Efectes de 12 setmanes d’entrenament de resistència a 2 intensitats diferents en l’expressió de l’ARNm del GLUT4 dels músculs soli i gastrocnemi en ratolins obesos

array:19 ["pii" => "XX886658116585920" "issn" => "X8866581" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-07-01" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Apunts. Medicina de l'Esport. 2016;51:93-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1617 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 85 "HTML" => 847 "PDF" => 685 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:15 [ "pii" => "XX886658116585939" "issn" => "X8866581" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-07-01" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Apunts. Medicina de l'Esport. 2016;51:101-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1691 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 88 "HTML" => 895 "PDF" => 708 ] ] "ct" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "L’ensenyament de la fisiologia humana a l’Instituto Nacional de Educación Física de Madrid: una experiència de 30 anys" "tienePdf" => "ct" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "ct" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "101" "paginaFinal" => "107" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Teaching human physiology in National Institute of Physical Education Madrid: 30 years experience" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "ct" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "ct" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "278v51n191-90458593fig1.jpg" "Alto" => 235 "Ancho" => 700 "Tamanyo" => 53379 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "ct" => "Taula 1 Resum relatiu a la consideració de l’assignatura de fisiologia al llarg dels diferents plans d’estudi" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Francisco Javier Calderón Montero" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francisco Javier" "apellidos" => "Calderón Montero" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "ct" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/XX886658116585939?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/X8866581/0000005100000191/v0_201801081357/XX886658116585939/v0_201801081357/ct/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:15 [ "pii" => "XX886658116585912" "issn" => "X8866581" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-07-01" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Apunts. Medicina de l'Esport. 2016;51:85-92" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2009 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 105 "HTML" => 1148 "PDF" => 756 ] ] "ct" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Característiques antropomètriques i hàbits alimentaris d’estudiants de dansa clàssica de l’Instituto Superior de Arte del Teatro Colón*" "tienePdf" => "ct" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "ct" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "85" "paginaFinal" => "92" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Anthropometric characteristics and dietary habits of ballet student dancers, ISA Colon Theatre" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "ct" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "ct" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "278v51n191-90458591fig1.jpg" "Alto" => 345 "Ancho" => 700 "Tamanyo" => 30249 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "ct" => "Taula 1 Classificació d’IMC-OMS, 2005" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Jesica de los Santos, Marcelo Ghioldi, María Dolores Obeid, Carolina Schattner" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jesica" "apellidos" => "de los Santos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marcelo" "apellidos" => "Ghioldi" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Dolores" "apellidos" => "Obeid" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carolina" "apellidos" => "Schattner" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "ct" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/XX886658116585912?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/X8866581/0000005100000191/v0_201801081357/XX886658116585912/v0_201801081357/ct/main.assets" ] "ct" => array:15 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Efectes de 12 setmanes d’entrenament de resistència a 2 intensitats diferents en l’expressió de l’ARNm del GLUT4 dels músculs soli i gastrocnemi en ratolins obesos" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "93" "paginaFinal" => "99" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Hamid Mohebbi, Hadi Rohani, Sadegh Hassan-Nia" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Hamid" "apellidos" => "Mohebbi" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Hadi" "apellidos" => "Rohani" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Sadegh" "apellidos" => "Hassan-Nia" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "affc" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Exercice Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "affa" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Sport Medicine, Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran, Teheran, Iran" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Teheran, Iran " "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "affc" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "The effect of 12 weeks endurance training at 2 different intensities on GLUT4 mRNA expression of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in obese mice" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:6 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "278v51n191-90458592fig1.jpg" "Alto" => 189 "Ancho" => 700 "Tamanyo" => 16102 ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => " Introducció Generalment s’admet que l’obesitat està fonamentalment associada a una alteració de la taxa d’absorció de glucosa estimulada per la insulina en el múscul esquelètic, que s’ha atribuït a la resistència a la insulina. Diversos estudis s’han centrat en el sistema de transport de la glucosa com a part dels mecanismes subjacents. La glucosa transporta les cèllules del múscul esquelètic a través de les proteïnes transportadores de glucosa GLUT1 i GLUT41. Sembla que la isoforma GLUT1 és la transportadora de la glucosa que suporta el transport de la glucosa basal2,3, mentre que la isoforma GLUT4 augmenta el transport de glucosa en resposta a la insulina i a la contracció. La insulina i les contraccions transporten el GLUT4 de la reserva intracel·lular a la membrana plasmàtica i als túbuls T4,5. Se sap que en els rosegadors, la capacitat d’absorció de la glucosa és major en els músculs oxidatius vermells que en els músculs glucolítics blancs6-10. Sembla que un mecanisme subjacent té un major nivell d’expressió de GLUT4, tant a nivell intracel·lular6,7 com a la membrana plasmàtica8. En el múscul esquelètic humà, la captació de glucosa s’associa positivament a la proporció de fibres de tipus i i negativament a la proporció de fibres de tipus iib11. Aquests resultats es basen en l’estudi in vitro de Zierath et al.12, que reportaren que l’augment d’insulina estimulada en la captació de la glucosa per damunt del nivell basal correlaciona estretament, tant afirmativament amb el percentatge de fibres musculars de tipus i, com negativament amb el percentatge de fibres tipus iia. Tanmateix, s’han reportat resultats poc convincents respecte a la relació entre la distribució del tipus de fibra i el contingut de GLUT4 en el múscul humà13-15. Andersen et al.13 no trobaren cap correlació entre tipus de fibra i contingut de GLUT4, mentre que Houmard et al.15 mostraren una baixa correlació entre tipus de composició de la fibra i contingut de GLUT4. Ha estat demostrat que els diferents músculs presenten importants diferències de contingut de GLUT4, i aquestes diferències sovint estan associades a les diferències en la captació de la glucosa estimulada per la insulina16,17. Com que el diferents músculs es composen d’una combinació de diferents tipus de fibres musculars18, és possible que hi hagi diferències significatives en el contingut de GLUT4 entre músculs. Probablement, les diferències en el contingut de GLUT4 i la captació de la glucosa estimulada per la insulina estan relacionades amb el nivell d’entrenament. Els canvis de nivell d’activitat del múscul esquelètic són la clau reguladora del contingut de GLUT4 en ratolins19,20. Entre els humans, els esportistes tenen més GLUT4 que els subjectes control de la mateixa edat no entrenats21,22, i en ambdós, subjectes control normals i sans i individus amb la captació disminuïda de la glucosa estimulada per la insulina, l’entrenament físic ha demostrat que incrementa el contingut de GLUT420,23,24. A més, una disminució del nivell d’activitat pot minorar el contingut de GLUT420,25. Finalment, s’ha demostrat que canvis en l’activitat física i el contingut de GLUT4 estan relacionats amb canvis en la captació de la glucosa estimulada per la insulina20. El principal objectiu d’aquest treball fou investigar l’expressió de l’ARNm del GLUT4 en el soli (múscul predominantment de contracció lenta) i el gastrocnemi (múscul predominantment de contracció ràpida) com a resposta a l’entrenament de resistència en ratolins obesos.Subjectes i mètodes Animals En aquest estudi s’utilitzaren 40 ratolins mascles C57BL/6 (de 4 setmanes). Vuit ratolins no obesos (base normal [BN]; dieta estàndard alimentats ad libitum) van servir de control no obesos no entrenats (el grup BN es considerà com a valor de referència per calcular l’expressió gènica en temps real que s’expressa com a valors relatius) i 32 ratolins van ser sotmesos a una dieta alimentària rica en greixos (DAG) durant 12 setmanes que consistí en accés lliure a una dieta rica en greixos de 60% kcal (High-Fat Diet, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Iran). A la setmana 16, els ratolins obesos foren assignats aleatòriament als grups de tractament següents (n = 8 cada grup): 1) grup obès base [OB]; 2) grup de baixa intensitat [BI]; 3) grup d’alta intensitat [AI], o 4) grup control obès [CO]. Els ratolins OB moriren abans del programa d’entrenament. BI i AI entrenaren 5 dies per setmana durant 12 setmanes en una cinta de córrer motoritzada. Els CO serviren de control no entrenats. Tots els ratolins van ser ficats en gàbies binàries, la temperatura de la sala dels animals es mantingué a 22 °C i es creà un cicle artificial de 12 h de llum i 12 h de foscor. S’aplicà un període de familiarització de 2 setmanes en què els ratolins corrien 7-10 m durant 10-15 min en un pendent del 5%. Després, es continuà l’entrenament a les 12 setmanes següents, durant 60 min, de forma contínua a 15 m/min en un pendent del 5% (els BI) i/o 41 min contínuament a 22 m/min en un pendent del 5% (els AI). El treball diari total es féu coincidir en ambdós grups i es fixà en 900 m la distància de carrera. Els ratolins CO es mantingueren sedentaris a la gàbia durant el programa d’entrenament. El pes es registrà setmanalment. BI, AI i CO van ser morts al final del programa d’entrenament. Se’ls retirà el menjar 12-14 h abans de morir. Els experiments van ser aprovats pel Comitè d’ètica d’investigació.Preparació del múscul Els ratolins van ser anestesiats per via intraperitoneal amb una preparació de ketamina (30-50 mg/kg en perfusió contínua [pc]) i xilacina (3-5 mg/kg pc) i moriren per extracció de sang del cor per prendre mostres del múscul 48 h després de la darrera sessió d’exercici, i es van dissecar els músculs soli i gastrocnemi. Les mostres de múscul es congelaren ràpidament en nitrogen líquid i es conservaren a −80 °C. Els procediments de preparació dels teixits i l’extracció d’ARN total estan a bastament descrits en diversos estudis26.PCR en temps real S’utilitzà ARN transcriptasa inversa o retrotranscripció i encebadors d’hexàmers aleatoris segons les instruccions del fabricant (AccuPower Green Star qPCR PreMix, BiONEER, Daejeon, Corea). Després, s’hi afegiren PCR Master Mix que contenien encebadors específics, ADN Taq Hotstar polimerasa i tampó de SYBR-Green PCR. Totes les mostres foren determinades per duplicat, i per a un control negatiu s’utilitzà la mateixa configuració, tret de l’addició de la transcriptasa inversa. No es detectà cap producte de PCR en aquestes darreres condicions. Els nivells d’ARNm de GLUT4 i β-actina, un gen de manteniment, es determinaren per transcripció inversa quantitativa-PCR de l’ARN cel·lular total amb l’encebador directe 5´CCG CGG CCT CCT ATG AGA TAC T3´ i l’encebador revers 5´AGG CAC CCC GAA GAT GAG T3´ per a l’amplificació de l’ARNm del GLUT4 i l’encebador directe 5´ ACA ATG AGC TGC GTG TGG CC 3´i l’encebador revers 5´CCT CGT AGA TGG GCA CAG TG 3´per a l’amplificació de β-actina ARNm. Els productes d’amplificació van ser sotmesos a electroforesi en gels d’agarosa al 2% i es van tenyir amb bromur d’etidi. La quantificació en temps real de GLUT4 a β-actina d’ARNm es realitzà mitjançant un assaig de PCR SYBR-Green (Rotor-gene 6000, Corbett). GLUT4 ARNm i β-actina d’ARNm foren amplificats en tubs separats i el protocol de ciclat tèrmic de 40 cicles consistí en la desnaturalització a 95 °C durant 20 s, hibridació a 60 °C durant 60 s, extensió a 72 °C durant 30 s que s’inicià amb una desnaturalització inicial a 95 °C durant 15 min i es completà amb una extensió final a 72 °C durant 10 min. Durant l’etapa d’extensió, l’augment de la fluorescència fou mesurat en temps real. Les dades van ser obtingudes com a valors CT (valor del cicle llindar). L’expressió gènica relativa fou calculada amb la fórmula de Pfaffl27:<img src="278v51n191-90458592fig1.jpg"></img>Anàlisi de dades Els valors es presenten com a mitjana ± DE. S’utilitzà l’anàlisi de variància (ANOVA) d’una via seguit del test Honestly-significant-difference (HSD) de Tukey per a avaluar els efectes de l’entrenament sobre l’expressió relativa d’ARNm de GLUT4 en diferents grups. També s’utilitzà la prova t aparellada, per valorar la diferència entre l’ARNm del GLUT4 dels músculs soli i gastrocnemi de cada grup. En tots els tests s’utilitzà el programari SPSS 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA), i el valor de significació estadística s’establí en p ≤ 0,05.Resultats A la figura 1 es presenta la mitjana del valors del pes dels ratolins dels diferents grups durant la dieta alta en greixos (DAG) i les fases d’entrenament. El pes dels grups que consumiren DAG (és a dir, OB, CO, BI i AI) augmentà significativament en comparació amb BN a partir de la cinquena setmana durant la fase DAG que es mantingué alta fins a la setmana 12 (p ≤ 0,05). L’augment de pes dels 4 grups tractats fou del 18% de mitjana en comparació amb BN, que assolí el 32% a la dotzena setmana (fig. 1).<img alt="Figura 1 Canvi de pes de ratolins durant les fases d’alimentació DAG i d’entrenament. *: diferència significativa entre els grups obesos i normal; †: diferència significativa entre grups d’entrenament i OB; ‡: diferències significatives entre els grups AI/BI. AI: entrenament a alta intensitat; BI: entrenament a baixa intensitat; BN: base normal; CO: control obesos; OB: obesos base." src="278v51n191-90458592fig2.jpg"></img>Figura 1 Canvi de pes de ratolins durant les fases d’alimentació DAG i d’entrenament. *: diferència significativa entre els grups obesos i normal; †: diferència significativa entre grups d’entrenament i OB; ‡: diferències significatives entre els grups AI/BI. AI: entrenament a alta intensitat; BI: entrenament a baixa intensitat; BN: base normal; CO: control obesos; OB: obesos base. Durant la fase d’entrenament només s’estudiaren els grups d’entrenament (BI i AI) i CO, i la pèrdua de pes dels grups d’entrenament començà a diferenciar-se del grup CO des de la sisena setmana, i esdevingué significativa a partir de la vuitena setmana (p ≤ 0,05). Per tant, la pèrdua de pes en els grups d’entrenament (en comparació amb el grup CO) fou del 5 i del 7% en la sisena i dotzena setmana de la fase d’entrenament, respectivament. És interessant assenyalar que la diferència de la pèrdua de pes entre BI i AI aparegué a partir de la setmana 9 i arribà a ser estadísticament divergent a les setmanes 11 i 12 (p ≤ 0,05). De fet, la ràtio de la pèrdua de pes fou major en AI que en BI, de manera que els canvis en el percentatge de pes al final de l’entrenament de 12 setmanes del grup AI fou 8% vs 5,5% del grup BI. L’expressió de l’ARNm del GLUT4 del múscul soli en els ratolins que participaren en el grup BI augmentà aproximadament 2,2 vegades, enfront a ~ 1,6 vegades en el gastrocnemi, en relació a BN (p = 0,05); de manera similar, respecte a l’expressió de l’ARNm del GLUT4 incrementà, tot i que, estadísticament, de manera no significativa, per la pràctica d’exercici d’alta intensitat en els músculs soli i gastrocnemi ~ 2,1 i ~ 1,8 vegades, respectivament (p ≤ 0,05). A més, l’expressió d’ARNm del GLUT4 dels músculs soli i gastrocnemi en els grups BI i AI fou significativament major que en els grups OB i CO (p ≤ 0,05), amb una lleugera regulació en descens (down regulation) en els darrers grups (fig. 2).<img alt="Figura 2 Contingut d’ARNm de GLUT4 dels grups experimentals gastrocnemi i soli en relació amb el múscul emparellat en el grup BN (p ≤ 0,05). *: augment significatiu amb relació a BN; †: diferència significativa en comparació amb OB i CO (p ≤ 0,05). " src="278v51n191-90458592fig3.jpg"></img>Figura 2 Contingut d’ARNm de GLUT4 dels grups experimentals gastrocnemi i soli en relació amb el múscul emparellat en el grup BN (p ≤ 0,05). *: augment significatiu amb relació a BN; †: diferència significativa en comparació amb OB i CO (p ≤ 0,05).Discussió Ploug et al.28 establiren que GLUT4 en fibres no estimulades (per la insulina) es distribuïa al llarg de totes les fibres musculars, i era present tant en la superfície (68% del GLUT4 total) com en el nucli (32% del GLUT4 total) de les fibres. També trobaren que els nuclis eren desplaçats i alineats amb els vasos sanguinis que cursen al llarg de la superfície de la fibra, que ocasionen una gran fracció de GLUT4 prop de la font de la glucosa evitant la necessitat de difusió a través de llargues distàncies. Està ben documentat que, en estat normal, el GLUT4 circula lentament entre la membrana plasmàtica i un o més compartiments intracel·lulars, amb la gran majoria de transportadors que resideixen en els compartiments vesiculars dins de l’interior de la cèl·lula28,29. L’acumulació d’insulina estimulada de la proteïna GLUT4 en la superfície de la cèl·lula pot ser causada per un increment de 10 a 20 vegades de la ràtio d’exocitosi amb una petita disminució (2-3 vegades) de la ràtio d’endocitosi del GLUT410,45,30. La insulina estimula el transport de glucosa a través de la translocació de GLUT4 a partir de l’agrupació d’emmagatzemament intracel·lular cap a la membrana plasmàtica. La resistència a la insulina causada per la manca d’insulina o uns resultats anormals de senyalització de la insulina amb un descens en l’expressió y translocació de GLUT4 causen la hiperglucèmia i la diabetis30-32. També s’ha demostrat que la contracció muscular augmenta el contingut de GLUT4 de la membrana cel·lular29,30. Diversos estudis suggereixen que l’exercici físic causa l’expressió de la proteïna GLUT4 i la translocació en membrana plasmàtica mitjançant un mecanisme diferent de senyalització de la insulina5,33. La majoria d’estudis sobre el múscul esquelètic dels ratolins indiquen que hi ha més GLUT4 en les fibres de tipus i que en les del II10,34, la qual cosa coincideix amb els resultats que vam trobar en el ratolins. En aquest estudi només vam utilitzar el múscul soli, generalment conegut com a múscul de fibres de tipus I. El nostre estudi concorda amb altres35-39 que han indicat que l’exercici físic incrementa l’expressió de la proteïna GLUT4 en subjectes diabètics, tal com succeí en els nostres subjectes obesos. Vam veure que l’expressió d’ARNm de GLUT4 s’incrementa amb 12 setmanes d’entrenament de resistència, en ambdós músculs, en el soli (múscul en què predominen les fibres de contracció lenta) i en el gastrocnemi (en què predominen les fibres de contracció ràpida) en ratolins obesos, amb patró intens de dependència. Això significa que la intensitat de l’exercici pot afectar l’expressió del gen GLUT4 (i, probablement, la proteïna) en resposta a l’entrenament, la qual cosa pot provocar canvis metabòlics significatius especialment en els casos obesos. En consonància amb els nostres resultats, s’ha demostrat que la proteïna GLUT4 i el transport de glucosa són immensament superiors en les fibres musculars oxidatives vermelles (tipus I i IIa) que en les fibres glucolítiques blanques (tipus IIb)10,40. Això podria ser un factor important en l’adaptació a l’exercici, degut a què els resultats de l’entrenament de resistència faciliten un canvi de fibres de tipus iib a fibres tipus IIa41. Tanmateix, en els músculs esquelètics humans hi ha una diferència molt menor en l’expressió de GLUT4 en diferents tipus de fibres musculars34,42. Daugaard et al.34 van aïllar fibres musculars individuals i les van classificar segons la isoforma de la miosina. GLUT4 fou ∼ 20% més elevada en les fibres que expressen la cadena pesada de la miosina i que en las que expressen la cadena pesada de la miosina IIa o IIb. No es van trobar diferències entre les fibres IIa i IIb. Després de 2 setmanes d’entrenament, GLUT4 incrementà ~ 23% de fibres musculars de tipus i, però no hi hagué canvis en els tipus IIa o IIb. Tanmateix, l’exercici de baixa intensitat utilitzat és conegut principalment per reclutar fibres de tipus I. D’acord amb els nostres resultats, l’entrenament de baixa intensitat originà una expressió major d’ARNm de GLUT4 en el múscul oxidatiu (és a dir, el soli), probablement degut a les necessitats relacionades amb la capacitat oxidativa de les cèl·lules. D’altra banda, la pràctica d’exercici d’alta intensitat no produí una expressió major d’ARNm de GLUT4 en el soli ni en el gastrocnemi. Com que el múscul gastrocnemi consisteix en una barreja de fibres vermelles i blanques, una altra explicació podria ser que l’entrenament amb exercicis de baixa intensitat no fou suficient per exercir o fins i tot per activar les fibres vermelles del múscul gastrocnemi, i un augment no significatiu d’aquest múscul podria procedir de les fibres blanques. Aquest escenari pot ampliar-se al que s’ha observat en les troballes relacionades amb l’alta intensitat; és a dir, un augment no significatiu d’aquest múscul amb l’exercici d’alta intensitat podria procedir només de les fibres vermelles. Les hormones també regulen la concentració de la proteïna del múscul transportador de la glucosa. L’expressió de GLUT4 s’incrementà degut a la insulina i a les hormones tiroidees20,43 i disminuí per un AMPc elevat44. La regulació de l’expressió de GLUT4 per l’activitat contràctil és independent de la regulació hormonal, perquè la carrera en la cinta de córrer augmentà el GLUT4 en els ratolins diabètics45. S’hi afegiren els efectes de la deficiència de la insulina i denervació en les concentracions de GLUT445. L’entrenament físic també augmenta la proteïna del GLUT4 i l’ARNm muscular en pacients amb diabetis tipus 246. Aquests resultats suggereixen que l’activitat contràctil del múscul modula directament l’expressió de GLUT4 del múscul, independentment de l’acció de la insulina. La histona deacetilasa 5 (HDAC5) és un mediador crític dels canvis del nivell d’ARNm de GLUT4 en resposta a l’entrenament47. S’ha demostrat que una sèrie de modificacions de les histones causades per la histona deacetilasa i la histona metiltransferasa culminaran en una caiguda metabòlica del gen GLUT4 en el múscul esquelètic dels ratolins48. Hi ha evidències significatives que els nivells d’ARNm de GLUT4 disminueixen en el múscul del teixit adipós amb l’obesitat49,50, y que l’augment d’ARNm de GLUT4 pot alleujar o compensar la resistència a la insulina51,52. Tal com era d’esperar, les nostres troballes sobre els nivells d’ARNm del GLUT4 augmentaren significativament amb l’entrenament, i aquest increment s’associà a una pèrdua de pes, la qual cosa recolza aquesta idea. Per tant, l’augment de la transcripció de GLUT4 en el múscul durant la pèrdua de pes pot ser una prova definitiva en la reversió de la resistència a la insulina. Estudis anteriors, juntament amb els nostres resultats, suggereixen que la regulació transcripcional del gen GLUT4 és sensible a canvis en l’equilibri d’energia del cos. A més, nosaltres vam trobar una resposta de GLUT4 a l’entrenament depenent de la intensitat i del tipus de fibra, que no es plantejava en estudis anteriors. Podem concloure que tot tipus d’alteració de l’equilibri energètic del cos, especialment per la pràctica d’exercici i/o dieta alta en greixos, pot influir en els mecanismes moleculars i cel·lulars que actuen per establir una homeòstasi estable. GLUT4 podria disminuir si s’augmentés la ingesta d’energia, i a la inversa, augmentaria si s’augmentés la despesa energètica. Aquests canvis són gairebé similars en els músculs de contracció lenta i ràpida, amb una mica més de capacitat de resposta en els músculs de contracció lenta, perquè estan més compromesos amb el metabolisme de la glucosa.Conflicte d’interessos Els autors declaren que no tenen cap conflicte d’interessosAgraïment Els autors agraeixen a la Universitat de Guilan el suport econòmic atorgat a aquest projecte d’investigació.<hr></hr> Rebut el 10 d’octubre de 2015; acceptat el 14 de desembre de 2015 * Autor per a correspondència. Correu electrònic:<a href="mailto:mohebbi-h@yahoo.com" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">mohebbi-h@yahoo.com</a> (H. Mohebbi)." "pdfFichero" => "278v51n191a90458592pdf001.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec937407" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Entrenament de resistència" 1 => "Tipus muscular" 2 => "Obesitat" 3 => "GLUT" ] ] ] "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec937408" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Endurance training" 1 => "Muscle type" 2 => "Obesity" 3 => "GLUT4" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => " L’objectiu d’aquest estudi fou investigar la resposta a l’entrenament de resistència de l’expressió de l’ARNm del GLUT4 dels músculs soli i gastrocnemi en ratolins obesos. En aquest estudi es van utilitzar 40 ratolins mascles C57BL/6. Vuit ratolins (base normal [BN]) serviren com a controls no obesos i no entrenats, i 32 ratolins foren sotmesos a una dieta alta en greixos (DAG) (augment del 60% de kcal) durant 12 setmanes. A la setmana 16 els ratolins obesos foren distribuïts aleatòriament en els grups de tractament següents (n = 8 cada grup): obesos base (OB); baixa intensitat (BI); alta intensitat (AI), o grups de control d’obesitat (CO). BI i AI foren entrenats 5 dies per setmana durant 12 setmanes en una cinta de córrer motoritzada a 15 m/min amb un pendent del 5% (en BI) i/o en 22 m/ min en un pendent del 5% (en AI). Els ratolins CO es mantingueren sedentaris a la gàbia durant el programa d’entrenament. Es mesurà l’expressió de l’ARNm del GLUT4 dels músculs gastrocnemi i soli, utilitzant el mètode PCR en temps real. L’expressió de l’ARNm del GLUT4 del múscul soli en el grup BI augmentà aproximadament 2,2 vegades, enfront a 1,6 vegades en el gastrocnemi (p < 0,05). A més, l’expressió de l’ARNm del GLUT4 en els músculs soli i gastrocnemi dels grups BI i AI fou significativament major que en OB i en els grups CO (p < 0,05). Podem concloure que tota alteració de l’equilibri energètic del cos, especialment per l’entrenament físic i/o una dieta alta en greixos, pot influir en els mecanismes moleculars i cel·lulars que actuen per establir una homeòstasi estable." ] "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => " The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of GLUT4 mRNA in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in obese mice in response to endurance training. Forty male C57BL/6 mice were used in this study. Eight mice (normal base [NB]) served as non-obese non-trained controls, and 32 mice were put on a high fat diet (HFD) regimen (60% kcal fat) for 12 weeks. At week 16, the obese mice were randomized into the following treatment groups (n = 8 each group): obese base [OB]; low intensity [LI]; high intensity [HI], or obese control [OC] groups. LI and HI trained for 5 days/week for 12 weeks on a motorized treadmill at 15 m/min on a 5% slope (for LI), and/or at 22 m/min on a 5% slope (for HI). OC mice were kept sedentarily in the cage during the training program. GLUT4 mRNA expression was measured in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles using a Real Time-PCR method. GLUT4 mRNA expression of soleus muscle in LI group increased about 2.2 fold, against about 1.6 fold for gastrocnemius (P < .05). In addition, GLUT4 mRNA expression of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in LI and HI groups were significantly higher than OB and OC groups (P < .05). It can be concluded that any disturbance in body energy balance, especially by exercise training and/or high fat diet, can influence these molecular and cellular mechanisms that act to establish a stable homeostasis." ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "278v51n191-90458592fig1.jpg" "Alto" => 189 "Ancho" => 700 "Tamanyo" => 16102 ] ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig2" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "278v51n191-90458592fig2.jpg" "Alto" => 341 "Ancho" => 700 "Tamanyo" => 29138 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "ct" => "Canvi de pes de ratolins durant les fases d’alimentació DAG i d’entrenament. *: diferència significativa entre els grups obesos i normal; †: diferència significativa entre grups d’entrenament i OB; ‡: diferències significatives entre els grups AI/BI. AI: entrenament a alta intensitat; BI: entrenament a baixa intensitat; BN: base normal; CO: control obesos; OB: obesos base." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig3" "etiqueta" => "Figura 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "278v51n191-90458592fig3.jpg" "Alto" => 458 "Ancho" => 700 "Tamanyo" => 34055 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "ct" => "Contingut d’ARNm de GLUT4 dels grups experimentals gastrocnemi i soli en relació amb el múscul emparellat en el grup BN (p ≤ 0,05). *: augment significatiu amb relació a BN; †: diferència significativa en comparació amb OB i CO (p ≤ 0,05)." ] ] 3 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig5" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "descripcion" => array:1 [ "ct" => "Canvi de pes de ratolins durant les fases d’alimentació DAG i d’entrenament. *: diferència significativa entre els grups obesos i normal; †: diferència significativa entre grups d’entrenament i OB; ‡: diferències significatives entre els grups AI/BI. AI: entrenament a alta intensitat; BI: entrenament a baixa intensitat; BN: base normal; CO: control obesos; OB: obesos base." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig6" "etiqueta" => "Figura 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "descripcion" => array:1 [ "ct" => "Contingut d’ARNm de GLUT4 dels grups experimentals gastrocnemi i soli en relació amb el múscul emparellat en el grup BN (p ≤ 0,05). *: augment significatiu amb relació a BN; †: diferència significativa en comparació amb OB i CO (p ≤ 0,05)." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliograf¿a" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:51 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Molecular biology of mammalian glucose transporters. Diabetes Care. 1990;13:198-208. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Molecular biology of mammalian glucose transporters." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Bell GI" 1 => "Kayano T" 2 => "Buse JB" 3 => "Burant CF" 4 => "Takeda J" 5 => "Lin D" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care. " "fecha" => "1990" "volumen" => "13" "paginaInicial" => "198" "paginaFinal" => "208" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2407475" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Germline manipulation of glucose homeostasis via alteration of glucose transporter levels in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem. 1993;268:18442-5. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Germline manipulation of glucose homeostasis via alteration of glucose transporter levels in skeletal muscle." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Marshall BA" 1 => "Ren JM" 2 => "Johnson DW" 3 => "Gibbs EM" 4 => "Lillquist JS" 5 => "Soeller WC" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Biol Chem. " "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "268" "paginaInicial" => "18442" "paginaFinal" => "5" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8360145" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib3" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Evidence from transgenic mice that glucose transport is rate-limiting for glycogen deposition and glycolysis in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem. 1993;268:16113-5. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Evidence from transgenic mice that glucose transport is rate-limiting for glycogen deposition and glycolysis in skeletal muscle." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Ren JM" 1 => "Marshall BA" 2 => "Gulve EA" 3 => "Gao J" 4 => "Johnson DW" 5 => "Holloszy JO" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Biol Chem. " "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "268" "paginaInicial" => "16113" "paginaFinal" => "5" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8344895" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib4" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Identification of an intracellular pool of glucose transporters from basal and insulin-stimulated rat skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem. 1990;265:987-91. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Identification of an intracellular pool of glucose transporters from basal and insulin-stimulated rat skeletal muscle." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Hirshman MF" 1 => "Goodyear LJ" 2 => "Wardzala LJ" 3 => "Horton ED" 4 => "Horton ES." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Biol Chem. " "fecha" => "1990" "volumen" => "265" "paginaInicial" => "987" "paginaFinal" => "91" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2104834" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib5" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Insulin induces the translocation of GLUT4 from a unique intracellular organ-elle to transverse tubules in rat skeletal muscle. Diabetes. 1992;41:1562-9. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Insulin induces the translocation of GLUT4 from a unique intracellular organ-elle to transverse tubules in rat skeletal muscle." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Marette A" 1 => "Burdett E" 2 => "Douen A" 3 => "Vranic M" 4 => "Klip A." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes. " "fecha" => "1992" "volumen" => "41" "paginaInicial" => "1562" "paginaFinal" => "9" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1446797" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib6" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Glucose transporter number, activity, and isoform content in plasma membranes of red and white skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. 1991;261 Pt 1:E556-61. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Glucose transporter number, activity, and isoform content in plasma membranes of red and white skeletal muscle." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Goodyear LJ" 1 => "Hirshman MF" 2 => "Smith RJ" 3 => "Horton ES." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. " "fecha" => "1991" "volumen" => "261 Pt 1" "paginaInicial" => "E556" "paginaFinal" => "61" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib7" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Glucose transporter protein content and glucose transport capacity in rat skeletal muscles. Am J Physiol. 1990;259 Pt 1:E593-8. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Glucose transporter protein content and glucose transport capacity in rat skeletal muscles." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Henriksen EJ" 1 => "Bourey RE" 2 => "Rodnick KJ" 3 => "Koranyi L" 4 => "Permutt MA" 5 => "Holloszy JO." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. " "fecha" => "1990" "volumen" => "259 Pt 1" "paginaInicial" => "E593" "paginaFinal" => "8" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib8" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Abundance, localization, and insulin-induced translocation of glucose transporters in red and white muscle. Am J Physiol. 1992;263 Pt 1:C443-52. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abundance, localization, and insulin-induced translocation of glucose transporters in red and white muscle." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Marette A" 1 => "Richardson JM" 2 => "Ramlal T" 3 => "Balon TW" 4 => "Vranic M" 5 => "Pessin JE" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. " "fecha" => "1992" "volumen" => "263 Pt 1" "paginaInicial" => "C443" "paginaFinal" => "52" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib9" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Fast/Glycolytic muscle fiber growth reduces fat mass and improves metabolic parameters in obese mice. Cell Metab. 2008; 7:159-72. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Fast/Glycolytic muscle fiber growth reduces fat mass and improves metabolic parameters in obese mice." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Izumiya Y" 1 => "Hopkins T" 2 => "Morris C" 3 => "Sato K" 4 => "Zeng L" 5 => "Viereck J" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.cmet.2007.11.003" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cell Metab. " "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "159" "paginaFinal" => "72" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18249175" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib10" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle is determined by glucose transporter (GLUT4) protein level. Biochem J. 1990;270:397-400. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle is determined by glucose transporter (GLUT4) protein level." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Kern M" 1 => "Wells JA" 2 => "Stephens JM" 3 => "Elton CW" 4 => "Friedman JE" 5 => "Tap-scott EB" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biochem J. " "fecha" => "1990" "volumen" => "270" "paginaInicial" => "397" "paginaFinal" => "400" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2205203" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib11" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Skeletal muscle capillary density and fiber type are possible determinants of in vivo insulin resistance in man. J Clin Invest. 1987;80:415-24. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Skeletal muscle capillary density and fiber type are possible determinants of in vivo insulin resistance in man." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Lillioja S" 1 => "Young AA" 2 => "Culter CL" 3 => "Ivy JL" 4 => "Abbott WG" 5 => "Zawadzki JK" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1172/JCI113088" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Invest. " "fecha" => "1987" "volumen" => "80" "paginaInicial" => "415" "paginaFinal" => "24" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3301899" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib12" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Insulin action on glucose transport and plasma membrane GLUT4 content in skeletal muscle from patients with NIDDM. Diabetologia. 1996;39:1180-9. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Insulin action on glucose transport and plasma membrane GLUT4 content in skeletal muscle from patients with NIDDM." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Zierath JR" 1 => "He L" 2 => "Guma A" 3 => "Odegoard Wahlstrom E" 4 => "Klip A" 5 => "Wall-berg-Henriksson H." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetologia. " "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "39" "paginaInicial" => "1180" "paginaFinal" => "9" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8897005" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib13" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in athletes: The importance of GLUT4 mRNA, GLUT4 protein and fibre type composition of skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 1993; 149: 393-404. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in athletes: The importance of GLUT4 mRNA, GLUT4 protein and fibre type composition of skeletal muscle." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Andersen PH" 1 => "Lund S" 2 => "Schmitz O" 3 => "Junker S" 4 => "Kahn BB" 5 => "Pedersen O." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1748-1716.1993.tb09635.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Acta Physiol Scand. " "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "149" "paginaInicial" => "393" "paginaFinal" => "404" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8128887" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib14" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Elevated skeletal muscle glucose transporter levels in exercise-trained middle-aged men. Am J Physiol. 1991;261 Pt 1:E437-43. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Elevated skeletal muscle glucose transporter levels in exercise-trained middle-aged men." "idioma" => "da" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Houmard JA" 1 => "Egan PC" 2 => "Neufer PD" 3 => "Friedman JE" 4 => "Wheeler WS" 5 => "Israel RG" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. " "fecha" => "1991" "volumen" => "261 Pt 1" "paginaInicial" => "E437" "paginaFinal" => "43" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib15" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Exercise training increases GLUT-4 protein concentration in previously sedentary middle-aged men. Am J Physiol. 1993;264 Pt 1:E896-901. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Exercise training increases GLUT-4 protein concentration in previously sedentary middle-aged men." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Houmard JA" 1 => "Shinebarger MH" 2 => "Dolan PL" 3 => "Leggett-Frazier N" 4 => "Bruner RK" 5 => "McCammon MR" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. " "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "264 Pt 1" "paginaInicial" => "E896" "paginaFinal" => "901" ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib16" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Mechanisms of enhanced insulin sensitivity in endurance-trained athletes: Effects on blood flow and differential expression of GLUT 4 in skeletal muscles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:2437-46. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Mechanisms of enhanced insulin sensitivity in endurance-trained athletes: Effects on blood flow and differential expression of GLUT 4 in skeletal muscles." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Hardin DS" 1 => "Azzarelli B" 2 => "Edwards J" 3 => "Wigglesworth J" 4 => "Maianu L" 5 => "Brechtel G" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1210/jcem.80.8.7629239" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Endocrinol Metab. " "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "80" "paginaInicial" => "2437" "paginaFinal" => "46" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7629239" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0010782412001473" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "00107824" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib18" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Training effects on the contractile apparatus. Acta Physiol Scand. 1998;162:367-76. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Training effects on the contractile apparatus." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Pette D." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1046/j.1365-201X.1998.0296e.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Acta Physiol Scand. " "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "162" "paginaInicial" => "367" "paginaFinal" => "76" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9578383" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib19" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Effect of training on insulin-mediated glucose uptake in human muscle. Am J Physiol. 2006;263:E1134-43. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Effect of training on insulin-mediated glucose uptake in human muscle." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Dela F" 1 => "Mikines KJ" 2 => "von Linstow M" 3 => "Secher NH" 4 => "Galbo H." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. " "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "263" "paginaInicial" => "E1134" "paginaFinal" => "43" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1476187" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib20" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Physiol Rev. 2013;93:993-1017. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Richter EA" 1 => "Hargreaves M." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1152/physrev.00038.2012" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Physiol Rev. " "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "93" "paginaInicial" => "993" "paginaFinal" => "1017" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23899560" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib21" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise on fiber-type specific GLUT4 and IGF-1R expression. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38:581-6. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise on fiber-type specific GLUT4 and IGF-1R expression." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Gallagher PM" 1 => "Touchberry CD" 2 => "Teson K" 3 => "McCabe E" 4 => "Tehel M" 5 => "Wacker MJ." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1139/apnm-2012-0301" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. " "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "38" "paginaInicial" => "581" "paginaFinal" => "6" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23668768" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib22" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Interaction between lipid availability, endurance exercise and insulin sensitivity. Med Sport Sci. 2014;60:62-70. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Interaction between lipid availability, endurance exercise and insulin sensitivity." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Newsom SA" 1 => "Schenk S." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1159/000357336" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Med Sport Sci. " "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "60" "paginaInicial" => "62" "paginaFinal" => "70" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25226801" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib23" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Regulation of skeletal muscle GLUT-4 expression by exercise and nutritional stimuli. J Phys Fitness Sports Med. 2013;2:355-60. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Regulation of skeletal muscle GLUT-4 expression by exercise and nutritional stimuli." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Higashida K" 1 => "Tabata I" 2 => "Higuchi M" 3 => "Terada S." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Phys Fitness Sports Med. " "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "355" "paginaFinal" => "60" ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib24" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Exercise increases skeletal muscle GLUT4 gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14: 768-71. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Exercise increases skeletal muscle GLUT4 gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Hussey S" 1 => "McGee S" 2 => "Garnham A" 3 => "McConell G" 4 => "Hargreaves M." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01585.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Obes Metab. " "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "768" "paginaFinal" => "71" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22340256" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib25" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Physical inactivity affects skeletal muscle insulin signaling in a birth weight-dependent manner. J Diabetes Complications. 2014;28:71-8. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Physical inactivity affects skeletal muscle insulin signaling in a birth weight-dependent manner." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Mortensen B" 1 => "Friedrichsen M" 2 => "Andersen NR" 3 => "Alibegovic AC" 4 => "Højbjerre L" 5 => "Sonne MP" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.09.002" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Diabetes Complications. " "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "28" "paginaInicial" => "71" "paginaFinal" => "8" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24120282" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib26" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "The effect of obesity and endurance training-induced weight loss on UCP3 mRNA expression in C57BL/6 mice. Ir J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;15:311-21. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "The effect of obesity and endurance training-induced weight loss on UCP3 mRNA expression in C57BL/6 mice." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Mohebbi H" 1 => "Rohani H" 2 => "Hassan-Nia S" 3 => "Pirooznia N." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ir J Endocrinol Metab. " "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "15" "paginaInicial" => "311" "paginaFinal" => "21" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib27" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 2001;29:e45. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Pfaffl MW." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nucleic Acids Res. " "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "e45" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11328886" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib28" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Analysis of GLUT4 distribution in whole skeletal muscle fibers: identification of distinct storage compartments that are recruited by insulin and muscle contractions. J Cell Biol. 1998;142:1429-46. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Analysis of GLUT4 distribution in whole skeletal muscle fibers: identification of distinct storage compartments that are recruited by insulin and muscle contractions." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Ploug T" 1 => "van Deurs B" 2 => "Ai H" 3 => "Cushman SW" 4 => "Ralston E." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Cell Biol. " "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "142" "paginaInicial" => "1429" "paginaFinal" => "46" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9744875" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib29" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Immunocytochemical evidence that GLUT4 resides in a specialized translocation post-endosomal VAMP2-positive compartment in rat adipose cells in the absence of insulin. J Histochem Cytochem. 1997;45:1083-96. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Immunocytochemical evidence that GLUT4 resides in a specialized translocation post-endosomal VAMP2-positive compartment in rat adipose cells in the absence of insulin." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Malide D" 1 => "Dwyer NK" 2 => "Blanchette-Mackie EJ" 3 => "Cushman SW." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1177/002215549704500806" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Histochem Cytochem. " "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "45" "paginaInicial" => "1083" "paginaFinal" => "96" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9267469" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib30" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Exercise increases muscle GLUT-4 levels and insulin action in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Am J Physiol. 1993;264 Pt 1:E855-62. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Exercise increases muscle GLUT-4 levels and insulin action in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Hughes VA" 1 => "Fiatarone MA" 2 => "Fielding RA" 3 => "Kahn BB" 4 => "Ferrara CM" 5 => "Shepherd P" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. " "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "264 Pt 1" "paginaInicial" => "E855" "paginaFinal" => "62" ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib31" "etiqueta" => "31" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Exercise training increases glucose transporter protein GLUT4 in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. FEBS Lett. 1990; 268:13-6. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Exercise training increases glucose transporter protein GLUT4 in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Friedman JE" 1 => "Sherman WM" 2 => "Reed MJ" 3 => "Elton CW" 4 => "Dohm GL." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "FEBS Lett. " "fecha" => "1990" "volumen" => "268" "paginaInicial" => "13" "paginaFinal" => "6" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2200706" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib32" "etiqueta" => "32" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Expression of GLUT-4 glucose transporter in unweighted soleus muscle of normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats. Am J Physiol. 1993;264 Pt 1:E301-7. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Expression of GLUT-4 glucose transporter in unweighted soleus muscle of normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Ishihara H" 1 => "Asano T" 2 => "Katagiri H" 3 => "Lin JL" 4 => "Tsukuda K" 5 => "Inukai K" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. " "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "264 Pt 1" "paginaInicial" => "E301" "paginaFinal" => "7" ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib33" "etiqueta" => "33" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Subcellular localization and trafficking of the GLUT4 glucose transporter isoform in insulin-responsive cells. Bioessays. 1994;16:753-9. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Subcellular localization and trafficking of the GLUT4 glucose transporter isoform in insulin-responsive cells." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Holman GD" 1 => "Cushman SW." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/bies.950161010" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Bioessays. " "fecha" => "1994" "volumen" => "16" "paginaInicial" => "753" "paginaFinal" => "9" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7980479" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0002937810009269" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "00029378" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib34" "etiqueta" => "34" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Relationship between muscle fibre composition, glucose transporter protein 4 and exercise training: Possible consequences in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Acta Physiol Scand. 2001;171:267-76. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Relationship between muscle fibre composition, glucose transporter protein 4 and exercise training: Possible consequences in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Daugaard JR" 1 => "Richter EA." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.00829.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Acta Physiol Scand. " "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "171" "paginaInicial" => "267" "paginaFinal" => "76" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11412139" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib35" "etiqueta" => "35" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Effects of exercise training on muscle GLUT-4 protein content and translocation in obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Metab. 1993;265:E419-27. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Effects of exercise training on muscle GLUT-4 protein content and translocation in obese Zucker rats." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Brozinick J" 1 => "Etgen G" 2 => "Yaspelkis B" 3 => "Kang H" 4 => "Ivy J." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol Metab. " "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "265" "paginaInicial" => "E419" "paginaFinal" => "27" ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib36" "etiqueta" => "36" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Exercise training increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and GLUT4 (SLC2A4) protein content in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2006;49:2983-92. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Exercise training increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and GLUT4 (SLC2A4) protein content in patients with type 2 diabetes." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "O’gorman D" 1 => "Karlsson H" 2 => "McQuaid S" 3 => "Yousif O" 4 => "Rahman Y" 5 => "Gasparro D" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00125-006-0457-3" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetologia. " "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "49" "paginaInicial" => "2983" "paginaFinal" => "92" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17019595" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib37" "etiqueta" => "37" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Invited review: Regulation of skeletal muscle GLUT-4 expression by exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93:782-7. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Invited review: Regulation of skeletal muscle GLUT-4 expression by exercise." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Dohm GL." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1152/japplphysiol.01266.2001" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol. " "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "93" "paginaInicial" => "782" "paginaFinal" => "7" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12133892" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib38" "etiqueta" => "38" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Effect of prolonged intermittent hypoxia and exercise training on glucose tolerance and muscle GLUT4 protein expression in rats. J Biomed Sci. 2004;11:838-46. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Effect of prolonged intermittent hypoxia and exercise training on glucose tolerance and muscle GLUT4 protein expression in rats." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Chiu L-L" 1 => "Chou S-W" 2 => "Cho Y-M" 3 => "Ho H-Y" 4 => "Ivy JL" 5 => "Hunt D" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1159/000081831" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Biomed Sci. " "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "838" "paginaFinal" => "46" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591781" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib39" "etiqueta" => "39" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Effect of short-term training on GLUT-4 mRNA and protein expression in human skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol. 2004;89:559-63. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Effect of short-term training on GLUT-4 mRNA and protein expression in human skeletal muscle." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Kraniou GN" 1 => "Cameron-Smith D" 2 => "Hargreaves M." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1113/expphysiol.2004.027409" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Exp Physiol. " "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "89" "paginaInicial" => "559" "paginaFinal" => "63" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15184360" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib40" "etiqueta" => "40" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Fiber type effects on contraction-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 abundance in single fibers from rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Metab. 2015;308:E223-30. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Fiber type effects on contraction-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 abundance in single fibers from rat skeletal muscle." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Castorena CM" 1 => "Arias EB" 2 => "Sharma N" 3 => "Bogan JS" 4 => "Cartee GD." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol Metab. " "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "308" "paginaInicial" => "E223" "paginaFinal" => "30" ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib41" "etiqueta" => "41" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Exercise and sport science. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. p. 171-3. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Exercise and sport science." "idioma" => "fr" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Garrett WE" 1 => "Kirkendall DT." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => null ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib42" "etiqueta" => "42" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Direct evidence of fiber type-dependent GLUT-4 expression in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Metab. 2000;278:E910-6. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Direct evidence of fiber type-dependent GLUT-4 expression in human skeletal muscle." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Gaster M" 1 => "Poulsen P" 2 => "Handberg A" 3 => "Schrøder H" 4 => "Beck-Nielsen H." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol Metab. " "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "278" "paginaInicial" => "E910" "paginaFinal" => "6" ] ] ] ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib43" "etiqueta" => "43" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Postnatal exposure to a high-carbohydrate diet interferes epigenetically with thyroid hormone receptor induction of the adult male rat skeletal muscle glucose transporter isoform 4 expression. J Nutr Biochem. 2014;25: 1066-76. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Postnatal exposure to a high-carbohydrate diet interferes epigenetically with thyroid hormone receptor induction of the adult male rat skeletal muscle glucose transporter isoform 4 expression." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Raychaudhuri N" 1 => "Thamotharan S" 2 => "Srinivasan M" 3 => "Mahmood S" 4 => "Patel MS" 5 => "Devaskar SU." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.05.011" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Nutr Biochem. " "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "25" "paginaInicial" => "1066" "paginaFinal" => "76" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25086780" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib44" "etiqueta" => "44" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Class II histone deacetylases downregulate GLUT4 transcription in response to increased cAMP signaling in cultured adipocytes and fasting mice. Diabetes. 2012;61:1404-14. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Class II histone deacetylases downregulate GLUT4 transcription in response to increased cAMP signaling in cultured adipocytes and fasting mice." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Weems JC" 1 => "Griesel BA" 2 => "Olson AL." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2337/db11-0737" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes. " "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "61" "paginaInicial" => "1404" "paginaFinal" => "14" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22403301" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 43 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib45" "etiqueta" => "45" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Muscle contractile activity modulates GLUT4 protein content in the absence of insulin. Horm Metab Res. 1996;28:75-80. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Muscle contractile activity modulates GLUT4 protein content in the absence of insulin." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Kawanaka K" 1 => "Higuchi M" 2 => "Ohmori H" 3 => "Shimegi S" 4 => "Ezaki O" 5 => "Katsuta S." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1055/s-2007-979132" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Horm Metab Res. " "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "28" "paginaInicial" => "75" "paginaFinal" => "80" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8867902" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 44 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib46" "etiqueta" => "46" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose up-take, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53:294-305. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose up-take, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Holten MK" 1 => "Zacho M" 2 => "Gaster M" 3 => "Juel C" 4 => "Wojtaszewski JF" 5 => "Dela F." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes. " "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "53" "paginaInicial" => "294" "paginaFinal" => "305" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14747278" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 45 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib47" "etiqueta" => "47" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "AMP-activated protein kinase regulates GLUT4 transcription by phosphorylating histone deacetylase 5. Diabetes. 2008;57:860-7. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "AMP-activated protein kinase regulates GLUT4 transcription by phosphorylating histone deacetylase 5." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "McGee SL" 1 => "van Denderen BJ" 2 => "Howlett KF" 3 => "Mollica J" 4 => "Schertzer JD" 5 => "Kemp BE" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2337/db07-0843" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes. " "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "57" "paginaInicial" => "860" "paginaFinal" => "7" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18184930" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 46 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib48" "etiqueta" => "48" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Histone code modifications repress glucose transporter 4 expression in the intrauterine growth-restricted offspring. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:13611-26. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Histone code modifications repress glucose transporter 4 expression in the intrauterine growth-restricted offspring." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Raychaudhuri N" 1 => "Raychaudhuri S" 2 => "Thamotharan M" 3 => "Devaskar SU." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1074/jbc.M800128200" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Biol Chem. " "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "283" "paginaInicial" => "13611" "paginaFinal" => "26" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18326493" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 47 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib49" "etiqueta" => "49" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Reduced insulin receptor signaling in the obese spontaneously hypertensive Koletsky rat. Am J Physiol Metab. 1997;273:E1014-23. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Reduced insulin receptor signaling in the obese spontaneously hypertensive Koletsky rat." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Friedman JE" 1 => "Ishizuka T" 2 => "Liu S" 3 => "Farrell CJ" 4 => "Bedol D" 5 => "Koletsky RJ" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol Metab. " "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "273" "paginaInicial" => "E1014" "paginaFinal" => "23" ] ] ] ] ] ] 48 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib50" "etiqueta" => "50" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Decreased Akt kinase activity and insulin resistance in C57BL/KsJ-Leprdb/db mice. J Endocrinol. 2000;167:107-15. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Decreased Akt kinase activity and insulin resistance in C57BL/KsJ-Leprdb/db mice." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Shao J" 1 => "Yamashita H" 2 => "Qiao L" 3 => "Friedman J." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Endocrinol. " "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "167" "paginaInicial" => "107" "paginaFinal" => "15" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11018758" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 49 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib51" "etiqueta" => "51" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Troglitazone improves GLUT4 expression in adi-pose tissue in an animal model of obese type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002;56:159-71. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Troglitazone improves GLUT4 expression in adi-pose tissue in an animal model of obese type 2 diabetes mellitus." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Furuta M" 1 => "Yano Y" 2 => "Gabazza EC" 3 => "Araki-Sasaki R" 4 => "Tanaka T" 5 => "Katsuki A" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Res Clin Pract. " "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "56" "paginaInicial" => "159" "paginaFinal" => "71" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11947963" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 50 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib52" "etiqueta" => "52" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Amelioration of insulin resistance in streptozotocin diabetic mice by transgenic overexpression of GLUT4 driven by an adipose-specific promoter 1. Endocrinology. 1997;138:1604-11. " "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Amelioration of insulin resistance in streptozotocin diabetic mice by transgenic overexpression of GLUT4 driven by an adipose-specific promoter 1." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Tozzo E" 1 => "Gnudi L" 2 => "Kahn BB." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1210/endo.138.4.5043" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Endocrinology. " "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "138" "paginaInicial" => "1604" "paginaFinal" => "11" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9075721" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "ct" "url" => "/X8866581/0000005100000191/v0_201801081357/XX886658116585920/v0_201801081357/ct/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "71856" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Treballs originals" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/X8866581/0000005100000191/v0_201801081357/XX886658116585920/v0_201801081357/ct/278v51n191a90458592pdf001.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://apunts.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/XX886658116585920?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

Statistics

Efectes de 12 setmanes d’entrenament de resistència a 2 intensitats diferents en l’expressió de l’ARNm del GLUT4 dels músculs soli i gastrocnemi en ratolins obesos

The effect of 12 weeks endurance training at 2 different intensities on GLUT4 mRNA expression of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in obese mice

Hamid Mohebbia, Hadi Rohanib, Sadegh Hassan-Niac

a Department of Exercice Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

b Department of Sport Medicine, Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran, Teheran, Iran

c Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Teheran, Iran

Read

3516

Times
was read the article

1755

Total PDF

1761

Total HTML

Share statistics

 array:19 [
  "pii" => "XX886658116585920"
  "issn" => "X8866581"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-07-01"
  "documento" => "article"
  "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Apunts&#46; Medicina de l&#39;Esport. 2016;51:93-9"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 1617
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 85
      "HTML" => 847
      "PDF" => 685
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:15 [
    "pii" => "XX886658116585939"
    "issn" => "X8866581"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-07-01"
    "documento" => "article"
    "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Apunts&#46; Medicina de l&#39;Esport. 2016;51:101-7"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 1691
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 88
        "HTML" => 895
        "PDF" => 708
      ]
    ]
    "ct" => array:12 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "L&#8217;ensenyament de la fisiologia humana a l&#8217;Instituto Nacional de Educaci&#243;n F&#237;sica de Madrid&#58; una experi&#232;ncia de 30 anys"
      "tienePdf" => "ct"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "ct"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "101"
          "paginaFinal" => "107"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Teaching human physiology in National Institute of Physical Education Madrid&#58; 30 years experience"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "ct" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "ct" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a"
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "278v51n191-90458593fig1.jpg"
              "Alto" => 235
              "Ancho" => 700
              "Tamanyo" => 53379
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "ct" => "Taula 1 Resum relatiu a la consideraci&#243; de l’assignatura de fisiologia al llarg dels diferents plans d’estudi"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Francisco Javier Calder&#243;n Montero"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Francisco Javier"
              "apellidos" => "Calder&#243;n Montero"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "ct"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/XX886658116585939?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/X8866581/0000005100000191/v0_201801081357/XX886658116585939/v0_201801081357/ct/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:15 [
    "pii" => "XX886658116585912"
    "issn" => "X8866581"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-07-01"
    "documento" => "article"
    "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Apunts&#46; Medicina de l&#39;Esport. 2016;51:85-92"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 2009
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 105
        "HTML" => 1148
        "PDF" => 756
      ]
    ]
    "ct" => array:12 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Caracter&#237;stiques antropom&#232;triques i h&#224;bits alimentaris d&#8217;estudiants de dansa cl&#224;ssica de l&#8217;Instituto Superior de Arte del Teatro Col&#243;n&#42;"
      "tienePdf" => "ct"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "ct"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "85"
          "paginaFinal" => "92"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Anthropometric characteristics and dietary habits of ballet student dancers&#44; ISA Colon Theatre"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "ct" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "ct" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a"
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "278v51n191-90458591fig1.jpg"
              "Alto" => 345
              "Ancho" => 700
              "Tamanyo" => 30249
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "ct" => "Taula 1 Classificaci&#243; d’IMC-OMS&#44; 2005"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Jesica de los Santos, Marcelo Ghioldi, Mar&#237;a Dolores Obeid, Carolina Schattner"
          "autores" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Jesica"
              "apellidos" => "de los Santos"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Marcelo"
              "apellidos" => "Ghioldi"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a Dolores"
              "apellidos" => "Obeid"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Carolina"
              "apellidos" => "Schattner"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "ct"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/XX886658116585912?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/X8866581/0000005100000191/v0_201801081357/XX886658116585912/v0_201801081357/ct/main.assets"
  ]
  "ct" => array:15 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "titulo" => "Efectes de 12 setmanes d&#8217;entrenament de resist&#232;ncia a 2 intensitats diferents en l&#8217;expressi&#243; de l&#8217;ARNm del GLUT4 dels m&#250;sculs soli i gastrocnemi en ratolins obesos"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "93"
        "paginaFinal" => "99"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:3 [
        "autoresLista" => "Hamid Mohebbi, Hadi Rohani, Sadegh Hassan-Nia"
        "autores" => array:3 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Hamid"
            "apellidos" => "Mohebbi"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "affa"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Hadi"
            "apellidos" => "Rohani"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "affb"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Sadegh"
            "apellidos" => "Hassan-Nia"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "affc"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:3 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Department of Exercice Physiology&#44; Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences&#44; University of Guilan&#44; Rasht&#44; Iran"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
            "identificador" => "affa"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Department of Sport Medicine&#44; Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran&#44; Teheran&#44; Iran"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
            "identificador" => "affb"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Faculty of Biological Science&#44; Tarbiat Modares University&#44; Teheran&#44; Iran "
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
            "identificador" => "affc"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "The effect of 12 weeks endurance training at 2 different intensities on GLUT4 mRNA expression of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in obese mice"
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:6 [
        "identificador" => "fig1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a"
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "278v51n191-90458592fig1.jpg"
            "Alto" => 189
            "Ancho" => 700
            "Tamanyo" => 16102
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introducci&#243; </span><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Generalment s&#8217;admet que l&#8217;obesitat est&#224; fonamentalment associada a una alteraci&#243; de la taxa d&#8217;absorci&#243; de glucosa estimulada per la insulina en el m&#250;scul esquel&#232;tic&#44; que s&#8217;ha atribu&#239;t a la resist&#232;ncia a la insulina&#46; Diversos estudis s&#8217;han centrat en el sistema de transport de la glucosa com a part dels mecanismes subjacents&#46; La glucosa transporta les c&#232;llules del m&#250;scul esquel&#232;tic a trav&#233;s de les prote&#239;nes transportadores de glucosa GLUT1 i GLUT4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#46; Sembla que la isoforma GLUT1 &#233;s la transportadora de la glucosa que suporta el transport de la glucosa basal<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span>&#44; mentre que la isoforma GLUT4 augmenta el transport de glucosa en resposta a la insulina i a la contracci&#243;&#46; La insulina i les contraccions transporten el GLUT4 de la reserva intracel&#183;lular a la membrana plasm&#224;tica i als t&#250;buls T<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Se sap que en els rosegadors&#44; la capacitat d&#8217;absorci&#243; de la glucosa &#233;s major en els m&#250;sculs oxidatius vermells que en els m&#250;sculs glucol&#237;tics blancs<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-10</span>&#46; Sembla que un mecanisme subjacent t&#233; un major nivell d&#8217;expressi&#243; de GLUT4&#44; tant a nivell intracel&#183;lular<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span> com a la membrana plasm&#224;tica8&#46; En el m&#250;scul esquel&#232;tic hum&#224;&#44; la captaci&#243; de glucosa s&#8217;associa positivament a la proporci&#243; de fibres de tipus i i negativament a la proporci&#243; de fibres de tipus iib<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>&#46; Aquests resultats es basen en l&#8217;estudi in vitro de Zierath et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span>&#44; que reportaren que l&#8217;augment d&#8217;insulina estimulada en la captaci&#243; de la glucosa per damunt del nivell basal correlaciona estretament&#44; tant afirmativament amb el percentatge de fibres musculars de tipus i&#44; com negativament amb el percentatge de fibres tipus iia&#46; Tanmateix&#44; s&#8217;han reportat resultats poc convincents respecte a la relaci&#243; entre la distribuci&#243; del tipus de fibra i el contingut de GLUT4 en el m&#250;scul hum&#224;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13-15</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Andersen et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> no trobaren cap correlaci&#243; entre tipus de fibra i contingut de GLUT4&#44; mentre que Houmard et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> mostraren una baixa correlaci&#243; entre tipus de composici&#243; de la fibra i contingut de GLUT4&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Ha estat demostrat que els diferents m&#250;sculs presenten importants difer&#232;ncies de contingut de GLUT4&#44; i aquestes difer&#232;ncies sovint estan associades a les difer&#232;ncies en la captaci&#243; de la glucosa estimulada per la insulina<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span>&#46; Com que el diferents m&#250;sculs es composen d&#8217;una combinaci&#243; de diferents tipus de fibres musculars<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>&#44; &#233;s possible que hi hagi difer&#232;ncies significatives en el contingut de GLUT4 entre m&#250;sculs&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Probablement&#44; les difer&#232;ncies en el contingut de GLUT4 i la captaci&#243; de la glucosa estimulada per la insulina estan relacionades amb el nivell d&#8217;entrenament&#46; Els canvis de nivell d&#8217;activitat del m&#250;scul esquel&#232;tic s&#243;n la clau reguladora del contingut de GLUT4 en ratolins<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span>&#46; Entre els humans&#44; els esportistes tenen m&#233;s GLUT4 que els subjectes control de la mateixa edat no entrenats<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span>&#44; i en ambd&#243;s&#44; subjectes control normals i sans i individus amb la captaci&#243; disminu&#239;da de la glucosa estimulada per la insulina&#44; l&#8217;entrenament f&#237;sic ha demostrat que incrementa el contingut de GLUT4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;23&#44;24</span>&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; una disminuci&#243; del nivell d&#8217;activitat pot minorar el contingut de GLUT4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;25</span>&#46; Finalment&#44; s&#8217;ha demostrat que canvis en l&#8217;activitat f&#237;sica i el contingut de GLUT4 estan relacionats amb canvis en la captaci&#243; de la glucosa estimulada per la insulina<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> El principal objectiu d&#8217;aquest treball fou investigar l&#8217;expressi&#243; de l&#8217;ARNm del GLUT4 en el soli &#40;m&#250;scul predominantment de contracci&#243; lenta&#41; i el gastrocnemi &#40;m&#250;scul predominantment de contracci&#243; r&#224;pida&#41; com a resposta a l&#8217;entrenament de resist&#232;ncia en ratolins obesos&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Subjectes i m&#232;todes </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Animals </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En aquest estudi s&#8217;utilitzaren 40 ratolins mascles C57BL&#47;6 &#40;de 4 setmanes&#41;&#46; Vuit ratolins no obesos &#40;base normal &#91;BN&#93;&#59; dieta est&#224;ndard alimentats <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ad libitum</span>&#41; van servir de control no obesos no entrenats &#40;el grup BN es consider&#224; com a valor de refer&#232;ncia per calcular l&#8217;expressi&#243; g&#232;nica en temps real que s&#8217;expressa com a valors relatius&#41; i 32 ratolins van ser sotmesos a una dieta aliment&#224;ria rica en greixos &#40;DAG&#41; durant 12 setmanes que consist&#237; en acc&#233;s lliure a una dieta rica en greixos de 60&#37; kcal &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">High-Fat Diet&#44; Razi Vaccine &#38; Serum Research Institute</span>&#44; Iran&#41;&#46; A la setmana 16&#44; els ratolins obesos foren assignats aleat&#242;riament als grups de tractament seg&#252;ents &#40;n &#61; 8 cada grup&#41;&#58; 1&#41; grup ob&#232;s base &#91;OB&#93;&#59; 2&#41; grup de baixa intensitat &#91;BI&#93;&#59; 3&#41; grup d&#8217;alta intensitat &#91;AI&#93;&#44; o 4&#41; grup control ob&#232;s &#91;CO&#93;&#46; Els ratolins OB moriren abans del programa d&#8217;entrenament&#46; BI i AI entrenaren 5 dies per setmana durant 12 setmanes en una cinta de c&#243;rrer motoritzada&#46; Els CO serviren de control no entrenats&#46; Tots els ratolins van ser ficats en g&#224;bies bin&#224;ries&#44; la temperatura de la sala dels animals es mantingu&#233; a 22 &#176;C i es cre&#224; un cicle artificial de 12 h de llum i 12 h de foscor&#46; S&#8217;aplic&#224; un per&#237;ode de familiaritzaci&#243; de 2 setmanes en qu&#232; els ratolins corrien 7-10 m durant 10-15 min en un pendent del 5&#37;&#46; Despr&#233;s&#44; es continu&#224; l&#8217;entrenament a les 12 setmanes seg&#252;ents&#44; durant 60 min&#44; de forma cont&#237;nua a 15 m&#47;min en un pendent del 5&#37; &#40;els BI&#41; i&#47;o 41 min cont&#237;nuament a 22 m&#47;min en un pendent del 5&#37; &#40;els AI&#41;&#46; El treball diari total es f&#233;u coincidir en ambd&#243;s grups i es fix&#224; en 900 m la dist&#224;ncia de carrera&#46; Els ratolins CO es mantingueren sedentaris a la g&#224;bia durant el programa d&#8217;entrenament&#46; El pes es registr&#224; setmanalment&#46; BI&#44; AI i CO van ser morts al final del programa d&#8217;entrenament&#46; Se&#8217;ls retir&#224; el menjar 12-14 h abans de morir&#46; Els experiments van ser aprovats pel Comit&#232; d&#8217;&#232;tica d&#8217;investigaci&#243;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Preparaci&#243; del m&#250;scul </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els ratolins van ser anestesiats per via intraperitoneal amb una preparaci&#243; de ketamina &#40;30-50 mg&#47;kg en perfusi&#243; cont&#237;nua &#91;pc&#93;&#41; i xilacina &#40;3-5 mg&#47;kg pc&#41; i moriren per extracci&#243; de sang del cor per prendre mostres del m&#250;scul 48 h despr&#233;s de la darrera sessi&#243; d&#8217;exercici&#44; i es van dissecar els m&#250;sculs soli i gastrocnemi&#46; Les mostres de m&#250;scul es congelaren r&#224;pidament en nitrogen l&#237;quid i es conservaren a &#8722;80 &#176;C&#46; Els procediments de preparaci&#243; dels teixits i l&#8217;extracci&#243; d&#8217;ARN total estan a bastament descrits en diversos estudis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">PCR en temps real </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> S&#8217;utilitz&#224; ARN transcriptasa inversa o retrotranscripci&#243; i encebadors d&#8217;hex&#224;mers aleatoris segons les instruccions del fabricant &#40;AccuPower Green Star qPCR PreMix&#44; BiONEER&#44; Daejeon&#44; Corea&#41;&#46; Despr&#233;s&#44; s&#8217;hi afegiren PCR Master Mix que contenien encebadors espec&#237;fics&#44; ADN Taq Hotstar polimerasa i tamp&#243; de SYBR-Green PCR&#46; Totes les mostres foren determinades per duplicat&#44; i per a un control negatiu s&#8217;utilitz&#224; la mateixa configuraci&#243;&#44; tret de l&#8217;addici&#243; de la transcriptasa inversa&#46; No es detect&#224; cap producte de PCR en aquestes darreres condicions&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els nivells d&#8217;ARNm de GLUT4 i &#946;-actina&#44; un gen de manteniment&#44; es determinaren per transcripci&#243; inversa quantitativa-PCR de l&#8217;ARN cel&#183;lular total amb l&#8217;encebador directe 5&#180;CCG CGG CCT CCT ATG AGA TAC T3&#180; i l&#8217;encebador revers 5&#180;AGG CAC CCC GAA GAT GAG T3&#180; per a l&#8217;amplificaci&#243; de l&#8217;ARNm del GLUT4 i l&#8217;encebador directe 5&#180; ACA ATG AGC TGC GTG TGG CC 3&#180;i l&#8217;encebador revers 5&#180;CCT CGT AGA TGG GCA CAG TG 3&#180;per a l&#8217;amplificaci&#243; de &#946;-actina ARNm&#46; Els productes d&#8217;amplificaci&#243; van ser sotmesos a electroforesi en gels d&#8217;agarosa al 2&#37; i es van tenyir amb bromur d&#8217;etidi&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La quantificaci&#243; en temps real de GLUT4 a &#946;-actina d&#8217;ARNm es realitz&#224; mitjan&#231;ant un assaig de PCR SYBR-Green &#40;Rotor-gene 6000&#44; Corbett&#41;&#46; GLUT4 ARNm i &#946;-actina d&#8217;ARNm foren amplificats en tubs separats i el protocol de ciclat t&#232;rmic de 40 cicles consist&#237; en la desnaturalitzaci&#243; a 95 &#176;C durant 20 s&#44; hibridaci&#243; a 60 &#176;C durant 60 s&#44; extensi&#243; a 72 &#176;C durant 30 s que s&#8217;inici&#224; amb una desnaturalitzaci&#243; inicial a 95 &#176;C durant 15 min i es complet&#224; amb una extensi&#243; final a 72 &#176;C durant 10 min&#46; Durant l&#8217;etapa d&#8217;extensi&#243;&#44; l&#8217;augment de la fluoresc&#232;ncia fou mesurat en temps real&#46; Les dades van ser obtingudes com a valors CT &#40;valor del cicle llindar&#41;&#46; L&#8217;expressi&#243; g&#232;nica relativa fou calculada amb la f&#243;rmula de Pfaffl<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span>&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v51n191-90458592fig1.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">An&#224;lisi de dades </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els valors es presenten com a mitjana &#177; DE&#46; S&#8217;utilitz&#224; l&#8217;an&#224;lisi de vari&#224;ncia &#40;ANOVA&#41; d&#8217;una via seguit del test <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Honestly-significant-difference</span> &#40;HSD&#41; de Tukey per a avaluar els efectes de l&#8217;entrenament sobre l&#8217;expressi&#243; relativa d&#8217;ARNm de GLUT4 en diferents grups&#46; Tamb&#233; s&#8217;utilitz&#224; la prova <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> aparellada&#44; per valorar la difer&#232;ncia entre l&#8217;ARNm del GLUT4 dels m&#250;sculs soli i gastrocnemi de cada grup&#46; En tots els tests s&#8217;utilitz&#224; el programari SPSS 21&#46;0 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; EUA&#41;&#44; i el valor de significaci&#243; estad&#237;stica s&#8217;establ&#237; en p &#8804; 0&#44;05&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultats </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> A la figura 1 es presenta la mitjana del valors del pes dels ratolins dels diferents grups durant la dieta alta en greixos &#40;DAG&#41; i les fases d&#8217;entrenament&#46; El pes dels grups que consumiren DAG &#40;&#233;s a dir&#44; OB&#44; CO&#44; BI i AI&#41; augment&#224; significativament en comparaci&#243; amb BN a partir de la cinquena setmana durant la fase DAG que es mantingu&#233; alta fins a la setmana 12 &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; L&#8217;augment de pes dels 4 grups tractats fou del 18&#37; de mitjana en comparaci&#243; amb BN&#44; que assol&#237; el 32&#37; a la dotzena setmana &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figura 1 Canvi de pes de ratolins durant les fases d’alimentaci&#243; DAG i d’entrenament&#46; &#42;&#58; difer&#232;ncia significativa entre els grups obesos i normal&#59; †&#58; difer&#232;ncia significativa entre grups d’entrenament i OB&#59; ‡&#58; difer&#232;ncies significatives entre els grups AI&#47;BI&#46; AI&#58; entrenament a alta intensitat&#59; BI&#58; entrenament a baixa intensitat&#59; BN&#58; base normal&#59; CO&#58; control obesos&#59; OB&#58; obesos base&#46;" src="278v51n191-90458592fig2.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 1 </span> Canvi de pes de ratolins durant les fases d&#8217;alimentaci&#243; DAG i d&#8217;entrenament&#46; &#42;&#58; difer&#232;ncia significativa entre els grups obesos i normal&#59; &#8224;&#58; difer&#232;ncia significativa entre grups d&#8217;entrenament i OB&#59; &#8225;&#58; difer&#232;ncies significatives entre els grups AI&#47;BI&#46; AI&#58; entrenament a alta intensitat&#59; BI&#58; entrenament a baixa intensitat&#59; BN&#58; base normal&#59; CO&#58; control obesos&#59; OB&#58; obesos base&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Durant la fase d&#8217;entrenament nom&#233;s s&#8217;estudiaren els grups d&#8217;entrenament &#40;BI i AI&#41; i CO&#44; i la p&#232;rdua de pes dels grups d&#8217;entrenament comen&#231;&#224; a diferenciar-se del grup CO des de la sisena setmana&#44; i esdevingu&#233; significativa a partir de la vuitena setmana &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Per tant&#44; la p&#232;rdua de pes en els grups d&#8217;entrenament &#40;en comparaci&#243; amb el grup CO&#41; fou del 5 i del 7&#37; en la sisena i dotzena setmana de la fase d&#8217;entrenament&#44; respectivament&#46; &#201;s interessant assenyalar que la difer&#232;ncia de la p&#232;rdua de pes entre BI i AI aparegu&#233; a partir de la setmana 9 i arrib&#224; a ser estad&#237;sticament divergent a les setmanes 11 i 12 &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; De fet&#44; la r&#224;tio de la p&#232;rdua de pes fou major en AI que en BI&#44; de manera que els canvis en el percentatge de pes al final de l&#8217;entrenament de 12 setmanes del grup AI fou 8&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> vs </span>5&#44;5&#37; del grup BI&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;expressi&#243; de l&#8217;ARNm del GLUT4 del m&#250;scul soli en els ratolins que participaren en el grup BI augment&#224; aproximadament 2&#44;2 vegades&#44; enfront a ~ 1&#44;6 vegades en el gastrocnemi&#44; en relaci&#243; a BN &#40;p &#61; 0&#44;05&#41;&#59; de manera similar&#44; respecte a l&#8217;expressi&#243; de l&#8217;ARNm del GLUT4 increment&#224;&#44; tot i que&#44; estad&#237;sticament&#44; de manera no significativa&#44; per la pr&#224;ctica d&#8217;exercici d&#8217;alta intensitat en els m&#250;sculs soli i gastrocnemi ~ 2&#44;1 i ~ 1&#44;8 vegades&#44; respectivament &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; l&#8217;expressi&#243; d&#8217;ARNm del GLUT4 dels m&#250;sculs soli i gastrocnemi en els grups BI i AI fou significativament major que en els grups OB i CO &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;05&#41;&#44; amb una lleugera regulaci&#243; en descens <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;down regulation&#41;</span> en els darrers grups &#40;fig&#46; 2&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figura 2 Contingut d’ARNm de GLUT4 dels grups experimentals gastrocnemi i soli en relaci&#243; amb el m&#250;scul emparellat en el grup BN &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; &#42;&#58; augment significatiu amb relaci&#243; a BN&#59; †&#58; difer&#232;ncia significativa en comparaci&#243; amb OB i CO &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; " src="278v51n191-90458592fig3.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 2 </span>Contingut d&#8217;ARNm de GLUT4 dels grups experimentals gastrocnemi i soli en relaci&#243; amb el m&#250;scul emparellat en el grup BN &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; &#42;&#58; augment significatiu amb relaci&#243; a BN&#59; &#8224;&#58; difer&#232;ncia significativa en comparaci&#243; amb OB i CO &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Discussi&#243; </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Ploug et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span> establiren que GLUT4 en fibres no estimulades &#40;per la insulina&#41; es distribu&#239;a al llarg de totes les fibres musculars&#44; i era present tant en la superf&#237;cie &#40;68&#37; del GLUT4 total&#41; com en el nucli &#40;32&#37; del GLUT4 total&#41; de les fibres&#46; Tamb&#233; trobaren que els nuclis eren despla&#231;ats i alineats amb els vasos sanguinis que cursen al llarg de la superf&#237;cie de la fibra&#44; que ocasionen una gran fracci&#243; de GLUT4 prop de la font de la glucosa evitant la necessitat de difusi&#243; a trav&#233;s de llargues dist&#224;ncies&#46; Est&#224; ben documentat que&#44; en estat normal&#44; el GLUT4 circula lentament entre la membrana plasm&#224;tica i un o m&#233;s compartiments intracel&#183;lulars&#44; amb la gran majoria de transportadors que resideixen en els compartiments vesiculars dins de l&#8217;interior de la c&#232;l&#183;lula<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;acumulaci&#243; d&#8217;insulina estimulada de la prote&#239;na GLUT4 en la superf&#237;cie de la c&#232;l&#183;lula pot ser causada per un increment de 10 a 20 vegades de la r&#224;tio d&#8217;exocitosi amb una petita disminuci&#243; &#40;2-3 vegades&#41; de la r&#224;tio d&#8217;endocitosi del GLUT4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;45&#44;30</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La insulina estimula el transport de glucosa a trav&#233;s de la translocaci&#243; de GLUT4 a partir de l&#8217;agrupaci&#243; d&#8217;emmagatzemament intracel&#183;lular cap a la membrana plasm&#224;tica&#46; La resist&#232;ncia a la insulina causada per la manca d&#8217;insulina o uns resultats anormals de senyalitzaci&#243; de la insulina amb un descens en l&#8217;expressi&#243; y translocaci&#243; de GLUT4 causen la hipergluc&#232;mia i la diabetis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30-32</span>&#46; Tamb&#233; s&#8217;ha demostrat que la contracci&#243; muscular augmenta el contingut de GLUT4 de la membrana cel&#183;lular<span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span>&#46; Diversos estudis suggereixen que l&#8217;exercici f&#237;sic causa l&#8217;expressi&#243; de la prote&#239;na GLUT4 i la translocaci&#243; en membrana plasm&#224;tica mitjan&#231;ant un mecanisme diferent de senyalitzaci&#243; de la insulina<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;33</span>&#46; La majoria d&#8217;estudis sobre el m&#250;scul esquel&#232;tic dels ratolins indiquen que hi ha m&#233;s GLUT4 en les fibres de tipus i que en les del II<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;34</span>&#44; la qual cosa coincideix amb els resultats que vam trobar en el ratolins&#46; En aquest estudi nom&#233;s vam utilitzar el m&#250;scul soli&#44; generalment conegut com a m&#250;scul de fibres de tipus I&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> El nostre estudi concorda amb altres<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35-39</span> que han indicat que l&#8217;exercici f&#237;sic incrementa l&#8217;expressi&#243; de la prote&#239;na GLUT4 en subjectes diab&#232;tics&#44; tal com succe&#237; en els nostres subjectes obesos&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Vam veure que l&#8217;expressi&#243; d&#8217;ARNm de GLUT4 s&#8217;incrementa amb 12 setmanes d&#8217;entrenament de resist&#232;ncia&#44; en ambd&#243;s m&#250;sculs&#44; en el soli &#40;m&#250;scul en qu&#232; predominen les fibres de contracci&#243; lenta&#41; i en el gastrocnemi &#40;en qu&#232; predominen les fibres de contracci&#243; r&#224;pida&#41; en ratolins obesos&#44; amb patr&#243; intens de depend&#232;ncia&#46; Aix&#242; significa que la intensitat de l&#8217;exercici pot afectar l&#8217;expressi&#243; del gen GLUT4 &#40;i&#44; probablement&#44; la prote&#239;na&#41; en resposta a l&#8217;entrenament&#44; la qual cosa pot provocar canvis metab&#242;lics significatius especialment en els casos obesos&#46; En conson&#224;ncia amb els nostres resultats&#44; s&#8217;ha demostrat que la prote&#239;na GLUT4 i el transport de glucosa s&#243;n immensament superiors en les fibres musculars oxidatives vermelles &#40;tipus I i IIa&#41; que en les fibres glucol&#237;tiques blanques &#40;tipus IIb&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;40</span>&#46; Aix&#242; podria ser un factor important en l&#8217;adaptaci&#243; a l&#8217;exercici&#44; degut a qu&#232; els resultats de l&#8217;entrenament de resist&#232;ncia faciliten un canvi de fibres de tipus iib a fibres tipus IIa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span>&#46; Tanmateix&#44; en els m&#250;sculs esquel&#232;tics humans hi ha una difer&#232;ncia molt menor en l&#8217;expressi&#243; de GLUT4 en diferents tipus de fibres musculars<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;42</span>&#46; Daugaard et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span> van a&#239;llar fibres musculars individuals i les van classificar segons la isoforma de la miosina&#46; GLUT4 fou &#8764; 20&#37; m&#233;s elevada en les fibres que expressen la cadena pesada de la miosina i que en las que expressen la cadena pesada de la miosina IIa o IIb&#46; No es van trobar difer&#232;ncies entre les fibres IIa i IIb&#46; Despr&#233;s de 2 setmanes d&#8217;entrenament&#44; GLUT4 increment&#224; ~ 23&#37; de fibres musculars de tipus i&#44; per&#242; no hi hagu&#233; canvis en els tipus IIa o IIb&#46; Tanmateix&#44; l&#8217;exercici de baixa intensitat utilitzat &#233;s conegut principalment per reclutar fibres de tipus I&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> D&#8217;acord amb els nostres resultats&#44; l&#8217;entrenament de baixa intensitat origin&#224; una expressi&#243; major d&#8217;ARNm de GLUT4 en el m&#250;scul oxidatiu &#40;&#233;s a dir&#44; el soli&#41;&#44; probablement degut a les necessitats relacionades amb la capacitat oxidativa de les c&#232;l&#183;lules&#46; D&#8217;altra banda&#44; la pr&#224;ctica d&#8217;exercici d&#8217;alta intensitat no produ&#237; una expressi&#243; major d&#8217;ARNm de GLUT4 en el soli ni en el gastrocnemi&#46; Com que el m&#250;scul gastrocnemi consisteix en una barreja de fibres vermelles i blanques&#44; una altra explicaci&#243; podria ser que l&#8217;entrenament amb exercicis de baixa intensitat no fou suficient per exercir o fins i tot per activar les fibres vermelles del m&#250;scul gastrocnemi&#44; i un augment no significatiu d&#8217;aquest m&#250;scul podria procedir de les fibres blanques&#46; Aquest escenari pot ampliar-se al que s&#8217;ha observat en les troballes relacionades amb l&#8217;alta intensitat&#59; &#233;s a dir&#44; un augment no significatiu d&#8217;aquest m&#250;scul amb l&#8217;exercici d&#8217;alta intensitat podria procedir nom&#233;s de les fibres vermelles&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Les hormones tamb&#233; regulen la concentraci&#243; de la prote&#239;na del m&#250;scul transportador de la glucosa&#46; L&#8217;expressi&#243; de GLUT4 s&#8217;increment&#224; degut a la insulina i a les hormones tiroidees<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;43</span> i disminu&#237; per un AMPc elevat<span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span>&#46; La regulaci&#243; de l&#8217;expressi&#243; de GLUT4 per l&#8217;activitat contr&#224;ctil &#233;s independent de la regulaci&#243; hormonal&#44; perqu&#232; la carrera en la cinta de c&#243;rrer augment&#224; el GLUT4 en els ratolins diab&#232;tics<span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span>&#46; S&#8217;hi afegiren els efectes de la defici&#232;ncia de la insulina i denervaci&#243; en les concentracions de GLUT4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;entrenament f&#237;sic tamb&#233; augmenta la prote&#239;na del GLUT4 i l&#8217;ARNm muscular en pacients amb diabetis tipus 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span>&#46; Aquests resultats suggereixen que l&#8217;activitat contr&#224;ctil del m&#250;scul modula directament l&#8217;expressi&#243; de GLUT4 del m&#250;scul&#44; independentment de l&#8217;acci&#243; de la insulina&#46; La histona deacetilasa 5 &#40;HDAC5&#41; &#233;s un mediador cr&#237;tic dels canvis del nivell d&#8217;ARNm de GLUT4 en resposta a l&#8217;entrenament<span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span>&#46; S&#8217;ha demostrat que una s&#232;rie de modificacions de les histones causades per la histona deacetilasa i la histona metiltransferasa culminaran en una caiguda metab&#242;lica del gen GLUT4 en el m&#250;scul esquel&#232;tic dels ratolins<span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Hi ha evid&#232;ncies significatives que els nivells d&#8217;ARNm de GLUT4 disminueixen en el m&#250;scul del teixit adip&#243;s amb l&#8217;obesitat<span class="elsevierStyleSup">49&#44;50</span>&#44; y que l&#8217;augment d&#8217;ARNm de GLUT4 pot alleujar o compensar la resist&#232;ncia a la insulina<span class="elsevierStyleSup">51&#44;52</span>&#46; Tal com era d&#8217;esperar&#44; les nostres troballes sobre els nivells d&#8217;ARNm del GLUT4 augmentaren significativament amb l&#8217;entrenament&#44; i aquest increment s&#8217;associ&#224; a una p&#232;rdua de pes&#44; la qual cosa recolza aquesta idea&#46; Per tant&#44; l&#8217;augment de la transcripci&#243; de GLUT4 en el m&#250;scul durant la p&#232;rdua de pes pot ser una prova definitiva en la reversi&#243; de la resist&#232;ncia a la insulina&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Estudis anteriors&#44; juntament amb els nostres resultats&#44; suggereixen que la regulaci&#243; transcripcional del gen GLUT4 &#233;s sensible a canvis en l&#8217;equilibri d&#8217;energia del cos&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; nosaltres vam trobar una resposta de GLUT4 a l&#8217;entrenament depenent de la intensitat i del tipus de fibra&#44; que no es plantejava en estudis anteriors&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Podem concloure que tot tipus d&#8217;alteraci&#243; de l&#8217;equilibri energ&#232;tic del cos&#44; especialment per la pr&#224;ctica d&#8217;exercici i&#47;o dieta alta en greixos&#44; pot influir en els mecanismes moleculars i cel&#183;lulars que actuen per establir una home&#242;stasi estable&#46; GLUT4 podria disminuir si s&#8217;augment&#233;s la ingesta d&#8217;energia&#44; i a la inversa&#44; augmentaria si s&#8217;augment&#233;s la despesa energ&#232;tica&#46; Aquests canvis s&#243;n gaireb&#233; similars en els m&#250;sculs de contracci&#243; lenta i r&#224;pida&#44; amb una mica m&#233;s de capacitat de resposta en els m&#250;sculs de contracci&#243; lenta&#44; perqu&#232; estan m&#233;s compromesos amb el metabolisme de la glucosa&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicte d&#8217;interessos </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els autors declaren que no tenen cap conflicte d&#8217;interessos</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Agra&#239;ment </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els autors agraeixen a la Universitat de Guilan el suport econ&#242;mic atorgat a aquest projecte d&#8217;investigaci&#243;&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Rebut el 10 d&#8217;octubre de 2015&#59; <br></br> acceptat el 14 de desembre de 2015</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> &#42; Autor per a correspond&#232;ncia&#46;<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Correu electr&#242;nic&#58;</span><a href="mailto&#58;mohebbi-h&#64;yahoo&#46;com" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">mohebbi-h&#64;yahoo&#46;com</a> &#40;H&#46; Mohebbi&#41;&#46;</p>"
    "pdfFichero" => "278v51n191a90458592pdf001.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec937407"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Entrenament de resist&#232;ncia"
            1 => "Tipus muscular"
            2 => "Obesitat"
            3 => "GLUT"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec937408"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Endurance training"
            1 => "Muscle type"
            2 => "Obesity"
            3 => "GLUT4"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;objectiu d&#8217;aquest estudi fou investigar la resposta a l&#8217;entrenament de resist&#232;ncia de l&#8217;expressi&#243; de l&#8217;ARNm del GLUT4 dels m&#250;sculs soli i gastrocnemi en ratolins obesos&#46; En aquest estudi es van utilitzar 40 ratolins mascles C57BL&#47;6&#46; Vuit ratolins &#40;base normal &#91;BN&#93;&#41; serviren com a controls no obesos i no entrenats&#44; i 32 ratolins foren sotmesos a una dieta alta en greixos &#40;DAG&#41; &#40;augment del 60&#37; de kcal&#41; durant 12 setmanes&#46; A la setmana 16 els ratolins obesos foren distribu&#239;ts aleat&#242;riament en els grups de tractament seg&#252;ents &#40;n &#61; 8 cada grup&#41;&#58; obesos base &#40;OB&#41;&#59; baixa intensitat &#40;BI&#41;&#59; alta intensitat &#40;AI&#41;&#44; o grups de control d&#8217;obesitat &#40;CO&#41;&#46; BI i AI foren entrenats 5 dies per setmana durant 12 setmanes en una cinta de c&#243;rrer motoritzada a 15 m&#47;min amb un pendent del 5&#37; &#40;en BI&#41; i&#47;o en 22 m&#47; min en un pendent del 5&#37; &#40;en AI&#41;&#46; Els ratolins CO es mantingueren sedentaris a la g&#224;bia durant el programa d&#8217;entrenament&#46; Es mesur&#224; l&#8217;expressi&#243; de l&#8217;ARNm del GLUT4 dels m&#250;sculs gastrocnemi i soli&#44; utilitzant el m&#232;tode PCR en temps real&#46; L&#8217;expressi&#243; de l&#8217;ARNm del GLUT4 del m&#250;scul soli en el grup BI augment&#224; aproximadament 2&#44;2 vegades&#44; enfront a 1&#44;6 vegades en el gastrocnemi &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; A m&#233;s&#44; l&#8217;expressi&#243; de l&#8217;ARNm del GLUT4 en els m&#250;sculs soli i gastrocnemi dels grups BI i AI fou significativament major que en OB i en els grups CO &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Podem concloure que tota alteraci&#243; de l&#8217;equilibri energ&#232;tic del cos&#44; especialment per l&#8217;entrenament f&#237;sic i&#47;o una dieta alta en greixos&#44; pot influir en els mecanismes moleculars i cel&#183;lulars que actuen per establir una home&#242;stasi estable&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of GLUT4 mRNA in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in obese mice in response to endurance training&#46; Forty male C57BL&#47;6 mice were used in this study&#46; Eight mice &#40;normal base &#91;NB&#93;&#41; served as non-obese non-trained controls&#44; and 32 mice were put on a high fat diet &#40;HFD&#41; regimen &#40;60&#37; kcal fat&#41; for 12 weeks&#46; At week 16&#44; the obese mice were randomized into the following treatment groups &#40;n &#61; 8 each group&#41;&#58; obese base &#91;OB&#93;&#59; low intensity &#91;LI&#93;&#59; high intensity &#91;HI&#93;&#44; or obese control &#91;OC&#93; groups&#46; LI and HI trained for 5 days&#47;week for 12 weeks on a motorized treadmill at 15 m&#47;min on a 5&#37; slope &#40;for LI&#41;&#44; and&#47;or at 22 m&#47;min on a 5&#37; slope &#40;for HI&#41;&#46; OC mice were kept sedentarily in the cage during the training program&#46; GLUT4 mRNA expression was measured in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles using a Real Time-PCR method&#46; GLUT4 mRNA expression of soleus muscle in LI group increased about 2&#46;2 fold&#44; against about 1&#46;6 fold for gastrocnemius &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> &#60; &#46;05&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; GLUT4 mRNA expression of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in LI and HI groups were significantly higher than OB and OC groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> &#60; &#46;05&#41;&#46; It can be concluded that any disturbance in body energy balance&#44; especially by exercise training and&#47;or high fat diet&#44; can influence these molecular and cellular mechanisms that act to establish a stable homeostasis&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:6 [
      0 => array:6 [
        "identificador" => "fig1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a"
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "278v51n191-90458592fig1.jpg"
            "Alto" => 189
            "Ancho" => 700
            "Tamanyo" => 16102
          ]
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig2"
        "etiqueta" => "Figura 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a"
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "278v51n191-90458592fig2.jpg"
            "Alto" => 341
            "Ancho" => 700
            "Tamanyo" => 29138
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "ct" => "Canvi de pes de ratolins durant les fases d’alimentaci&#243; DAG i d’entrenament&#46; &#42;&#58; difer&#232;ncia significativa entre els grups obesos i normal&#59; †&#58; difer&#232;ncia significativa entre grups d’entrenament i OB&#59; ‡&#58; difer&#232;ncies significatives entre els grups AI&#47;BI&#46; AI&#58; entrenament a alta intensitat&#59; BI&#58; entrenament a baixa intensitat&#59; BN&#58; base normal&#59; CO&#58; control obesos&#59; OB&#58; obesos base&#46;"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig3"
        "etiqueta" => "Figura 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a"
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "278v51n191-90458592fig3.jpg"
            "Alto" => 458
            "Ancho" => 700
            "Tamanyo" => 34055
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "ct" => "Contingut d’ARNm de GLUT4 dels grups experimentals gastrocnemi i soli en relaci&#243; amb el m&#250;scul emparellat en el grup BN &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; &#42;&#58; augment significatiu amb relaci&#243; a BN&#59; †&#58; difer&#232;ncia significativa en comparaci&#243; amb OB i CO &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46;"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "fig4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a"
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig5"
        "etiqueta" => "Figura 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a"
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "ct" => "Canvi de pes de ratolins durant les fases d’alimentaci&#243; DAG i d’entrenament&#46; &#42;&#58; difer&#232;ncia significativa entre els grups obesos i normal&#59; †&#58; difer&#232;ncia significativa entre grups d’entrenament i OB&#59; ‡&#58; difer&#232;ncies significatives entre els grups AI&#47;BI&#46; AI&#58; entrenament a alta intensitat&#59; BI&#58; entrenament a baixa intensitat&#59; BN&#58; base normal&#59; CO&#58; control obesos&#59; OB&#58; obesos base&#46;"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig6"
        "etiqueta" => "Figura 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a"
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "ct" => "Contingut d’ARNm de GLUT4 dels grups experimentals gastrocnemi i soli en relaci&#243; amb el m&#250;scul emparellat en el grup BN &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; &#42;&#58; augment significatiu amb relaci&#243; a BN&#59; †&#58; difer&#232;ncia significativa en comparaci&#243; amb OB i CO &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46;"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf¿a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:1 [
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:51 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib1"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Molecular biology of mammalian glucose transporters. Diabetes Care. 1990;13:198-208. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Molecular biology of mammalian glucose transporters&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Bell GI"
                            1 => "Kayano T"
                            2 => "Buse JB"
                            3 => "Burant CF"
                            4 => "Takeda J"
                            5 => "Lin D"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care. "
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "198"
                        "paginaFinal" => "208"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2407475"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib2"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Germline manipulation of glucose homeostasis via alteration of glucose transporter levels in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem. 1993;268:18442-5. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Germline manipulation of glucose homeostasis via alteration of glucose transporter levels in skeletal muscle&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Marshall BA"
                            1 => "Ren JM"
                            2 => "Johnson DW"
                            3 => "Gibbs EM"
                            4 => "Lillquist JS"
                            5 => "Soeller WC"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Biol Chem. "
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "268"
                        "paginaInicial" => "18442"
                        "paginaFinal" => "5"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8360145"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib3"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Evidence from transgenic mice that glucose transport is rate-limiting for glycogen deposition and glycolysis in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem. 1993;268:16113-5. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Evidence from transgenic mice that glucose transport is rate-limiting for glycogen deposition and glycolysis in skeletal muscle&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Ren JM"
                            1 => "Marshall BA"
                            2 => "Gulve EA"
                            3 => "Gao J"
                            4 => "Johnson DW"
                            5 => "Holloszy JO"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Biol Chem. "
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "268"
                        "paginaInicial" => "16113"
                        "paginaFinal" => "5"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8344895"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib4"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Identification of an intracellular pool of glucose transporters from basal and insulin-stimulated rat skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem. 1990;265:987-91. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Identification of an intracellular pool of glucose transporters from basal and insulin-stimulated rat skeletal muscle&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Hirshman MF"
                            1 => "Goodyear LJ"
                            2 => "Wardzala LJ"
                            3 => "Horton ED"
                            4 => "Horton ES&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Biol Chem. "
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "265"
                        "paginaInicial" => "987"
                        "paginaFinal" => "91"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2104834"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib5"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Insulin induces the translocation of GLUT4 from a unique intracellular organ-elle to transverse tubules in rat skeletal muscle. Diabetes. 1992;41:1562-9. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Insulin induces the translocation of GLUT4 from a unique intracellular organ-elle to transverse tubules in rat skeletal muscle&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Marette A"
                            1 => "Burdett E"
                            2 => "Douen A"
                            3 => "Vranic M"
                            4 => "Klip A&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes. "
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "41"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1562"
                        "paginaFinal" => "9"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1446797"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib6"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Glucose transporter number, activity, and isoform content in plasma membranes of red and white skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. 1991;261 Pt 1:E556-61. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Glucose transporter number&#44; activity&#44; and isoform content in plasma membranes of red and white skeletal muscle&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "Goodyear LJ"
                            1 => "Hirshman MF"
                            2 => "Smith RJ"
                            3 => "Horton ES&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. "
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "261 Pt 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E556"
                        "paginaFinal" => "61"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib7"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Glucose transporter protein content and glucose transport capacity in rat skeletal muscles. Am J Physiol. 1990;259 Pt 1:E593-8. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Glucose transporter protein content and glucose transport capacity in rat skeletal muscles&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "Henriksen EJ"
                            1 => "Bourey RE"
                            2 => "Rodnick KJ"
                            3 => "Koranyi L"
                            4 => "Permutt MA"
                            5 => "Holloszy JO&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. "
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "259 Pt 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E593"
                        "paginaFinal" => "8"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib8"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Abundance, localization, and insulin-induced translocation of glucose transporters in red and white muscle. Am J Physiol. 1992;263 Pt 1:C443-52. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Abundance&#44; localization&#44; and insulin-induced translocation of glucose transporters in red and white muscle&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Marette A"
                            1 => "Richardson JM"
                            2 => "Ramlal T"
                            3 => "Balon TW"
                            4 => "Vranic M"
                            5 => "Pessin JE"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. "
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "263 Pt 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "C443"
                        "paginaFinal" => "52"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib9"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Fast/Glycolytic muscle fiber growth reduces fat mass and improves metabolic parameters in obese mice. Cell Metab. 2008; 7:159-72. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Fast&#47;Glycolytic muscle fiber growth reduces fat mass and improves metabolic parameters in obese mice&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Izumiya Y"
                            1 => "Hopkins T"
                            2 => "Morris C"
                            3 => "Sato K"
                            4 => "Zeng L"
                            5 => "Viereck J"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.cmet.2007.11.003"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Cell Metab. "
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "159"
                        "paginaFinal" => "72"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18249175"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib10"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle is determined by glucose transporter (GLUT4) protein level. Biochem J. 1990;270:397-400. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle is determined by glucose transporter &#40;GLUT4&#41; protein level&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Kern M"
                            1 => "Wells JA"
                            2 => "Stephens JM"
                            3 => "Elton CW"
                            4 => "Friedman JE"
                            5 => "Tap-scott EB"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Biochem J. "
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "270"
                        "paginaInicial" => "397"
                        "paginaFinal" => "400"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2205203"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib11"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Skeletal muscle capillary density and fiber type are possible determinants of in vivo insulin resistance in man. J Clin Invest. 1987;80:415-24. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Skeletal muscle capillary density and fiber type are possible determinants of in vivo insulin resistance in man&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Lillioja S"
                            1 => "Young AA"
                            2 => "Culter CL"
                            3 => "Ivy JL"
                            4 => "Abbott WG"
                            5 => "Zawadzki JK"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1172/JCI113088"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Invest. "
                        "fecha" => "1987"
                        "volumen" => "80"
                        "paginaInicial" => "415"
                        "paginaFinal" => "24"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3301899"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib12"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Insulin action on glucose transport and plasma membrane GLUT4 content in skeletal muscle from patients with NIDDM. Diabetologia. 1996;39:1180-9. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Insulin action on glucose transport and plasma membrane GLUT4 content in skeletal muscle from patients with NIDDM&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "Zierath JR"
                            1 => "He L"
                            2 => "Guma A"
                            3 => "Odegoard Wahlstrom E"
                            4 => "Klip A"
                            5 => "Wall-berg-Henriksson H&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetologia. "
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "39"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1180"
                        "paginaFinal" => "9"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8897005"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib13"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in athletes: The importance of GLUT4 mRNA, GLUT4 protein and fibre type composition of skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 1993; 149: 393-404. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in athletes&#58; The importance of GLUT4 mRNA&#44; GLUT4 protein and fibre type composition of skeletal muscle&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "Andersen PH"
                            1 => "Lund S"
                            2 => "Schmitz O"
                            3 => "Junker S"
                            4 => "Kahn BB"
                            5 => "Pedersen O&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1748-1716.1993.tb09635.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Physiol Scand. "
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "149"
                        "paginaInicial" => "393"
                        "paginaFinal" => "404"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8128887"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib14"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Elevated skeletal muscle glucose transporter levels in exercise-trained middle-aged men. Am J Physiol. 1991;261 Pt 1:E437-43. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Elevated skeletal muscle glucose transporter levels in exercise-trained middle-aged men&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "da"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Houmard JA"
                            1 => "Egan PC"
                            2 => "Neufer PD"
                            3 => "Friedman JE"
                            4 => "Wheeler WS"
                            5 => "Israel RG"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. "
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "261 Pt 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E437"
                        "paginaFinal" => "43"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib15"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Exercise training increases GLUT-4 protein concentration in previously sedentary middle-aged men. Am J Physiol. 1993;264 Pt 1:E896-901. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Exercise training increases GLUT-4 protein concentration in previously sedentary middle-aged men&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Houmard JA"
                            1 => "Shinebarger MH"
                            2 => "Dolan PL"
                            3 => "Leggett-Frazier N"
                            4 => "Bruner RK"
                            5 => "McCammon MR"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. "
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "264 Pt 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E896"
                        "paginaFinal" => "901"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib16"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Mechanisms of enhanced insulin sensitivity in endurance-trained athletes: Effects on blood flow and differential expression of GLUT 4 in skeletal muscles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:2437-46. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Mechanisms of enhanced insulin sensitivity in endurance-trained athletes&#58; Effects on blood flow and differential expression of GLUT 4 in skeletal muscles&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Hardin DS"
                            1 => "Azzarelli B"
                            2 => "Edwards J"
                            3 => "Wigglesworth J"
                            4 => "Maianu L"
                            5 => "Brechtel G"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1210/jcem.80.8.7629239"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Endocrinol Metab. "
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "80"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2437"
                        "paginaFinal" => "46"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7629239"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0010782412001473"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "00107824"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib18"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Training effects on the contractile apparatus. Acta Physiol Scand. 1998;162:367-76. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Training effects on the contractile apparatus&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Pette D&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1046/j.1365-201X.1998.0296e.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Physiol Scand. "
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "162"
                        "paginaInicial" => "367"
                        "paginaFinal" => "76"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9578383"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib19"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Effect of training on insulin-mediated glucose uptake in human muscle. Am J Physiol. 2006;263:E1134-43. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of training on insulin-mediated glucose uptake in human muscle&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Dela F"
                            1 => "Mikines KJ"
                            2 => "von Linstow M"
                            3 => "Secher NH"
                            4 => "Galbo H&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. "
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "263"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E1134"
                        "paginaFinal" => "43"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1476187"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib20"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Physiol Rev. 2013;93:993-1017. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Exercise&#44; GLUT4&#44; and skeletal muscle glucose uptake&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Richter EA"
                            1 => "Hargreaves M&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1152/physrev.00038.2012"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Physiol Rev. "
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "93"
                        "paginaInicial" => "993"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1017"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23899560"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib21"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise on fiber-type specific GLUT4 and IGF-1R expression. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38:581-6. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise on fiber-type specific GLUT4 and IGF-1R expression&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "Gallagher PM"
                            1 => "Touchberry CD"
                            2 => "Teson K"
                            3 => "McCabe E"
                            4 => "Tehel M"
                            5 => "Wacker MJ&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1139/apnm-2012-0301"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. "
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "38"
                        "paginaInicial" => "581"
                        "paginaFinal" => "6"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23668768"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib22"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Interaction between lipid availability, endurance exercise and insulin sensitivity. Med Sport Sci. 2014;60:62-70. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Interaction between lipid availability&#44; endurance exercise and insulin sensitivity&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Newsom SA"
                            1 => "Schenk S&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1159/000357336"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Sport Sci. "
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "60"
                        "paginaInicial" => "62"
                        "paginaFinal" => "70"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25226801"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib23"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Regulation of skeletal muscle GLUT-4 expression by exercise and nutritional stimuli. J Phys Fitness Sports Med. 2013;2:355-60. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Regulation of skeletal muscle GLUT-4 expression by exercise and nutritional stimuli&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "Higashida K"
                            1 => "Tabata I"
                            2 => "Higuchi M"
                            3 => "Terada S&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Phys Fitness Sports Med. "
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "355"
                        "paginaFinal" => "60"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib24"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Exercise increases skeletal muscle GLUT4 gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14: 768-71. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Exercise increases skeletal muscle GLUT4 gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Hussey S"
                            1 => "McGee S"
                            2 => "Garnham A"
                            3 => "McConell G"
                            4 => "Hargreaves M&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01585.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Obes Metab. "
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "768"
                        "paginaFinal" => "71"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22340256"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib25"
              "etiqueta" => "25"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Physical inactivity affects skeletal muscle insulin signaling in a birth weight-dependent manner. J Diabetes Complications. 2014;28:71-8. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Physical inactivity affects skeletal muscle insulin signaling in a birth weight-dependent manner&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Mortensen B"
                            1 => "Friedrichsen M"
                            2 => "Andersen NR"
                            3 => "Alibegovic AC"
                            4 => "H&#248;jbjerre L"
                            5 => "Sonne MP"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.09.002"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Diabetes Complications. "
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "28"
                        "paginaInicial" => "71"
                        "paginaFinal" => "8"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24120282"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib26"
              "etiqueta" => "26"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "The effect of obesity and endurance training-induced weight loss on UCP3 mRNA expression in C57BL/6 mice. Ir J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;15:311-21. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "The effect of obesity and endurance training-induced weight loss on UCP3 mRNA expression in C57BL&#47;6 mice&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "Mohebbi H"
                            1 => "Rohani H"
                            2 => "Hassan-Nia S"
                            3 => "Pirooznia N&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ir J Endocrinol Metab. "
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "15"
                        "paginaInicial" => "311"
                        "paginaFinal" => "21"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib27"
              "etiqueta" => "27"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 2001;29:e45. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Pfaffl MW&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Nucleic Acids Res. "
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "29"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e45"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11328886"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib28"
              "etiqueta" => "28"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Analysis of GLUT4 distribution in whole skeletal muscle fibers: identification of distinct storage compartments that are recruited by insulin and muscle contractions. J Cell Biol. 1998;142:1429-46. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Analysis of GLUT4 distribution in whole skeletal muscle fibers&#58; identification of distinct storage compartments that are recruited by insulin and muscle contractions&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Ploug T"
                            1 => "van Deurs B"
                            2 => "Ai H"
                            3 => "Cushman SW"
                            4 => "Ralston E&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Cell Biol. "
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "142"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1429"
                        "paginaFinal" => "46"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9744875"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib29"
              "etiqueta" => "29"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Immunocytochemical evidence that GLUT4 resides in a specialized translocation post-endosomal VAMP2-positive compartment in rat adipose cells in the absence of insulin. J Histochem Cytochem. 1997;45:1083-96. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Immunocytochemical evidence that GLUT4 resides in a specialized translocation post-endosomal VAMP2-positive compartment in rat adipose cells in the absence of insulin&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "Malide D"
                            1 => "Dwyer NK"
                            2 => "Blanchette-Mackie EJ"
                            3 => "Cushman SW&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1177/002215549704500806"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Histochem Cytochem. "
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "45"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1083"
                        "paginaFinal" => "96"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9267469"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib30"
              "etiqueta" => "30"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Exercise increases muscle GLUT-4 levels and insulin action in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Am J Physiol. 1993;264 Pt 1:E855-62. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Exercise increases muscle GLUT-4 levels and insulin action in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Hughes VA"
                            1 => "Fiatarone MA"
                            2 => "Fielding RA"
                            3 => "Kahn BB"
                            4 => "Ferrara CM"
                            5 => "Shepherd P"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. "
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "264 Pt 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E855"
                        "paginaFinal" => "62"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib31"
              "etiqueta" => "31"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Exercise training increases glucose transporter protein GLUT4 in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. FEBS Lett. 1990; 268:13-6. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Exercise training increases glucose transporter protein GLUT4 in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker &#40;fa&#47;fa&#41; rats&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Friedman JE"
                            1 => "Sherman WM"
                            2 => "Reed MJ"
                            3 => "Elton CW"
                            4 => "Dohm GL&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "FEBS Lett. "
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "268"
                        "paginaInicial" => "13"
                        "paginaFinal" => "6"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2200706"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib32"
              "etiqueta" => "32"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Expression of GLUT-4 glucose transporter in unweighted soleus muscle of normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats. Am J Physiol. 1993;264 Pt 1:E301-7. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Expression of GLUT-4 glucose transporter in unweighted soleus muscle of normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Ishihara H"
                            1 => "Asano T"
                            2 => "Katagiri H"
                            3 => "Lin JL"
                            4 => "Tsukuda K"
                            5 => "Inukai K"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol. "
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "264 Pt 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E301"
                        "paginaFinal" => "7"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib33"
              "etiqueta" => "33"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Subcellular localization and trafficking of the GLUT4 glucose transporter isoform in insulin-responsive cells. Bioessays. 1994;16:753-9. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Subcellular localization and trafficking of the GLUT4 glucose transporter isoform in insulin-responsive cells&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Holman GD"
                            1 => "Cushman SW&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/bies.950161010"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Bioessays. "
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "753"
                        "paginaFinal" => "9"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7980479"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0002937810009269"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "00029378"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib34"
              "etiqueta" => "34"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Relationship between muscle fibre composition, glucose transporter protein 4 and exercise training: Possible consequences in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Acta Physiol Scand. 2001;171:267-76. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Relationship between muscle fibre composition&#44; glucose transporter protein 4 and exercise training&#58; Possible consequences in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Daugaard JR"
                            1 => "Richter EA&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.00829.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Physiol Scand. "
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "171"
                        "paginaInicial" => "267"
                        "paginaFinal" => "76"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11412139"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib35"
              "etiqueta" => "35"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Effects of exercise training on muscle GLUT-4 protein content and translocation in obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Metab. 1993;265:E419-27. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Effects of exercise training on muscle GLUT-4 protein content and translocation in obese Zucker rats&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Brozinick J"
                            1 => "Etgen G"
                            2 => "Yaspelkis B"
                            3 => "Kang H"
                            4 => "Ivy J&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol Metab. "
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "265"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E419"
                        "paginaFinal" => "27"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib36"
              "etiqueta" => "36"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Exercise training increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and GLUT4 (SLC2A4) protein content in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2006;49:2983-92. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Exercise training increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and GLUT4 &#40;SLC2A4&#41; protein content in patients with type 2 diabetes&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "O’gorman D"
                            1 => "Karlsson H"
                            2 => "McQuaid S"
                            3 => "Yousif O"
                            4 => "Rahman Y"
                            5 => "Gasparro D"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00125-006-0457-3"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetologia. "
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "49"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2983"
                        "paginaFinal" => "92"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17019595"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib37"
              "etiqueta" => "37"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Invited review: Regulation of skeletal muscle GLUT-4 expression by exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93:782-7. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Invited review&#58; Regulation of skeletal muscle GLUT-4 expression by exercise&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Dohm GL&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1152/japplphysiol.01266.2001"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Physiol. "
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "93"
                        "paginaInicial" => "782"
                        "paginaFinal" => "7"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12133892"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            36 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib38"
              "etiqueta" => "38"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Effect of prolonged intermittent hypoxia and exercise training on glucose tolerance and muscle GLUT4 protein expression in rats. J Biomed Sci. 2004;11:838-46. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of prolonged intermittent hypoxia and exercise training on glucose tolerance and muscle GLUT4 protein expression in rats&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Chiu L-L"
                            1 => "Chou S-W"
                            2 => "Cho Y-M"
                            3 => "Ho H-Y"
                            4 => "Ivy JL"
                            5 => "Hunt D"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1159/000081831"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Biomed Sci. "
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "838"
                        "paginaFinal" => "46"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591781"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            37 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib39"
              "etiqueta" => "39"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Effect of short-term training on GLUT-4 mRNA and protein expression in human skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol. 2004;89:559-63. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of short-term training on GLUT-4 mRNA and protein expression in human skeletal muscle&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Kraniou GN"
                            1 => "Cameron-Smith D"
                            2 => "Hargreaves M&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1113/expphysiol.2004.027409"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Exp Physiol. "
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "89"
                        "paginaInicial" => "559"
                        "paginaFinal" => "63"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15184360"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            38 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib40"
              "etiqueta" => "40"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Fiber type effects on contraction-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 abundance in single fibers from rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Metab. 2015;308:E223-30. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Fiber type effects on contraction-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 abundance in single fibers from rat skeletal muscle&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Castorena CM"
                            1 => "Arias EB"
                            2 => "Sharma N"
                            3 => "Bogan JS"
                            4 => "Cartee GD&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol Metab. "
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "308"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E223"
                        "paginaFinal" => "30"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            39 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib41"
              "etiqueta" => "41"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Exercise and sport science. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. p. 171-3. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Exercise and sport science&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "fr"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Garrett WE"
                            1 => "Kirkendall DT&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => null
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            40 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib42"
              "etiqueta" => "42"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Direct evidence of fiber type-dependent GLUT-4 expression in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Metab. 2000;278:E910-6. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Direct evidence of fiber type-dependent GLUT-4 expression in human skeletal muscle&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Gaster M"
                            1 => "Poulsen P"
                            2 => "Handberg A"
                            3 => "Schr&#248;der H"
                            4 => "Beck-Nielsen H&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol Metab. "
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "278"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E910"
                        "paginaFinal" => "6"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            41 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib43"
              "etiqueta" => "43"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Postnatal exposure to a high-carbohydrate diet interferes epigenetically with thyroid hormone receptor induction of the adult male rat skeletal muscle glucose transporter isoform 4 expression. J Nutr Biochem. 2014;25: 1066-76. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Postnatal exposure to a high-carbohydrate diet interferes epigenetically with thyroid hormone receptor induction of the adult male rat skeletal muscle glucose transporter isoform 4 expression&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "Raychaudhuri N"
                            1 => "Thamotharan S"
                            2 => "Srinivasan M"
                            3 => "Mahmood S"
                            4 => "Patel MS"
                            5 => "Devaskar SU&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.05.011"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Nutr Biochem. "
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1066"
                        "paginaFinal" => "76"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25086780"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            42 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib44"
              "etiqueta" => "44"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Class II histone deacetylases downregulate GLUT4 transcription in response to increased cAMP signaling in cultured adipocytes and fasting mice. Diabetes. 2012;61:1404-14. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Class II histone deacetylases downregulate GLUT4 transcription in response to increased cAMP signaling in cultured adipocytes and fasting mice&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Weems JC"
                            1 => "Griesel BA"
                            2 => "Olson AL&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2337/db11-0737"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes. "
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "61"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1404"
                        "paginaFinal" => "14"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22403301"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            43 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib45"
              "etiqueta" => "45"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Muscle contractile activity modulates GLUT4 protein content in the absence of insulin. Horm Metab Res. 1996;28:75-80. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Muscle contractile activity modulates GLUT4 protein content in the absence of insulin&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "Kawanaka K"
                            1 => "Higuchi M"
                            2 => "Ohmori H"
                            3 => "Shimegi S"
                            4 => "Ezaki O"
                            5 => "Katsuta S&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1055/s-2007-979132"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Horm Metab Res. "
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "28"
                        "paginaInicial" => "75"
                        "paginaFinal" => "80"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8867902"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            44 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib46"
              "etiqueta" => "46"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose up-take, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53:294-305. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose up-take&#44; GLUT4 content&#44; and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "Holten MK"
                            1 => "Zacho M"
                            2 => "Gaster M"
                            3 => "Juel C"
                            4 => "Wojtaszewski JF"
                            5 => "Dela F&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes. "
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "53"
                        "paginaInicial" => "294"
                        "paginaFinal" => "305"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14747278"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            45 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib47"
              "etiqueta" => "47"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "AMP-activated protein kinase regulates GLUT4 transcription by phosphorylating histone deacetylase 5. Diabetes. 2008;57:860-7. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "AMP-activated protein kinase regulates GLUT4 transcription by phosphorylating histone deacetylase 5&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "McGee SL"
                            1 => "van Denderen BJ"
                            2 => "Howlett KF"
                            3 => "Mollica J"
                            4 => "Schertzer JD"
                            5 => "Kemp BE"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2337/db07-0843"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes. "
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "57"
                        "paginaInicial" => "860"
                        "paginaFinal" => "7"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18184930"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            46 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib48"
              "etiqueta" => "48"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Histone code modifications repress glucose transporter 4 expression in the intrauterine growth-restricted offspring. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:13611-26. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Histone code modifications repress glucose transporter 4 expression in the intrauterine growth-restricted offspring&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "Raychaudhuri N"
                            1 => "Raychaudhuri S"
                            2 => "Thamotharan M"
                            3 => "Devaskar SU&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1074/jbc.M800128200"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Biol Chem. "
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "283"
                        "paginaInicial" => "13611"
                        "paginaFinal" => "26"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18326493"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            47 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib49"
              "etiqueta" => "49"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Reduced insulin receptor signaling in the obese spontaneously hypertensive Koletsky rat. Am J Physiol Metab. 1997;273:E1014-23. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Reduced insulin receptor signaling in the obese spontaneously hypertensive Koletsky rat&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Friedman JE"
                            1 => "Ishizuka T"
                            2 => "Liu S"
                            3 => "Farrell CJ"
                            4 => "Bedol D"
                            5 => "Koletsky RJ"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Physiol Metab. "
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "273"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E1014"
                        "paginaFinal" => "23"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            48 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib50"
              "etiqueta" => "50"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Decreased Akt kinase activity and insulin resistance in C57BL/KsJ-Leprdb/db mice. J Endocrinol. 2000;167:107-15. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Decreased Akt kinase activity and insulin resistance in C57BL&#47;KsJ-Leprdb&#47;db mice&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "Shao J"
                            1 => "Yamashita H"
                            2 => "Qiao L"
                            3 => "Friedman J&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Endocrinol. "
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "167"
                        "paginaInicial" => "107"
                        "paginaFinal" => "15"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11018758"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            49 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib51"
              "etiqueta" => "51"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Troglitazone improves GLUT4 expression in adi-pose tissue in an animal model of obese type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002;56:159-71. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Troglitazone improves GLUT4 expression in adi-pose tissue in an animal model of obese type 2 diabetes mellitus&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Furuta M"
                            1 => "Yano Y"
                            2 => "Gabazza EC"
                            3 => "Araki-Sasaki R"
                            4 => "Tanaka T"
                            5 => "Katsuki A"
                            6 => "et al&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Res Clin Pract. "
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "56"
                        "paginaInicial" => "159"
                        "paginaFinal" => "71"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11947963"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            50 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib52"
              "etiqueta" => "52"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Amelioration of insulin resistance in streptozotocin diabetic mice by transgenic overexpression of GLUT4 driven by an adipose-specific promoter 1. Endocrinology. 1997;138:1604-11. "
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Amelioration of insulin resistance in streptozotocin diabetic mice by transgenic overexpression of GLUT4 driven by an adipose-specific promoter 1&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Tozzo E"
                            1 => "Gnudi L"
                            2 => "Kahn BB&#46;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1210/endo.138.4.5043"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Endocrinology. "
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "138"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1604"
                        "paginaFinal" => "11"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9075721"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "ct"
  "url" => "/X8866581/0000005100000191/v0_201801081357/XX886658116585920/v0_201801081357/ct/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "71856"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "es" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Treballs originals"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/X8866581/0000005100000191/v0_201801081357/XX886658116585920/v0_201801081357/ct/278v51n191a90458592pdf001.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://apunts.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/XX886658116585920?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: X8866581
Original language: Català

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	3	2	5
2024 October	20	30	50
2024 September	20	16	36
2024 August	29	28	57
2024 July	24	28	52
2024 June	19	11	30
2024 May	41	24	65
2024 April	17	20	37
2024 March	24	29	53
2024 February	21	12	33
2024 January	25	23	48
2023 December	15	25	40
2023 November	18	21	39
2023 October	26	38	64
2023 September	20	29	49
2023 August	20	11	31
2023 July	24	14	38
2023 June	26	13	39
2023 May	22	18	40
2023 April	20	12	32
2023 March	17	28	45
2023 February	12	11	23
2023 January	16	12	28
2022 December	21	19	40
2022 November	26	24	50
2022 October	17	20	37
2022 September	16	31	47
2022 August	25	36	61
2022 July	17	25	42
2022 June	12	23	35
2022 May	27	42	69
2022 April	16	39	55
2022 March	13	37	50
2022 February	19	35	54
2022 January	13	20	33
2021 December	20	23	43
2021 November	29	49	78
2021 October	24	43	67
2021 September	18	32	50
2021 August	13	14	27
2021 July	15	17	32
2020 December	10	5	15
2020 November	12	8	20
2020 October	16	16	32
2020 September	6	9	15
2020 August	11	11	22
2020 July	10	9	19
2020 June	6	6	12
2020 May	10	10	20
2020 April	8	7	15
2020 March	2	2	4
2020 February	7	6	13
2020 January	11	4	15
2019 December	18	6	24
2019 November	23	3	26
2019 October	17	8	25
2019 September	19	20	39
2019 August	15	11	26
2019 July	18	14	32
2019 June	16	21	37
2019 May	10	11	21
2019 April	34	27	61
2019 March	13	17	30
2019 February	6	12	18
2019 January	12	20	32
2018 December	12	22	34
2018 November	10	13	23
2018 October	18	13	31
2018 September	12	12	24
2018 August	14	13	27
2018 July	55	26	81
2018 June	53	24	77
2018 May	13	16	29
2018 April	5	6	11
2018 March	4	4	8
2018 February	12	4	16
2018 January	13	6	19
2017 December	23	6	29
2017 November	16	10	26
2017 October	12	5	17
2017 September	23	13	36
2017 August	38	22	60
2017 July	22	30	52
2017 June	20	25	45
2017 May	37	32	69
2017 April	29	24	53
2017 March	29	27	56
2017 February	36	35	71
2017 January	20	26	46
2016 December	13	12	25
2016 November	25	21	46
2016 October	40	39	79
2016 September	27	22	49

Show all

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Subscribe:

Statistics

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Subscribe:

Statistics

Subscribe to our newsletter