mplia&#44; la fase d&#8217;aterratge m&#233;s curta&#44; el temps de contacte m&#233;s curt&#44; el temps de vol m&#233;s curt i el temps de la passa m&#233;s curt<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#173;11</span>&#46; C&#243;rrer descal&#231; tamb&#233; est&#224; relacionat amb una cad&#232;ncia de gambada m&#233;s alta&#44; tant a velocitat de cursa alta com a velocitat baixa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span>&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; c&#243;rrer descal&#231; redueix el temps de vol i causa un pic de for&#231;a menor i una preactivaci&#243; major del tr&#237;ceps sural&#44; que c&#243;rrer cal&#231;at<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Un estudi recent assenyala que una intervenci&#243; de sis setmanes de simulaci&#243; d&#8217;entrenament descal&#231;&#44; amb cal&#231;at Vibram de cinc dits&#44; s&#8217;associa amb una disminuci&#243; significativa de les taxes de c&#224;rrega i les forces d&#8217;impacte<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46; Un altre estudi es pregunta sobre el proc&#233;s en qu&#232; s&#8217;esdevenen les adaptacions biomec&#224;niques i si aquestes adaptacions poden ser apreses per tothom<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#46; Encara s&#8217;ha de veure de quina manera l&#8217;entrenament basat en el c&#243;rrer descal&#231; pot modificar la cinem&#224;tica de la cursa tradicional amb cal&#231;at&#46; Hi ha molts aspectes relacionats amb la forma en qu&#232; els esportistes adapten les variables cinem&#224;tiques per c&#243;rrer despr&#233;s d&#8217;entrenaments espec&#237;fics descal&#231;os&#44; per&#242; encara no hi ha evid&#232;ncia dels efectes a llarg termini de c&#243;rrer descal&#231; pel que fa a la biomec&#224;nica o a conseq&#252;&#232;ncies per a la salut<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span>&#46; Aquesta percepci&#243; podria millorar amb l&#8217;estudi de la difer&#232;ncia cinem&#224;tica despr&#233;s d&#8217;un programa d&#8217;entrenament descal&#231; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">barefoot training program</span> &#91;BTP&#93;&#41; controlat i suficientment llarg&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tenint en compte la informaci&#243; anterior&#44; vam plantejar la hip&#242;tesi que les adaptacions neuromusculars de BTP podrien ser responsables del canvi en les variables cinem&#224;tiques dels cal&#231;ats en la postintervenci&#243;&#46; Per tant&#44; el prop&#242;sit d&#8217;aquest estudi &#233;s determinar si&#44; despr&#233;s de la intervenci&#243; de 12 setmanes descal&#231;&#44; les variables esmentades es modifiquen fins i tot quan s&#8217;utilitza cal&#231;at per c&#243;rrer&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Materials i m&#232;tode</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Aquest estudi experimental es realitz&#224; seguint la normativa de la Declaraci&#243; d&#8217;H&#232;lsinki &#40;versi&#243; de 2013&#41; i les directrius de la Comunitat Europea per a una bona pr&#224;ctica cl&#237;nica &#40;111&#47;3976&#47;88 de juliol de 1990&#41;&#44; aix&#237; com el marc jur&#237;dic espanyol per a la investigaci&#243; cl&#237;nica en humans &#40;Reial Decret 561&#47;1993 sobre assajos cl&#237;nics&#41;&#46; El consentiment informat i l&#8217;estudi foren aprovats pel Comit&#232; de Bio&#232;tica de la Universitat de Ja&#233;n &#40;Espanya&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Participants</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Trenta&#173;nou corredors entrenats del sud&#173;est d&#8217;Espanya van participar volunt&#224;riament en aquest estudi i foren assignats aleat&#242;riament per simple mostreig aleatori al grup experimental &#40;GE&#41; i al grup de control &#40;GC&#41;&#46; Les caracter&#237;stiques principals dels participants eren edat 35&#44;64 &#177; 11&#44;67 anys &#40;mitjana &#177; desviaci&#243; est&#224;ndard&#41;&#59; &#237;ndex de massa corporal 22&#44;93 &#177; 2&#44;43 kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#59; km per setmana 60&#44;18 &#177; 20&#44;41&#59; sessions per setmana 5&#44;47 &#177; 1&#44;29&#44; i competicions per any 13&#44;08 &#177; 10&#44;50&#46; Nom&#233;s dos atletes del GE van abandonar el programa per malaltia&#46; Sis persones del GC no van acabar&#44; a causa de malaltia durant la intervenci&#243; &#40;n &#61; 1&#41;&#44; o no van realitzar la prova posterior &#40;n &#61; 3&#41; o les dades eren corrompudes o il&#183;legibles &#40;n &#61; 2&#41;&#46; Es van excloure totes les dades dels atletes que van abandonar &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figura 1&#46; Progr&#233;s del diagrama de flux dels participants a l’estudi&#46;" src="278v53n199-90463095fig1.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 1&#46; </span>Progr&#233;s del diagrama de flux dels participants a l&#8217;estudi&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els criteris d&#8217;inclusi&#243; foren&#58; a&#41; tots els participants eren corredors habitualment cal&#231;ats &#40;cal&#231;at amb amortiment&#41;&#59; b&#41; sense lesions significatives durant els &#250;ltims tres mesos i sense dany o dolor que pogu&#233;s interferir correctament el seguiment del protocol d&#8217;entrenament descal&#231;&#44; i c&#41; amb un nivell esportiu verificable m&#237;nim &#40;poden haver participat al campionats d&#8217;atletisme regionals o nacionals en els &#250;ltims quatre anys&#41;&#46; Cada participant va signar un consentiment informat per participar en aquesta recerca&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mesuraments</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Es deman&#224; als participants que no realitzessin un esfor&#231; f&#237;sic fort les 72 h anteriors a la presa de dades del pretest i del posttest<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span>&#46; Es deman&#224; als participants que correguessin de forma consistent a una velocitat c&#242;moda de recuperaci&#243; i de competici&#243;&#44; escollida per ells mateixos&#44; els 1&#46;500 m de longitud<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span> per simular amb la major fidelitat possible la seva recuperaci&#243; habitual i el ritme competitiu&#44; i despr&#233;s van comen&#231;ar a c&#243;rrer en una cinta de c&#243;rrer &#40;Salter E&#173;Line PT&#173;320&#44; Salter International&#44; Barcelona&#44; Espanya&#41;&#46; Quan els participants autoseleccionaren la velocitat de cursa&#44; sembla que els calgueren menys intents abans de completar els assaigs necessaris per recopilar les dades&#44; en comparaci&#243; amb quan els subjectes corrien a la velocitat estandarditzada seleccionada pels investigadors<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#46; Ambdues velocitats de cursa es realitzaren amb el cal&#231;at d&#8217;entrenament habitual&#46; Les gravacions dels atletes es van realitzar des del pl&#224;nol sagital i posterior a una velocitat de c&#224;meres de v&#237;deo de 240 Hz &#40;Casio Exilim EX&#173;F1&#44; Shibuya&#173;ku&#44; T&#242;quio 151&#173;8543&#44; Jap&#243;&#41;&#46; Les c&#224;meres es van col&#183;locar a dos metres de la cinta a nivell del s&#242;l&#46; Es van col&#183;locar unes marques a terra per indicar el punt exacte de les c&#224;meres&#46; Les dades de v&#237;deo es van examinar mitjan&#231;ant un programa d&#8217;edici&#243; de v&#237;deo 2D &#40;VideoSpeed vs&#46; 1&#46;38&#44; ErgoSport&#44; Granada&#44; Espanya&#41;&#46; Abans dels enregistraments&#44; els esportistes van escalfar i es van habituar a la cinta i a la velocitat en cada situaci&#243; durant uns 8 min&#46; Es va escollir un per&#237;ode de 8 min perqu&#232; estudis previs sobre la locomoci&#243; humana han demostrat que l&#8217;habituaci&#243; a una nova condici&#243; es produeix dins d&#8217;aquest per&#237;ode<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span>&#46; S&#8217;inform&#224; els participants que havien de continuar corrent en cada prova sense aturades&#46; Es permet&#233; que els participants lliurement ajustessin la velocitat&#44; amunt i avall&#44; fins que trobessin la velocitat que coincid&#237;s amb la seva velocitat percebuda a terra&#44; que s&#8217;ha demostrat que millora la repetibilitat de les variables cinem&#224;tiques<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#46; La velocitat s&#8217;increment&#224; de la velocitat de recuperaci&#243; a la velocitat de competici&#243;&#46; Es van mesurar vuit etapes de cada atleta en estat de velocitat alta i baixa&#46; D&#8217;acord amb estudis anteriors&#44; les variables estudiades foren&#58; temps de contacte total &#40;temps en qu&#232; el peu est&#224; en contacte amb el s&#242;l&#41; dividit en tres moments diferents &#40;fase d&#8217;aterratge&#44; posici&#243; de recolzament&#44; fase d&#8217;enlairament&#41;&#59; temps de vol &#40;temps en qu&#232; no hi ha contacte amb el s&#242;l&#41;&#59; durada de la passa &#40;temps total de moviment de les extremitats inferiors incloent&#173;hi la fase de vol i la de contacte&#41;&#44; i cad&#232;ncia &#40;nombre de passes per minut&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;10&#44;20</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Procediments</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> D&#8217;acord amb Lieberman<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>&#44; el BTP consist&#237; en incloure progressivament a l&#8217;entrenament setmanal habitual del GE un augment de temps de c&#243;rrer descal&#231; sobre una superf&#237;cie de gespa &#40;taula 1&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 1&#46; Protocol d’entrenament setmanal utilitzat durant l’estudi&#46;" src="278v53n199-90463095fig2.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Durant les &#250;ltimes setmanes es van afegir exercicis m&#233;s intensos&#44; com ara curses progressives&#46; L&#8217;investigador principal va revisar la implementaci&#243; del BTP i control&#224; el risc de mals i dolors importants&#46; Abans de l&#8217;inici del protocol es va celebrar una reuni&#243; amb els atletes del GE per assessorar&#173;los sobre l&#8217;entrenament i es van donar explicacions i respondre totes les preguntes&#46; El GC nom&#233;s va realitzar l&#8217;entrenament diari normal&#46; Es va informar els atletes del possible augment del risc de lesi&#243; a causa dels possibles canvis en el patr&#243; de la cursa i la gambada&#46; S&#8217;aconsell&#224; disminuir la intensitat de l&#8217;entrenament o fins i tot abandonar&#173;lo&#44; quan hi hagu&#233;s dolor o lesi&#243;&#46; Durant el BTP als participants no se&#8217;ls va permetre canviar de sabatilles&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">An&#224;lisi estad&#237;stica</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Les dades van ser analitzades amb el programa estad&#237;stic SPSS de Windows&#44; v&#46;19&#46;0 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; EUA&#41; i el nivell de significaci&#243; s&#8217;establ&#237; en p &#60; 0&#44;05&#46; Les dades es mostren en estad&#237;stiques descriptives de mitjana i desviaci&#243; est&#224;ndard &#40;DE&#41;&#46; Abans de les an&#224;lisis es realitzaren els tests de distribuci&#243; normal i homogene&#239;tat &#40;Kolmogorov&#173;Smirnov i Levene&#44; respectivament&#41; sobre totes les dades&#46; Es realitz&#224; una an&#224;lisi de la vari&#224;ncia &#40;ANOVA&#41; de mesures repetides entre pretest i posttest&#44; en GE i GC&#44; prenent com a variable dependent la condici&#243; experimental&#44; i els par&#224;metres cinem&#224;tics com a variables independents&#46; Es realitz&#224; el test t d&#8217;Student per determinar les difer&#232;ncies de velocitat&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultats</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> No hi ha difer&#232;ncies significatives entre grups en relaci&#243; a la velocitat confortable &#40;GE &#61; 11&#44;21 &#177; 1&#44;28 km&#47;h vs&#46; GC &#61; 10&#44;97 &#177; 1&#44;20 km&#47;h&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;611&#41; i velocitat de competici&#243; &#40;GE &#61; 15&#44;56 &#177; 2&#44;08 km&#47;h vs&#46; GC &#61; 15&#44;45 &#177; 1&#44;67 km&#47;h&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;873&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> A la taula 2 es presenten els resultats del BTP&#46; En el pre&#173;test no es van trobar difer&#232;ncies significatives en cap variable&#46; En el posttest&#44; nom&#233;s la durada de la fase d&#8217;aterratge a l&#8217;alta velocitat mostr&#224; difer&#232;ncies significatives&#44; GE assol&#237; un temps m&#233;s breu que GC despr&#233;s del BTP &#40;0&#44;032 &#177; 0&#44;007 s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> 0&#44;038 &#177; 0&#44;006 s&#41;&#46; En relaci&#243; a les difer&#232;ncies dins el grup&#44; GC mostr&#224; un increment en la fase de recolzament a baixa velocitat &#40;&#916; &#61; 0&#44;014 s&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;024&#41; i una reducci&#243; del temps de vol a alta velocitat &#40;&#916; &#61; &#8722;0&#44;014 s&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;034&#41;&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; GE assol&#237; una reducci&#243; de la fase d&#8217;aterratge a alta velocitat &#40;&#916; &#61; &#8722;0&#44;008 s&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;004&#41;&#46; No es presentaren altres difer&#232;ncies significatives despr&#233;s del BTP&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 2&#46; Resultat de les variables temporals" src="278v53n199-90463095fig3.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Discussi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> El prop&#242;sit d&#8217;aquest estudi fou determinar els efectes de 12 setmanes de BTP en les variables cinem&#224;tiques dels corredors de llarga dist&#224;ncia&#46; La principal troballa d&#8217;aquest estudi mostr&#224; que 12 setmanes de BTP no alteren significativament les variables cinem&#224;tiques dels corredors de llarga dist&#224;ncia&#46; Nom&#233;s GE assol&#237; una reducci&#243; de la fase d&#8217;aterratge en la velocitat alta&#59; no es trobaren altres difer&#232;ncies significatives despr&#233;s de BTP&#46; Altres estudis tampoc no trobaren canvis en la for&#231;a i la propiocepci&#243; despr&#233;s de 8 setmanes de BTP progressiu sobre superf&#237;cie de gespa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span> o canvis biomec&#224;nics&#44; despr&#233;s d&#8217;un programa de vuit setmanes de c&#243;rrer descal&#231; introdu&#239;t de manera progressiva<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span>&#46; De la mateixa manera&#44; altres estudis mostraren que no es van trobar canvis biomec&#224;nics en el grup d&#8217;intervenci&#243; despr&#233;s de 8 setmanes de BTP progressiu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#46; Tanmateix&#44; s&#8217;ha demostrat que una intervenci&#243; de 12 setmanes d&#8217;entrenament simulat i controlat de cursa descal&#231; fou suficient per provocar canvis significatius en la cinem&#224;tica de les extremitats inferiors&#44; no nom&#233;s durant la cursa descal&#231;&#44; sin&#243; tamb&#233; durant la cursa amb cal&#231;at normal amortidor<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span>&#46; Aquests resultats controvertits indiquen que els futurs estudis s&#8217;haurien de plantejar l&#8217;aclariment dels dubtes sobre l&#8217;efecte del BTP sobre les variables cinem&#224;tiques&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els autors suggereixen que la manca d&#8217;efectes significatius en aquest estudi pot ser deguda a diversos punts&#58; a&#41; el cal&#231;at anul&#183;la aquest efecte&#59; b&#41; insufici&#232;ncia de la durada del BTP&#59; c&#41; insufici&#232;ncia de la c&#224;rrega del programa d&#8217;entrenament&#59; d&#41; efecte de la superf&#237;cie d&#8217;entrenament&#46; Quan els atletes corren descal&#231;os&#44; la duresa de la superf&#237;cie per on corren causa una alteraci&#243; del patr&#243; de trepitjada&#46; En estudis previs&#44; nom&#233;s el 20&#37; dels participants corregueren amb un model de mediopeu o avantpeu sobre superf&#237;cie tova&#44; mentre que el 65&#37; dels participants corrien amb patrons de mediopeu o d&#8217;avantpeu sobre superf&#237;cie dura<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span>&#46; La superf&#237;cie emprada en aquest estudi fou la gespa&#44; que pot ser un factor significatiu per no causar cap alteraci&#243; en el patr&#243; de la cinem&#224;tica del corredor&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Una &#224;rea inexplorada de la teoria de c&#243;rrer descal&#231; &#233;s el proc&#233;s pel qual es produeixen adaptacions biomec&#224;niques i si aquestes s&#243;n universalment conegudes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>&#46; Aix&#237;&#44; la cursa cinem&#224;tica associada a la cursa descal&#231;a pot ser una habilitat que es pot entrenar i requereix un entrenament adaptatiu amb canvis en l&#8217;activaci&#243; neuromuscular dels m&#250;sculs del panxell per facilitar la flexi&#243; plantar abans d&#8217;impactar en el s&#242;l&#46; En aquest sentit&#44; quan es produeixen suficients passes descal&#231; en relaci&#243; amb les passes cal&#231;at&#44; es produeix una major activaci&#243; pr&#232;via dels m&#250;sculs del tr&#237;ceps sural&#44; la qual cosa pot comportar una reducci&#243; del pic d&#8217;impacte i la disminuci&#243; subseg&#252;ent de l&#8217;estr&#232;s mec&#224;nic durant la cursa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> A difer&#232;ncia d&#8217;estudis recents en qu&#232; es relacionen nombrosos problemes amb una incid&#232;ncia major d&#8217;edema de medul&#183;la &#242;ssia degut a protocols d&#8217;entrenament descal&#231; i c&#224;rregues incontrolades&#44; una troballa positiva d&#8217;aquest estudi pot ser la no detecci&#243; de problemes f&#237;sics o lesions en atletes associats amb el disseny d&#8217;un programa d&#8217;entrenament descal&#231;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>&#46; En general&#44; cal una c&#224;rrega de treball suficient per provocar canvis en la cinem&#224;tica de les extremitats inferiors i el disseny d&#8217;un protocol d&#8217;entrenament que no causi danys&#46; Respecte a la progressi&#243; correcta de la condici&#243; de cal&#231;at a descal&#231;&#44; un pas previ per a l&#8217;adaptaci&#243; a la cursa descal&#231;a podria ser un cal&#231;at minimalista&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Finalment&#44; cal tenir en compte algunes limitacions&#44; com ara les t&#232;cniques 2D en l&#8217;an&#224;lisi del v&#237;deo&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; &#233;s molt dif&#237;cil saber quina quantitat d&#8217;entrenament descal&#231; i quina intensitat ha executat cada subjecte&#46; Caldria estandarditzar l&#8217;entrenament amb cautela per controlar el progr&#233;s i els problemes de cada atleta&#44; ja que cada corredor progressa de manera diferent&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; no s&#8217;han incl&#242;s mesures de for&#231;a que tamb&#233; seria interessant d&#8217;avaluar&#44; atesa la seva relaci&#243; amb el risc de lesi&#243;&#46; Tanmateix&#44; els punts forts del nostre estudi s&#243;n que proporciona una nova informaci&#243; sobre els protocols de transici&#243; de cal&#231;at a descal&#231; i proporciona una nova visi&#243; sobre el debat ja obert sobre c&#243;rrer descal&#231; sense altres intervencions&#44; com ara entrenament pliom&#232;tric o neuromuscular&#46; Pel que sabem&#44; hi ha informaci&#243; limitada sobre els programes de transici&#243; a descal&#231; i aquest estudi ajudar&#224; a augmentar el coneixement sobre aquesta tend&#232;ncia en augment&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tot i que cap esportista no va sofrir cap dany durant la intervenci&#243; de l&#8217;estudi de 12 setmanes de BTP&#44; basat en l&#8217;addici&#243; d&#8217;un temps de c&#243;rrer descal&#231; al final de l&#8217;entrenament diari&#44; no va ser suficient per provocar canvis cr&#242;nics en la cinem&#224;tica de les extremitats inferiors&#44; nom&#233;s en la fase d&#8217;aterratge a alta velocitat &#40;que fou m&#233;s baixa&#41;&#46; Els autors suggereixen que el cal&#231;at esportiu pot reduir els efectes cr&#242;nics de c&#243;rrer descal&#231;&#46; D&#8217;altra banda&#44; &#233;s necessari augmentar el volum de c&#224;rrega de treball o c&#243;rrer en superf&#237;cies m&#233;s dures per produir canvis m&#233;s cr&#242;nics&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicte d&#8217;interessos</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els autors declaren que no tenen cap conflicte d&#8217;interessos&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Rebut el 12 d&#8217;agost de 2017&#59;<br></br> acceptat el 27 de novembre de 2017</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> &#42; Autor per a la correspond&#232;ncia&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><br></br> Correu electr&#242;nic&#58; </span><a href="mailto&#58;mmj00006&#64;red&#46;ujaen&#46;es" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">mmj00006&#64;red&#46;ujaen&#46;es</a> &#40;M&#46;M&#46; Jim&#233;nez&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> Introducci&#243;&#58; Hi ha escassa informaci&#243; sobre els programes de la transici&#243; de c&#243;rrer cal&#231;at a descal&#231;&#44; i aquest estudi vol ajudar a augmentar el coneixement d&#8217;aquesta tend&#232;ncia que va en augment&#46; Per tant&#44; l&#8217;objectiu d&#8217;aquest estudi fou determinar l&#8217;efecte d&#8217;un programa d&#8217;entrenament descal&#231;&#44; de 12 setmanes&#44; sobre les variables cin&#232;tiques dels corredors de llarga dist&#224;ncia&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Materials i m&#232;tode&#58; Un total de 32 corredors de llarga dist&#224;ncia&#44; ben entrenats i habitualment cal&#231;ats&#44; foren distribu&#239;ts aleat&#242;riament en un grup control i un grup experimental per dur a terme un programa d&#8217;entrenament per c&#243;rrer descal&#231;&#46; Durant les proves pr&#232;vies i posteriors&#44; tots els participants realitzaren les proves a velocitats de cursa&#44; de recuperaci&#243; i competitiva&#44; autoseleccionades&#44; amb cal&#231;at esportiu&#44; en un cinta ergom&#232;trica&#46; Ambdues situacions es registraren amb un sistema de qualificaci&#243; per v&#237;deo de 240 Hz&#44; i s&#8217;analitzaren mitjan&#231;ant un programa d&#8217;edici&#243; de v&#237;deo 2D amb t&#232;cniques fotogram&#232;triques&#46; Es mesur&#224; el temps de contacte&#44; la durada de la passa i la cad&#232;ncia&#44; mitjan&#231;ant l&#8217;an&#224;lisi de la vari&#224;ncia &#40;ANOVA&#41; de mesures repetides&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Resultats&#58; A la prova posterior&#44; nom&#233;s la durada de la fase d&#8217;aterratge a alta velocitat reflect&#237; una difer&#232;ncia significativa&#44; aconseguint el grup experimental un temps inferior al del grup control despr&#233;s del programa d&#8217;entrenament de c&#243;rrer descal&#231; &#40;0&#44;032 &#177; 0&#44;007 s enfront a 0&#44;038 &#177; 0&#44;006 s&#41;&#46; En relaci&#243; a les difer&#232;ncies entre grups&#44; el grup control reflect&#237; un increment en la durada de la fase de recolzament a velocitat baixa &#40;&#916; &#61; 0&#44;014 s&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;024&#41; i una reducci&#243; del temps de vol a velocitat alta &#40;&#916; &#61; &#8722;0&#44;014s&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;034&#41;&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; el grup experimental assol&#237; una reducci&#243; de la durada en la fase d&#8217;aterratge a velocitat alta &#40;&#916; &#61; &#8722;0&#44;008s&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;004&#41;&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Conclusions&#58; Un programa de c&#243;rrer descal&#231; de 12 setmanes modifica la durada de la fase d&#8217;aterratge a velocitat alta&#44; que &#233;s m&#233;s curta en els corredors de llarga dist&#224;ncia&#46; En canvi&#44; els corredors que no realitzaren l&#8217;entrenament reflectiren un increment de la durada en la fase de recolzament a velocitat baixa&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> Introduction&#58; There is limited information about barefoot transition programs and this study will help to increase knowledge about this growing trend&#46; The purpose of this study was&#44; therefore&#44; to determine the effect of a twelve&#173;week barefoot training program on kinematic variables in long&#173;distance runners&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Materials and methods&#58; A total of 32 well&#173;trained&#44; habitually shod&#44; long&#173;distance runners&#44; randomized in a control group and an experimental group who undertook a barefoot training program&#46; At pre&#173;test and post&#173;test&#44; all participants&#44; wearing their usual sneakers&#44; performed running tests at self&#173;selected recovery and competitive running speeds on a treadmill&#46; Both conditions were recorded with a 240 Hz video rate system and analyzed using a 2&#173;D video editing program using photogrammetric techniques&#46; Contact time&#44; flight time&#44; step duration and cadence were measured using an analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41; with repeated measures was performed&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Results&#58; In posttest&#44; only the duration of landing phase at high speed showed significant difference&#44; the experimental group achieved a shorter time than the control group after the barefoot training program &#40;0&#46;032 &#177; 0&#46;007 s vs&#46; 0&#46;038 &#177; 0&#46;006 s&#41;&#46; In relation to within&#173;group differences&#44; the control group showed an increase of duration of stance phase at low speed &#40;&#916; &#61; 0&#46;014 s&#44; P &#61; &#46;024&#41; and a reduction of flight time at high speed &#40;&#916; &#61; &#8722;0&#46;014 s&#44; P &#61; &#46;034&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; the experimental group achieved a reduction of duration of landing phase at high speed &#40;&#916; &#61; &#8722;0&#46;008 s&#44; P &#61; &#46;004&#41;&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Conclusions&#58; A twelve&#173;week program of barefoot running changes the duration of the landing phase at high speed&#44; being shorter in long&#173;distance runners&#46; In contrast&#44; the runners who did not undertake the training showed an increase of duration of stance phase at low speed&#46;</p>"
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ISSN: X8866581
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