Determining the ventilatory inter-threshold area in individuals with different endurance capacities

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Benito Peinado, María I. Barriopedro Moro, J. Butragueño Revenga, Nuno Koch Esteves, Francisco J. Calderón Montero" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Irma Lorenzo" "apellidos" => "Capellá" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Pedro J." "apellidos" => "Benito Peinado" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "María I." "apellidos" => "Barriopedro Moro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J. Butragueño" "apellidos" => "Revenga" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Nuno Koch" "apellidos" => "Esteves" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Francisco J." "apellidos" => "Calderón Montero" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "franciscojavier.calderon@upm.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Doctora en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Salud y Rendimiento Humano, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Sociales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University London, UK" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Determinación del área ventilatoria interumbral en individuos con diferentes capacidades de resistencia" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1321 "Ancho" => 2505 "Tamanyo" => 109745 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Elemental procedure for calculating the ITA for the function VO2/VE." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe term ‘anaerobic threshold’ was initially coined by Wasserman and McIlroy (1964) using the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) to detect the beginning of anaerobic metabolism in patients with cardiac problems performing stress tests.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">1</a> Later, Wasserman, Whipp, Koyl and Beaver (1973), defined the anaerobic threshold as: (1) a non-linear increase in ventilation (VE), (2) a non-linear increase in the removal of CO2 (VCO2), (3) an increase in the partial pressure of O2 during a series of breaths (PetO2), with no corresponding drop in the partial pressure of CO2 (PetCO2), (4) an increase in the RER, positively correlating to work load (all during an incremental exercise test). In contrast, Skinner and McLellan (1980) developed the triphasic model which uses gaseous exchange (breathing) variables, thus distinguishing the two thresholds: the Ventilatory Threshold 1 (VT1) and the Ventilatory Threshold 2 (VT2). Unfortunately, in the literature, VT1 and VT2 are known by different names which has led to much ambiguity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">2</a>It is assumed that VT1 and VT2 are influenced by changes in the concentration of lactic acid in the blood.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150">3–5</a> Ideally, the ventilatory thresholds (VTs), which mark the boundaries of the aerobic–anaerobic transition, should be as close as possible to the maximum oxygen consumption value (VO2max). This is so the body may experience conditions where oxygen can be used efficiently for as long as possible. Acidosis begins when VT1 is surpassed, and at this stage compensatory hyperventilation facilitates the continuation of exercise as lactic acid builds up.Several studies have provided descriptive data for VT1 and VT2 in different groups of athletes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">6–11</a>; however, the literature appears to contain no reports referring to the relationship between these thresholds, nor does it suggest if there is an ideal relationship between the VTs. As suggested in a review article<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">12</a> the VT1 can vary between 0.5% and 22% in relation to VO2max, while the variation of the VT2 ranges from 2.5% to 12.8%, and with specific reference to this review, these variations occur over one or more competitive seasons. Furthermore, a parameter known as the Inter-Threshold Area (ITA) has been said to connect the VTs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">13</a> The ITA is expressed as the area between VT1 and VT2 for the function: ventilation/oxygen uptake (VE/VO2 in L2min2).According to this rationale, the general aim of this study was to examine the ITA, and to report the values of inter-ventilatory threshold in a large sample of male athletes who specialize in different sports. The data was collected through subject completion of a maximal incremental exercise test until exhaustion. Our investigation followed a verified protocol proposed by Peinado et al. (2014). We hypothesized that athletes who participate in typical endurance-dominant sports, e.g., cycling and athletics (track), will display higher VT1 and VT2 values; as well as the ITA being a suitable variable to indicate metabolic status during a maximal incremental exercise test.Material and methodsParticipants606 men completed a maximal incremental exercise test until exhaustion using a cycloergometer (Jaeger ER 800, Germany) or a treadmill (H/P/COSMOS 3PW 4.0, H/P/Cosmos Sports & Medical, Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany): 251 cyclists, 104 triathletes, 53 swimmers, 51 track athletes, 17 basketball players, 26 football players, 12 gymnasts and 92 physical education (PE) students. All tests were performed under similar atmospheric conditions (temperature 22.8±0.6°C; relative humidity 62.5±4.4%; barometric pressure 703.54±7.41mmHg). All subjects were informed about the nature of the study and gave their signed consent for participation, in accordance with the norms set out by the Declaration of Helsinki regarding research involving human subjects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">14</a> All mentioned procedures in the present research were approved by our Local Ethics Committee.Instruments and parametersAll participants performed a maximal incremental exercise test to determine their maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and VTs. Verbal encouragement was provided to ensure that maximal effort was reached. Gas exchange data was continuously collected during each test using an automated breath-by-breath system (Jaeger Oxycon Pro gas analyser, Erich Jaeger, Viasys Healthcare, Germany). The volume signal and gas analysers were calibrated with a syringe of known precision and volume of analyzed gas mixture, respectively. The values were averaged for a 60s period. A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG; Viasys Healthcare, Germany) was continuously recording during the tests to determine the Heart Rate (HR). At least two of the following criteria were required for the attainment of VO2max: the plateau in VO2 values despite increasing workload, RER≥1.1, or the attainment of 95% of the maximum theoretical heart rate (HRmax).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">7,15</a> The VTs were determined according to the criteria proposed by Davis (1985) and Siegler, Gaskill and Ruby (2003), whilst VO2max obtained were determined according to Lucia et al. (2006), and were set in a specific manner in order to achieve the point of maximal agreement between the different methods of assessment. The results from all the tests were evaluated by two researchers in a double blind process. The coefficient of variation between the assessments of these two researchers and those of a highly-experienced expert was 1.3%.The calculation for ITA as well as the correction (CITA) was performed according to the elementary model proposed by Peinado et al. (2014): the area under the curve (the ITA) for the functions VO2/VE (L2min2), load÷VO2 (WLmin2) and Load/VE (WLmin2). It is calculated as the sum of the area of the triangle and the rectangle below the function VE/load (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">13</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Statistical analysisData were tested for normality, based on skewness (−2<z<2) and kurtosis (−2<z<2) using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The Pearson's bivariate correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between performance variables, VO2 and the ITA. Differences between the results of the two subject groups were compared using the Independent Samples Student t Test. Effect sizes between the different methods of expressing the VTs were calculated using Cohen's d; using the means and the pooled standard deviations of the measurements from the conditions. Cohen's d was corrected for dependence among means by using the correlation between the two means. Interpretation of Cohen's d: an effect size of less than 0.33 is considered small, while 0.33–0.55 is considered moderate and effect sizes of 0.56–1.2 are considered large. Comparisons were two-tailed. All data were prepared and analyzed using SPSS v15.0® (SPSS Worldwide Headquarters, Chicago, IL) software. The significance level for all studies was set at p<0.05.Results<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the anthropometric variables and VO2max for the sample, divided into two categories, sports with a high endurance component and sport with a low endurance component. For endurance sports, VO2max values are relatively higher for cyclists (71.89±8.84mL/min/kg) compared to triathletes (65.37±8.39mL/min/kg), swimmers (53.91±7.54mL/min/kg) and track athletes (61.21±9.07mL/min/kg). In sports with a smaller endurance component, basketball players reported higher VO2max values (58.33±5.56mL/min/kg) than those obtained by soccer players (56.5±5.03mL/min/kg). PE students and gymnasts expressed the lowest VO2max values.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> show the values obtained from the VTs and ITA for the two groups according to the endurance component. In descending order, reported VT1 values are as follows: track athletes (65.0±8.6%), triathletes (58.6±9.3%), cyclists (56.0±7.5%), and swimmers (55.4±7.7%). The cyclists displayed the highest ITA values (35.75±17.11L2min2) in comparison to triathletes (31.10±15.86L2min2), track athletes (23.07±12.30L2min2) and swimmers (16.11±12.67L2min2). Athletics (track) (65.0±8.6%) and basketball (64.6±10.2%) displayed a higher aerobic threshold (%) in comparison to the other sports. With regards to the different sports and anaerobic threshold percentages, many differences were reported. In addition, basketball players and tracks athletes presented high average ITA values with respect to other sports (30.23±13.70L2min2, 23.07±11.06L2min2) (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The values of the inter-ventilatory threshold area were significantly higher for subjects with a high endurance capacity, for both the absolute values (t300=3–88, p<0.001, d=0.37) and for the corrected (T298=4.31; p<0.001; d=0.41). Both the VT2 and VT1 (in percentages with respect to the VO2max) were significantly higher for subjects with a high resistance (t604=1.85; p=0.033, d=0.18) in comparison to those with a low resistance (t213=2.06, p=0.022, d=0.20). The absolute values of VT2 and VT1, too, were significantly higher for subjects with a high endurance in comparison to those with a low endurance (T198=7.37; p<0.001, d=0.70 and T604=6.07; p<0.001 d=0.58).Although significant (p<0.001), the study of correlational analysis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>) indicates a very low ITA, in relation to the values of VT1 and VT2 expressed in absolute (ml/min) or relative (%) values. Only the correlation between ITA and VT2 (ml/min) can be considered as strong and appropriate (r=0.601). Moderate effects were found for the inter-ventilatory threshold area (d=0.41) and very low values for the VTs (d=0.20), expressed in percentages with respect to VO2 max. Cohen's d value was higher for VTs in absolute values (ml/min VO2) (d=0.58).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThe aim of this study was to examine the ITA and, to report the values of inter-ventilatory threshold in a large sample of male athletes who specialize in different sports. We propose that the aerobic–anaerobic transition should be examined through the calculation of the ITA, between VT1 and VT2. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence of a relationship between the VTs in a large sample of healthy individuals with different levels of physical fitness, specifically referring to endurance capacity.The inter-ventilatory threshold areaIdeally, the VTs, which mark the boundaries of the aerobic–anaerobic transition, should be as close as possible to the VO2max; as such so that the body may experience conditions where oxygen can be used efficiently for as long as possible. During acidosis, which begins when VT1 is surpassed, compensatory hyperventilation facilitates the continuation of exercise as lactic acid builds up. Therefore, it is plausible to argue that a higher ITA is the result of a greater capacity to undertake endurance tests, and illustrates that the subject is able to compensate for the increase in the lactic acid. Thus, a strong correlation exists between lactate and VTs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150">3–5,16</a> Once the VT2 is surpassed, the plasma lactic acid concentration increases markedly. This is the result of increased lactic acid production and a decreased rate of clearance. As a result, our research demonstrates that the highest ITA values are found in cyclists and triathletes; sports where high endurance capacity is vital for high-level performance. However, one cannot simply explain the high value of ITA reported in basketball players, as basketball is not considered as endurance dominant.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">17</a>The highest ITA values were obtained for cycling, followed by triathlon and basketball. Athletics (track) and basketball reported the highest aerobic threshold values (%) in relation to VO2max, above all other sports (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). There is a significant difference between the results of the anaerobic threshold (%) and the peak oxygen consumption between sports.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The ventilatory thresholds (% in respect to VO2max)Mean values for cyclists’ aerobic threshold, expressed in percentages, were 56.6±7.5%. Our results are similar to those reported by Zapico et al. (2007): November–December (50±2.4%), January–February (61±2.1%) and May–June (56±2%). However, they are well below the values by Pardo (2001): November–December (76.1±1.3%) January–February (72±1.5%) and May–June (73.1±1.3%); who analyzed the evolution of aerobic–anaerobic transition throughout a competitive season. Our results also differ from those found by Withers et al. (1981) (66.3%), and Simon et al. (1986) (65.8%). The differences may be due to variations in the terminology and methodology used to determine the aerobic–anaerobic transition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">2</a> The relationships between the ITA for the function VO2/VE and the VT2 (associated with present ergospirometric variables) are explained by the fact that a higher VT2 results in a larger ITA. The positions of VT1 and VT2 in the cyclists, in the present investigation, are similar to those reported in other studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">9,11,18–20</a> Overall, the ITA of the cyclists was higher in comparison to the other sports with lower endurance characteristics.In our research, the mean values for the triathletes’ aerobic and anaerobic thresholds, expressed in percentages, were 58.6±9.3% and 86.0±6.4%, respectively. Galy et al. (2003) investigated the evolution of the physiological parameters over seasonal parameters, and found an aerobic threshold rate ranging from 73.8±0.2% and 75.6±0.2%; and for the anaerobic threshold of 79±0.2% and 88.9±0.2. It is plausible to assume that the differences in reported aerobic threshold values, between the investigations, are a result of the method used to determine the aerobic–anaerobic transition. We discovered that the method used was the same as ours.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">21</a> Other studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245">22–25</a> reported large variations in VTs (ranging between 61% and 81%). Again, the differences and variability can be explained by nomenclature used in terms of aerobic–anaerobic transition,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">2</a> the methods for determining the thresholds<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">21</a> and the mode of exercise.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">26</a>For swimming, soccer, gymnastics, athletics (track), and PE, the percentages of the aerobic threshold, with respect to VO2max, were very similar (ranged between 51.7% and 55.8%), but lower than endurance-specific sports. Therefore, the higher values obtained for this parameter in the aerobic–anaerobic transition are for athletics (track) (65.0±8.6%) and basketball (64.6±10.2%). The mean percentage of the anaerobic threshold is very similar for all sports (ranging from 80% to 89%). Our results are in accordance with those reported by Bunc et al. (1987) where a total of 223 highly trained track athletes were studied. In particular, the anaerobic threshold percentage values ranged between 80.5% and 86.6%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">6</a> Track athletes and basketball players have the highest aerobic threshold percentage values with respect to the VO2max, above all other sports. Between sports, there is a significant difference in reported anaerobic threshold percentages from the peak oxygen consumption.Expression of the ventilatory thresholdsIn this study, we assessed the degree of association between VTs in the two categories of track athletes studied. We believe that the manner one expresses the VTs can result in significantly different outputs. The calculation of the ITA aims to aid and explain the high values commonly found in endurance track athletes. One would expect that track athletes with a greater endurance component (in both training and competition) would report significantly high relative values. However, no significant differences between groups with a high and low endurance component were reported for both VT1 (59±8.3% versus 56.8±9.4%), and VT2 (85.5±6.5% versus 84.6±6.3%).In this study, individuals with a low endurance capacity displayed an average VT1 value of 55.94±10.3 and VT2 value of 84.26±6.9, respectively; while individuals with a high endurance capacity had values of 57.88±8.5 and 85.4±6.4, respectively. When the effect size is calculated, the average athlete with a high endurance capacity would approximately exceed 58% (d=0.20; 57.8%) of the sample of athletes with a low endurance capacity. Therefore, it is not convenient to express VTs as a percentage of VO2max. However, the effect size for inter-ventilatory threshold area and VTs expressed in absolute values (ml/min) are appropriate ways to express the aerobic–anaerobic transition.The effect size for absolute values of VT1 and VT2 of athletes with low endurance, 2253±606.26 for (VT1) and 3381.76±641.87 (VT2), means that approximately 71% could have higher values than the corresponding population of athletes with low endurance [2614.50±635.09 and 3856.91±787.02 for VT1 and VT2, respectively) (d=0.50, 69.1%)]. The effect size for the inter-ventilatory threshold area is less (d=0.40, 65.5%) than VT1 and VT2 in absolute values. We believe it is appropriate to express the VTs first as absolute values, and secondly as values in terms of inter-ventilatory threshold area, but never as percentages of VO2max.When the obtained effect size is estimated over 58% (d=0.20; 57.8%) of the athlete population with a low endurance capacity, VT1 and VT2 values will differ from the average athlete sample with high endurance. Therefore, it is not convenient to express the VTs as percentages of VO2max. However, the effect size of the ITA and VTs expressed in absolute values (ml/min) are appropriate ways to express the aerobic–anaerobic transition. Approximately 66% of the population with low endurance would be higher than the corresponding area of high endurance (d=0.40; 65.5%); whilst almost 71% of the ventilatory threshold (ml/min) would be higher in endurance track athletes. Therefore, it seems appropriate to express the VTs first as absolute values, and secondly as values in terms of inter-ventilatory threshold area.ConclusionThe ITA is a simple method to assess the relationship between the VTs. The ITA allows one to distinguish between athletes with different endurance capacities. Moreover, it is inconvenient to express the anaerobic thresholds as percentages with respect to VO2max, as it is routinely done. It is more appropriate to report thresholds as absolute values of oxygen consumption. In relation to expressing the VTs, the results of this study indicate that the ITA does not present superior information in comparison to absolute values of VT1 and VT2.Conflict of interestsAuthors declare that they don’t have any conflict of interests." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1084963" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1029449" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1084962" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1029450" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Participants" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Instruments and parameters" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "The inter-ventilatory threshold area" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "The ventilatory thresholds (% in respect to VO)" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Expression of the ventilatory thresholds" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-06-14" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-11-06" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1029449" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Anaerobic threshold" 1 => "Aerobic–anaerobic transition" 2 => "Ventilatory thresholds" 3 => "Inter-threshold area" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1029450" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Umbral anaeróbico" 1 => "Transición aeróbica-anaeróbica" 2 => "Umbral ventilatorio" 3 => "Área interumbral" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "There is a general consensus in the literature regarding the existence of two ventilation break points during incremental exercise, i.e., Ventilatory Threshold 1 (VT1) and Ventilatory Threshold 2 (VT2), which mark the boundaries of the aerobic–anaerobic transition. The Inter-Threshold Area (ITA) has been defined as a parameter that connects the ventilatory thresholds. The main aim of the present study was to examine the ITA i.e., the expressed area between VT1 and VT2 for the function: ventilation÷oxygen uptake (VE/VO2 in L2min2) in individuals with various endurance capacities. Six hundred and six men with different levels of endurance completed an incremental exercise test and their ventilatory thresholds were recorded. The ITA is a trapezoid whose area is calculated as the sum of the area of the triangle and rectangle that form it between VT1 and VT2 below the VO2/VE function. The mean ITA for the function VO2–VE was greater in cyclists, as the main representatives for endurance athletes, than the mean corresponding to physical education students, who averaged a lower endurance level (120±34 vs. 86±40L2/min2). The results suggest that the determination of the ITA can reflect metabolic status throughout the aerobic–anaerobic transition during maximal incremental exercise tests." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "Existe un consenso general de que hay dos puntos de ruptura de la ventilación durante el ejercicio incremental, el umbral ventilatorio 1 (VT1) y el umbral ventilatorio 2 (VT2), que marcan los límites de la transición aeróbica-anaeróbica. El área interumbral se ha definido como un parámetro que relaciona los umbrales ventilatorios. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue examinar el área entre los umbrales (ITA), es decir, el área entre VT1 y VT2 para la función ventilación/absorción de oxigeno. Seiscientos seis varones con diferentes estados de condición física, desarrollaron una prueba de esfuerzo incremental y se registraron los umbrales ventilatorios. EL ITA es un trapecio cuya área se calcula como la suma del área del triángulo y rectángulo que lo forman, tal como se muestra en la figura entre VT1 y VT2 y que permanecen por debajo de la función VO2/VE. La media de ITA para la función VO2-VE fue mayor en los ciclistas, como representantes de deportistas de resistencia, frente al área correspondiente a los estudiantes de educación física con menores niveles de resistencia (120±34 vs. 86±40L2/min2). Estos resultados sugieren que la determinación del ITA puede reflejar adecuadamente el estado metabólico durante el proceso de transición aeróbico-anaeróbico durante las pruebas de esfuerzo incrementales." ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1321 "Ancho" => 2505 "Tamanyo" => 109745 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Elemental procedure for calculating the ITA for the function VO2/VE." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1588 "Ancho" => 2505 "Tamanyo" => 150361 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Inter-ventilatory threshold area average values of the different sports." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="5" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Endurance athletes</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cycling \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Triathlon \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Swimming \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Track and field \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22±7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28±6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15±4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31±11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19±6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Weight (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68±7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70±8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58±16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">71±9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">53±8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Height (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">175±6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">177±7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">167±14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">174±6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">139±7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO2max (mL/min) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4846±624 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4558±692 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3106±908 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4280±558 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3358±556 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO2 rel (mL/min/kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">71.89±8.84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65.37±8.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">53.91±7.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61.21±9.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50.48±6.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1852919.png" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="5" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Not endurance athletes</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Physical education students \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Basketball \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Football \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Artistic gymnastics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26±8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17±3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22±4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18±2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17±3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Weight (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75±9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79±12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">71±6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65±6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58±6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Height (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">177±5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">187±9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">177±5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">168±7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">142±5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO2max (mL/min) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3983±621 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4590±674 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4016±410 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3348±471 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3187±435 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO2 rel (mL/min/kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">53.42±7.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.33±5.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56.5±5.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52.03±6.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44.06±5.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1852920.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Anthropometric variables and VO2max for sportsmen with high and low endurance capacity." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2). Subscripts max, VT1 and VT2 indicate maximum, first ventilatory threshold and second ventilatory threshold respectively. Inter-threshold area (ITA), i.e., the area defined between VT1 and VT2 for the function ventilation/oxygen uptake." "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cyclists \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Triathletes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Swimmers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Track and field \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO2 VT1 (mL/min) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2749±535 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2672±591 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1692±474 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2793±525 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2476±531 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR VT1 (beastmin−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">144±13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">139±15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">139±15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">149±13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">143±14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO2max VT1 (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56.6±7.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.6±9.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55.4±7.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65±8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">59±8.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO2 VT2 (mL/min) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4116±622 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3914±616 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2564±735 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3808±526 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3600±625 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HRVT2 (beastmin−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">177±11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">170±12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">175±12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">176±10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">174±11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO2max VT2 (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.9±6.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">86.0±6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">83.1±7.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">89.1±6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">85.8±6.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ITA (L2min2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35.75±17.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.10±15.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.11±12.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.07±12.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.51±14.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1852917.png" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Physical education students \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Basketball \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Football \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Artistic gymnastics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO2 VT1 (mL/min) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2188±530 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2967±671 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2254±514 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1737±427 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2287±536 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR VT1 (beastmin−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">137±17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">147±18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">141±18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">129±9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">138±16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VT1 VO2max (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.9±10.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">64±10.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55.8±9.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51.7±8.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56.8±9.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO2 VT2 (mL/min) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3327±583 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4117±654 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3416±409 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2686±517 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3386±541 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR VT2 (beastmin−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">171±12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">176±15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">174±12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">165±12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">171±13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VT2 VO2max (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">83.6±6.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">89.8±6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">85.1±6.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.9±6.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.6±6.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ITA (L2min2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.39±14.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.23±13.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.91±11.85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.47±10.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.00±12.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1852918.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Ventilatory thresholds and inter-ventilatory threshold area for sportsmen with high and low endurance capacity." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "ITA, inter-threshold area.CITA, correct inter-threshold area." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"></th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VO2 VT1 (mL/min) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VO2 VT2 (mL/min) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VO2max VT1 (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VO2max VT2 (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ITA (L2min2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">VO2 VT1 (mL/min)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Pearson's correlation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.874<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.646<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.386<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.176<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sig. (bilateral) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">VO2 VT2 (mL/min)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Pearson's correlation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.874<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.277<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.392<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.601<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sig. (bilateral) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">VO2max VT1 (%)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Pearson's correlation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.646<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.277<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.606<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.363<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sig. (bilateral) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">VO2max VT2 (%)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Pearson's correlation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.386<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.392<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.606<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.278<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sig. (bilateral) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">ITA (L2min2)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Pearson's correlation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.176<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.601<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.363<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.278<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sig. (bilateral) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">CITA (L2min2)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Pearson's correlation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.273<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.660<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.224<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.404<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.985<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sig. (bilateral) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">606 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1852916.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "The correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (bilateral)." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Correlations for different parameters." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:26 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Detecting the threshold of anaerobic metabolism in cardiac patients during exercise" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "K. 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Determining the ventilatory inter-threshold area in individuals with different endurance capacities

Determinación del área ventilatoria interumbral en individuos con diferentes capacidades de resistencia

Irma Lorenzo Capelláa, Pedro J. Benito Peinadob, María I. Barriopedro Moroc, J. Butragueño Revengab, Nuno Koch Estevesd, Francisco J. Calderón Monterob,

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franciscojavier.calderon@upm.es

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a Doctora en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain

b Departamento de Salud y Rendimiento Humano, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

c Departamento de Sociales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

d Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University London, UK

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with no corresponding drop in the partial pressure of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;PetCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; &#40;4&#41; an increase in the RER&#44; positively correlating to work load &#40;all during an incremental exercise test&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; Skinner and McLellan &#40;1980&#41; developed the triphasic model which uses gaseous exchange &#40;breathing&#41; variables&#44; thus distinguishing the two thresholds&#58; the Ventilatory Threshold 1 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; and the Ventilatory Threshold 2 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#46; Unfortunately&#44; in the literature&#44; VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> are known by different names which has led to much ambiguity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is assumed that VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> are influenced by changes in the concentration of lactic acid in the blood&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> Ideally&#44; 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nor does it suggest if there is an ideal relationship between the VTs&#46; As suggested in a review article<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> the VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> can vary between 0&#46;5&#37; and 22&#37; in relation to VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; while the variation of the VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ranges from 2&#46;5&#37; to 12&#46;8&#37;&#44; and with specific reference to this review&#44; these variations occur over one or more competitive seasons&#46; Furthermore&#44; a parameter known as the Inter-Threshold Area &#40;ITA&#41; has been said to connect the VTs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The ITA is expressed as the area between VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> for the function&#58; ventilation&#47;oxygen uptake &#40;VE&#47;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to this rationale&#44; the general aim of this study was to examine the ITA&#44; and to report the values of inter-ventilatory threshold in a large sample of male athletes who specialize in different sports&#46; The data was collected through subject completion of a maximal incremental exercise test until exhaustion&#46; Our investigation followed a verified protocol proposed by Peinado et al&#46; &#40;2014&#41;&#46; We hypothesized that athletes who participate in typical endurance-dominant sports&#44; e&#46;g&#46;&#44; cycling and athletics &#40;track&#41;&#44; will display higher VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values&#59; as well as the ITA being a suitable variable to indicate metabolic status during a maximal incremental exercise test&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Participants</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">606 men completed a maximal incremental exercise test until exhaustion using a cycloergometer &#40;Jaeger ER 800&#44; Germany&#41; or a treadmill &#40;H&#47;P&#47;COSMOS 3PW 4&#46;0&#44; H&#47;P&#47;Cosmos Sports &#38; Medical&#44; Nussdorf-Traunstein&#44; Germany&#41;&#58; 251 cyclists&#44; 104 triathletes&#44; 53 swimmers&#44; 51 track athletes&#44; 17 basketball players&#44; 26 football players&#44; 12 gymnasts and 92 physical education &#40;PE&#41; students&#46; All tests were performed under similar atmospheric conditions &#40;temperature 22&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#59; relative humidity 62&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;4&#37;&#59; barometric pressure 703&#46;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#46; All subjects were informed about the nature of the study and gave their signed consent for participation&#44; in accordance with the norms set out by the Declaration of Helsinki regarding research involving human subjects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> All mentioned procedures in the present research were approved by our Local Ethics Committee&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Instruments and parameters</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All participants performed a maximal incremental exercise test to determine their maximal oxygen uptake &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41; and VTs&#46; Verbal encouragement was provided to ensure that maximal effort was reached&#46; Gas exchange data was continuously collected during each test using an automated breath-by-breath system &#40;Jaeger Oxycon Pro gas analyser&#44; Erich Jaeger&#44; Viasys Healthcare&#44; Germany&#41;&#46; The volume signal and gas analysers were calibrated with a syringe of known precision and volume of analyzed gas mixture&#44; respectively&#46; The values were averaged for a 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s period&#46; A 12-lead electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#59; Viasys Healthcare&#44; Germany&#41; was continuously recording during the tests to determine the Heart Rate &#40;HR&#41;&#46; At least two of the following criteria were required for the attainment of VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#58; the plateau in VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values despite increasing workload&#44; RER<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1&#44; or the attainment of 95&#37; of the maximum theoretical heart rate &#40;HRmax&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;15</span></a> The VTs were determined according to the criteria proposed by Davis &#40;1985&#41; and Siegler&#44; Gaskill and Ruby &#40;2003&#41;&#44; whilst VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> obtained were determined according to Lucia et al&#46; &#40;2006&#41;&#44; and were set in a specific manner in order to achieve the point of maximal agreement between the different methods of assessment&#46; The results from all the tests were evaluated by two researchers in a double blind process&#46; The coefficient of variation between the assessments of these two researchers and those of a highly-experienced expert was 1&#46;3&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The calculation for ITA as well as the correction &#40;CITA&#41; was performed according to the elementary model proposed by Peinado et al&#46; &#40;2014&#41;&#58; the area under the curve &#40;the ITA&#41; for the functions VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> &#40;L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; load<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#247;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;W<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; and Load&#47;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> &#40;W<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; It is calculated as the sum of the area of the triangle and the rectangle below the function V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span>&#47;load &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were tested for normality&#44; based on skewness &#40;&#8722;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; and kurtosis &#40;&#8722;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; using the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test&#46; The Pearson&#39;s bivariate correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between performance variables&#44; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and the ITA&#46; Differences between the results of the two subject groups were compared using the Independent Samples Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> Test&#46; Effect sizes between the different methods of expressing the VTs were calculated using Cohen&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span>&#59; using the means and the pooled standard deviations of the measurements from the conditions&#46; Cohen&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span> was corrected for dependence among means by using the correlation between the two means&#46; Interpretation of Cohen&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span>&#58; an effect size of less than 0&#46;33 is considered small&#44; while 0&#46;33&#8211;0&#46;55 is considered moderate and effect sizes of 0&#46;56&#8211;1&#46;2 are considered large&#46; Comparisons were two-tailed&#46; All data were prepared and analyzed using SPSS v15&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;SPSS Worldwide Headquarters&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#41; software&#46; The significance level for all studies was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Results</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the anthropometric variables and VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> for the sample&#44; divided into two categories&#44; sports with a high endurance component and sport with a low endurance component&#46; For endurance sports&#44; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> values are relatively higher for cyclists &#40;71&#46;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;84<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;kg&#41; compared to triathletes &#40;65&#46;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;kg&#41;&#44; swimmers &#40;53&#46;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;kg&#41; and track athletes &#40;61&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;07<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;kg&#41;&#46; In sports with a smaller endurance component&#44; basketball players reported higher VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> values &#40;58&#46;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;kg&#41; than those obtained by soccer players &#40;56&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#47;kg&#41;&#46; PE students and gymnasts expressed the lowest VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> values&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> show the values obtained from the VTs and ITA for the two groups according to the endurance component&#46; In descending order&#44; reported VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> values are as follows&#58; track athletes &#40;65&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; triathletes &#40;58&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; cyclists &#40;56&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; and swimmers &#40;55&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; The cyclists displayed the highest ITA values &#40;35&#46;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; in comparison to triathletes &#40;31&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#46;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; track athletes &#40;23&#46;07<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; and swimmers &#40;16&#46;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; Athletics &#40;track&#41; &#40;65&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;6&#37;&#41; and basketball &#40;64&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;2&#37;&#41; displayed a higher aerobic threshold &#40;&#37;&#41; in comparison to the other sports&#46; With regards to the different sports and anaerobic threshold percentages&#44; many differences were reported&#46; In addition&#44; basketball players and tracks athletes presented high average ITA values with respect to other sports &#40;30&#46;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; 23&#46;07<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The values of the inter-ventilatory threshold area were significantly higher for subjects with a high endurance capacity&#44; for both the absolute values &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">300</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#8211;88&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;37&#41; and for the corrected &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">298</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;31&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;41&#41;&#46; Both the VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;in percentages with respect to the VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41; were significantly higher for subjects with a high resistance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">604</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;85&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;033&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;18&#41; in comparison to those with a low resistance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">213</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;06&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;022&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;20&#41;&#46; The absolute values of VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; too&#44; were significantly higher for subjects with a high endurance in comparison to those with a low endurance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">198</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;37&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;70 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">604</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;07&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;58&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although significant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; the study of correlational analysis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41; indicates a very low ITA&#44; in relation to the values of VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> expressed in absolute &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; or relative &#40;&#37;&#41; values&#46; Only the correlation between ITA and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; can be considered as strong and appropriate &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;601&#41;&#46; Moderate effects were found for the inter-ventilatory threshold area &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;41&#41; and very low values for the VTs &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;20&#41;&#44; expressed in percentages with respect to VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> max&#46; Cohen&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span> value was higher for VTs in absolute values &#40;ml&#47;min VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;58&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Discussion</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to examine the ITA and&#44; to report the values of inter-ventilatory threshold in a large sample of male athletes who specialize in different sports&#46; We propose that the aerobic&#8211;anaerobic transition should be examined through the calculation of the ITA&#44; between VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; To our knowledge&#44; this is the first study to provide evidence of a relationship between the VTs in a large sample of healthy individuals with different levels of physical fitness&#44; specifically referring to endurance capacity&#46;</p><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">The inter-ventilatory threshold area</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ideally&#44; the VTs&#44; which mark the boundaries of the aerobic&#8211;anaerobic transition&#44; should be as close as possible to the VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#59; as such so that the body may experience conditions where oxygen can be used efficiently for as long as possible&#46; During acidosis&#44; which begins when VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> is surpassed&#44; compensatory hyperventilation facilitates the continuation of exercise as lactic acid builds up&#46; Therefore&#44; it is plausible to argue that a higher ITA is the result of a greater capacity to undertake endurance tests&#44; and illustrates that the subject is able to compensate for the increase in the lactic acid&#46; Thus&#44; a strong correlation exists between lactate and VTs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5&#44;16</span></a> Once the VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> is surpassed&#44; the plasma lactic acid concentration increases markedly&#46; This is the result of increased lactic acid production and a decreased rate of clearance&#46; As a result&#44; our research demonstrates that the highest ITA values are found in cyclists and triathletes&#59; sports where high endurance capacity is vital for high-level performance&#46; However&#44; one cannot simply explain the high value of ITA reported in basketball players&#44; as basketball is not considered as endurance dominant&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The highest ITA values were obtained for cycling&#44; followed by triathlon and basketball&#46; Athletics &#40;track&#41; and basketball reported the highest aerobic threshold values &#40;&#37;&#41; in relation to VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; above all other sports &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; There is a significant difference between the results of the anaerobic threshold &#40;&#37;&#41; and the peak oxygen consumption between sports&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">The ventilatory thresholds &#40;&#37; in respect to VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mean values for cyclists&#8217; aerobic threshold&#44; expressed in percentages&#44; were 56&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;5&#37;&#46; Our results are similar to those reported by Zapico et al&#46; &#40;2007&#41;&#58; November&#8211;December &#40;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; January&#8211;February &#40;61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;1&#37;&#41; and May&#8211;June &#40;56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#37;&#41;&#46; However&#44; they are well below the values by Pardo &#40;2001&#41;&#58; November&#8211;December &#40;76&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;3&#37;&#41; January&#8211;February &#40;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5&#37;&#41; and May&#8211;June &#40;73&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#59; who analyzed the evolution of aerobic&#8211;anaerobic transition throughout a competitive season&#46; Our results also differ from those found by Withers et al&#46; &#40;1981&#41; &#40;66&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; and Simon et al&#46; &#40;1986&#41; &#40;65&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46; The differences may be due to variations in the terminology and methodology used to determine the aerobic&#8211;anaerobic transition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The relationships between the ITA for the function VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> and the VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;associated with present ergospirometric variables&#41; are explained by the fact that a higher VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> results in a larger ITA&#46; The positions of VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in the cyclists&#44; in the present investigation&#44; are similar to those reported in other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;11&#44;18&#8211;20</span></a> Overall&#44; the ITA of the cyclists was higher in comparison to the other sports with lower endurance characteristics&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our research&#44; the mean values for the triathletes&#8217; aerobic and anaerobic thresholds&#44; expressed in percentages&#44; were 58&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;3&#37; and 86&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;4&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; Galy et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41; investigated the evolution of the physiological parameters over seasonal parameters&#44; and found an aerobic threshold rate ranging from 73&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2&#37; and 75&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2&#37;&#59; and for the anaerobic threshold of 79<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2&#37; and 88&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2&#46; It is plausible to assume that the differences in reported aerobic threshold values&#44; between the investigations&#44; are a result of the method used to determine the aerobic&#8211;anaerobic transition&#46; We discovered that the method used was the same as ours&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Other studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#8211;25</span></a> reported large variations in VTs &#40;ranging between 61&#37; and 81&#37;&#41;&#46; Again&#44; the differences and variability can be explained by nomenclature used in terms of aerobic&#8211;anaerobic transition&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> the methods for determining the thresholds<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> and the mode of exercise&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For swimming&#44; soccer&#44; gymnastics&#44; athletics &#40;track&#41;&#44; and PE&#44; the percentages of the aerobic threshold&#44; with respect to VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; were very similar &#40;ranged between 51&#46;7&#37; and 55&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; but lower than endurance-specific sports&#46; Therefore&#44; the higher values obtained for this parameter in the aerobic&#8211;anaerobic transition are for athletics &#40;track&#41; &#40;65&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;6&#37;&#41; and basketball &#40;64&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean percentage of the anaerobic threshold is very similar for all sports &#40;ranging from 80&#37; to 89&#37;&#41;&#46; Our results are in accordance with those reported by Bunc et al&#46; &#40;1987&#41; where a total of 223 highly trained track athletes were studied&#46; In particular&#44; the anaerobic threshold percentage values ranged between 80&#46;5&#37; and 86&#46;6&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Track athletes and basketball players have the highest aerobic threshold percentage values with respect to the VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; above all other sports&#46; Between sports&#44; there is a significant difference in reported anaerobic threshold percentages from the peak oxygen consumption&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Expression of the ventilatory thresholds</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we assessed the degree of association between VTs in the two categories of track athletes studied&#46; We believe that the manner one expresses the VTs can result in significantly different outputs&#46; The calculation of the ITA aims to aid and explain the high values commonly found in endurance track athletes&#46; One would expect that track athletes with a greater endurance component &#40;in both training and competition&#41; would report significantly high relative values&#46; However&#44; no significant differences between groups with a high and low endurance component were reported for both VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;3&#37; versus 56&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;85&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;5&#37; versus 84&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; individuals with a low endurance capacity displayed an average VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> value of 55&#46;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;3 and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value of 84&#46;26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;9&#44; respectively&#59; while individuals with a high endurance capacity had values of 57&#46;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;5 and 85&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;4&#44; respectively&#46; When the effect size is calculated&#44; the average athlete with a high endurance capacity would approximately exceed 58&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;20&#59; 57&#46;8&#37;&#41; of the sample of athletes with a low endurance capacity&#46; Therefore&#44; it is not convenient to express VTs as a percentage of VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46; However&#44; the effect size for inter-ventilatory threshold area and VTs expressed in absolute values &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; are appropriate ways to express the aerobic&#8211;anaerobic transition&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effect size for absolute values of VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> of athletes with low endurance&#44; 2253<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>606&#46;26 for &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; and 3381&#46;76<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>641&#46;87 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; means that approximately 71&#37; could have higher values than the corresponding population of athletes with low endurance &#91;2614&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>635&#46;09 and 3856&#46;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>787&#46;02 for VT1 and VT2&#44; respectively&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;50&#44; 69&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#93;&#46; The effect size for the inter-ventilatory threshold area is less &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;40&#44; 65&#46;5&#37;&#41; than VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in absolute values&#46; We believe it is appropriate to express the VTs first as absolute values&#44; and secondly as values in terms of inter-ventilatory threshold area&#44; but never as percentages of VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When the obtained effect size is estimated over 58&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;20&#59; 57&#46;8&#37;&#41; of the athlete population with a low endurance capacity&#44; VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values will differ from the average athlete sample with high endurance&#46; Therefore&#44; it is not convenient to express the VTs as percentages of VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46; However&#44; the effect size of the ITA and VTs expressed in absolute values &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; are appropriate ways to express the aerobic&#8211;anaerobic transition&#46; Approximately 66&#37; of the population with low endurance would be higher than the corresponding area of high endurance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;40&#59; 65&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#59; whilst almost 71&#37; of the ventilatory threshold &#40;ml&#47;min&#41; would be higher in endurance track athletes&#46; Therefore&#44; it seems appropriate to express the VTs first as absolute values&#44; and secondly as values in terms of inter-ventilatory threshold area&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conclusion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ITA is a simple method to assess the relationship between the VTs&#46; The ITA allows one to distinguish between athletes with different endurance capacities&#46; Moreover&#44; it is inconvenient to express the anaerobic thresholds as percentages with respect to VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; as it is routinely done&#46; It is more appropriate to report thresholds as absolute values of oxygen consumption&#46; In relation to expressing the VTs&#44; the results of this study indicate that the ITA does not present superior information in comparison to absolute values of VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors declare that they don&#8217;t have any conflict of interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "The inter-ventilatory threshold area"
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              "titulo" => "The ventilatory thresholds &#40;&#37; in respect to VO&#41;"
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              "titulo" => "Expression of the ventilatory thresholds"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Anaerobic threshold"
            1 => "Aerobic&#8211;anaerobic transition"
            2 => "Ventilatory thresholds"
            3 => "Inter-threshold area"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Umbral anaer&#243;bico"
            1 => "Transici&#243;n aer&#243;bica-anaer&#243;bica"
            2 => "Umbral ventilatorio"
            3 => "&#193;rea interumbral"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is a general consensus in the literature regarding the existence of two ventilation break points during incremental exercise&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; Ventilatory Threshold 1 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; and Ventilatory Threshold 2 &#40;VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; which mark the boundaries of the aerobic&#8211;anaerobic transition&#46; The Inter-Threshold Area &#40;ITA&#41; has been defined as a parameter that connects the ventilatory thresholds&#46; The main aim of the present study was to examine the ITA i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the expressed area between VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> for the function&#58; ventilation<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#247;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>oxygen uptake &#40;VE&#47;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; in individuals with various endurance capacities&#46; Six hundred and six men with different levels of endurance completed an incremental exercise test and their ventilatory thresholds were recorded&#46; The ITA is a trapezoid whose area is calculated as the sum of the area of the triangle and rectangle that form it between VT1 and VT2 below the VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> function&#46; The mean ITA for the function VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#8211;V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">E</span> was greater in cyclists&#44; as the main representatives for endurance athletes&#44; than the mean corresponding to physical education students&#44; who averaged a lower endurance level &#40;120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>34 vs&#46; 86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; The results suggest that the determination of the ITA can reflect metabolic status throughout the aerobic&#8211;anaerobic transition during maximal incremental exercise tests&#46;</p></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Existe un consenso general de que hay dos puntos de ruptura de la ventilaci&#243;n durante el ejercicio incremental&#44; el umbral ventilatorio 1 &#40;VT1&#41; y el umbral ventilatorio 2 &#40;VT2&#41;&#44; que marcan los l&#237;mites de la transici&#243;n aer&#243;bica-anaer&#243;bica&#46; El &#225;rea interumbral se ha definido como un par&#225;metro que relaciona los umbrales ventilatorios&#46; El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue examinar el &#225;rea entre los umbrales &#40;ITA&#41;&#44; es decir&#44; el &#225;rea entre VT1 y VT2 para la funci&#243;n ventilaci&#243;n&#47;absorci&#243;n de oxigeno&#46; Seiscientos seis varones con diferentes estados de condici&#243;n f&#237;sica&#44; desarrollaron una prueba de esfuerzo incremental y se registraron los umbrales ventilatorios&#46; EL ITA es un trapecio cuya &#225;rea se calcula como la suma del &#225;rea del tri&#225;ngulo y rect&#225;ngulo que lo forman&#44; tal como se muestra en la figura entre VT1 y VT2 y que permanecen por debajo de la funci&#243;n VO2&#47;VE&#46; La media de ITA para la funci&#243;n VO2-VE fue mayor en los ciclistas&#44; como representantes de deportistas de resistencia&#44; frente al &#225;rea correspondiente a los estudiantes de educaci&#243;n f&#237;sica con menores niveles de resistencia &#40;120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>34 vs&#46; 86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; Estos resultados sugieren que la determinaci&#243;n del ITA puede reflejar adecuadamente el estado metab&#243;lico durante el proceso de transici&#243;n aer&#243;bico-anaer&#243;bico durante las pruebas de esfuerzo incrementales&#46;</p></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="5" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Endurance athletes</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cycling&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Triathlon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Swimming&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Track and field&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Weight &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Height &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">175<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">177<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">167<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">139<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> &#40;mL&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4846<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>624&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4558<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>692&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3106<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>908&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4280<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>558&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3358<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>556&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> rel &#40;mL&#47;min&#47;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71&#46;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#46;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&#46;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="5" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Not endurance athletes</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Physical education students&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Basketball&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Football&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Artistic gymnastics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Weight &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Height &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">177<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">187<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">177<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">168<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">142<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> &#40;mL&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3983<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>621&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4590<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>674&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4016<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>410&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3348<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>471&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3187<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>435&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> rel &#40;mL&#47;min&#47;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&#46;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&#46;06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heart rate &#40;HR&#41;&#44; oxygen consumption &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#46; Subscripts max&#44; VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> indicate maximum&#44; first ventilatory threshold and second ventilatory threshold respectively&#46; Inter-threshold area &#40;ITA&#41;&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the area defined between VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> for the function ventilation&#47;oxygen uptake&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cyclists&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Triathletes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Swimmers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;mL&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2749<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>535&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2672<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>591&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1692<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>474&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2793<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>525&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2476<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>531&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;beast<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">144<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">139<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">139<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">149<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">143<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mL&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4116<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>622&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3914<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>616&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2564<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>735&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3808<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>526&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>625&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HRVT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;beast<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">177<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">170<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">175<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">176<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">84&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">86&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ITA &#40;L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&#46;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;mL&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2188<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>530&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2967<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>671&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2254<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>514&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1737<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>427&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2287<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>536&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;beast<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">137<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">147<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">141<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">129<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">138<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mL&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3327<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>583&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4117<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>654&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3416<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>409&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2686<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>517&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3386<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>541&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HR VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;beast<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">171<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">176<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">174<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">165<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">171<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">84&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ITA &#40;L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&#46;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"></th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;mL&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mL&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ITA &#40;L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;mL&#47;min&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pearson&#39;s correlation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;874<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;646<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;386<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;176<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sig&#46; &#40;bilateral&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mL&#47;min&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pearson&#39;s correlation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;874<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;277<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;392<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;601<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sig&#46; &#40;bilateral&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pearson&#39;s correlation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;646<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;277<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;606<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;363<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sig&#46; &#40;bilateral&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> VT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pearson&#39;s correlation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;386<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;392<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;606<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;278<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sig&#46; &#40;bilateral&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">ITA &#40;L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pearson&#39;s correlation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;176<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;601<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;363<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;278<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sig&#46; &#40;bilateral&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">CITA &#40;L<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Pearson&#39;s correlation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;273<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;660<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;224<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;404<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;985<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sig&#46; &#40;bilateral&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlations for different parameters&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
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        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
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              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Detecting the threshold of anaerobic metabolism in cardiac patients during exercise"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Wasserman"
                            1 => "M&#46;B&#46; McIlroy"
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                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Cardiol"
                        "fecha" => "1964"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "844"
                        "paginaFinal" => "852"
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Article information

ISSN: 18866581
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.apunts.2017.11.003

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2024 November	11	7	18
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