array:21 [
  "pii" => "S2666506920300390"
  "issn" => "26665069"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.apunsm.2020.07.003"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-10-01"
  "aid" => "333"
  "copyright" => "FUTBOL CLUB BARCELONA and CONSELL CATALÀ DE L'ESPORT"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2020"
  "documento" => "simple-article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "subdocumento" => "crp"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:1 [
    "total" => 0
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:17 [
    "pii" => "S2666506920300377"
    "issn" => "26665069"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.apunsm.2020.07.001"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-10-01"
    "aid" => "331"
    "copyright" => "FUTBOL CLUB BARCELONA and CONSELL CATALÀ DE L'ESPORT"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "rev"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:11 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review</span>"
      "titulo" => "Injuries of a Spanish top-level sample of football referees&#46; A retrospective study"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "146"
          "paginaFinal" => "152"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "&#193;ngel Matute-Llorente, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Carlo Castagna, Jos&#233; A&#46; Casajus"
          "autores" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "&#193;ngel"
              "apellidos" => "Matute-Llorente"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Javier"
              "apellidos" => "Sanchez-Sanchez"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Carlo"
              "apellidos" => "Castagna"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Jos&#233; A&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Casajus"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2666506920300377?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/26665069/0000005500000208/v2_202102140651/S2666506920300377/v2_202102140651/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:19 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Clinical case</span>"
    "titulo" => "Tibialis anterior muscle hernia&#58; A rare cause of leg pain&#46; Case report and review of the literature"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "153"
        "paginaFinal" => "156"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Juan M&#46; Rodr&#237;guez-Roiz, Jordi Monta&#241;ana-Burillo, Jos&#233; Sim&#243;n Sanchez Diaz"
        "autores" => array:3 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Juan M&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Rodr&#237;guez-Roiz"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "jmleon42@gmail.com"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "Jordi"
            "apellidos" => "Monta&#241;ana-Burillo"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "Jos&#233; Sim&#243;n Sanchez"
            "apellidos" => "Diaz"
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Orthopedic &#38; Trauma Surgery Dept&#44; Mutua Universal Barcelona&#44; Delfos Clinic&#44; Vallcarca Avenue 151&#44; 08023 Barcelona&#44; Spain"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Hernia de m&#250;sculo tibial anterior&#58; una causa muy rara de dolor en la pierna&#46; Reporte de un caso y revisi&#243;n de la literatura"
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 3553
            "Ancho" => 2083
            "Tamanyo" => 556697
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Visible mass standing and straining the leg muscles approximately 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; seen along the anterior aspect of the leg in its mid-part&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Muscle hernias of the extremities are most commonly seen in the leg and affect mostly the tibialis anterior muscle&#46; They occur as a result of a defect in the fascial sheath of the muscle secondary to trauma or due to constitutional causes&#46; Most of symptomatic patients usually present with chronic leg pain and occasionally with soft tissue swelling&#46; The diagnosis is challenging as the swelling disappears at rest and reappears during muscle straining&#46; This finding suggests the diagnosis of this entity&#46; Imaging&#44; especially dynamic ultrasonography&#44; plays the most important role in making the diagnosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Statement of informed consent</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was informed and agreed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Case report</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">34-Year-old patient&#44; bricklayer&#44; who in the context of an accident at work &#40;2-m fall&#41; presented with a contusion on the lateral aspect of the right leg with a diagnosis of fracture of proximal fibula&#44; who underwent conservative treatment with analgesics and partial weight bearing with 2 crutches&#46; Patient have good clinical course with complete consolidation of the fracture at 3 months&#44; but pain and increased volume persisted in the anterior aspect of the leg&#46; Local examination revealed no obvious swelling in the leg at rest&#44; with patient lying in the supine position&#44; also no evidence of any sensorineural deficit or varicose veins&#46; An MRI of the leg is requested and is reported as normal&#46; Patient insists that he is quite well at rest but when he stand he presents pain and also &#8220;a palpable mass&#8221;&#46; On standing and straining the leg muscles&#44; there was a soft&#44; non-tender swelling&#44; measuring approximately 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; seen along the anterior aspect of the leg in its mid-part standing &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; and reduced in supine&#46; Dynamic ultrasound was performed with a patient standing and forcing dorsiflexion of the foot&#44; confirming herniation of the anterior tibial muscle with partial disruption of its fascia&#44; a hernia of 11&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in size with a 3-cm extension &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Conservative treatment is carried out by our rehabilitation team with anti-inflammatory treatment &#40;magnetotherapy&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>local compression with bandages&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient presented good clinical evolution&#44; at 4 months after starting the treatment he refers decreased pain and absence of hernia&#44; which was confirmed by clinical examination and new ultrasound&#46; Patient returns to his work activity without incident&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Discussion</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Muscle hernias are focal herniations of muscle tissue through a defect in its fascial sheath&#46; They are most commonly found in the lower extremity&#46; They are mostly underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed as muscle hematomas and varicosities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> There are about 200 cases of muscle hernias described in the literature&#46; In 1929&#44; Hugo Ihde reported a case series of 12 patients with muscle hernias along with their classification&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Ihde divided muscle hernias into two groups&#58; traumatic and constitutional&#46; Constitutional or congenital hernias occur due to weakness in muscle fascia after chronic stress&#46; It has been proposed that there are fenestrations in the muscle compartments through which perforating veins enter&#46; Due to chronic stress&#44; the fenestrations enlarge and eventually muscle hernias bulge through these openings&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Traumatic or acquired hernias are seen secondary to penetrating trauma&#44; direct trauma causing closed fracture with fascial tear and indirect trauma &#40;force applied to contracted muscle causing fascial rupture&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The anterolateral tibial compartment is the commonest site due to being a superficial and tight fascial compartment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> A high index of suspicion and awareness of a muscle hernia helps in its early diagnosis&#46; In the lower extremity&#44; tibialis anterior muscle hernia is found most frequently due to the vulnerability of its fascia to trauma&#46; The other muscles affected in the lower extremity are extensor digitorum longus&#44; peroneus longus&#44; peroneus brevis and gastrocnemius&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In our case&#44; there was a history of blunt trauma to the leg 4 years before that might have contributed to muscle hernia&#46; On clinical examination&#44; muscle hernia may present as a palpable bulge&#44; soft tissue mass or subcutaneous nodule&#46; The muscle typically herniates during leg dorsiflexion&#44; also known as &#8220;fencer&#39;s lunge&#8221; position&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The swelling reduces when the patient is supine or the muscle is relaxed&#46; Although the clinical picture points towards the diagnosis&#44; imaging&#44; especially ultrasound&#44; should be used to confirm it&#46; The differential diagnosis of muscle hernias includes varicosities&#44; angiomas&#44; arteriovenous malformation&#44; lipomas&#44; ruptured muscle &#40;a pseudohernia&#41; and soft tissue tumours&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; these tumours do not show movement on changing the patient position&#46; Dynamic sonography is diagnostic in detecting a myofascial defect and can confirm the diagnosis&#46; Dynamic sonography can detect a muscle bulge through the fascial defect on muscle contraction and its retraction on relaxation&#46; Sonography is advantageous as it is a real-time modality&#44; so that muscle herniation is detected during a dynamic examination&#44; and the nature of lesion can be shown to the patient&#44; which is reassuring&#46; The examination is done in a standing position or by contracting the muscle&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> A 3D scan allows for a better delineation of fascial defects with a proper placement of the reference point&#46; A 3D scan highlights the muscle herniation and makes hernia easy to see&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> MRI is useful in equivocal USG findings and confirms muscle herniations with a better musculofascial demarcation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> There is no ideal treatment for muscle herniations described in the literature&#46; Most hernias are asymptomatic and require only reassurance&#46; Mildly symptomatic hernias are treated conservatively with rest&#44; restriction of exercise and the use of compression stockings&#46; Various surgical techniques for symptomatic hernias include decompressive fasciotomy&#44; primary fascial repair &#8211; including direct closure of the defect&#44; closure of the defect using autologous or synthetic grafts&#44; etc&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conclusions</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tibialis anterior muscle hernia is a rare diagnosis and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in a patient with chronic leg pain and swelling&#46; Dynamic ultrasound is crucial in confirming the diagnosis and should be done on straining the muscles of the affected limb&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they don&#8217;t have any conflict of interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:11 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1464561"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
              "titulo" => "Introduction"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
              "titulo" => "Case"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0015"
              "titulo" => "Conclusion"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1334071"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1464560"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0020"
              "titulo" => "Objetivos&#47;Introducci&#243;n"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0025"
              "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0030"
              "titulo" => "Resultados"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0035"
              "titulo" => "Comentarios y conclusiones"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1334072"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Statement of informed consent"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Case report"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-07-19"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-07-31"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1334071"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Tibial anterior"
            1 => "Muscle hernia"
            2 => "Muscular hernias"
            3 => "Ultrasonography"
            4 => "Limb mass"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1334072"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Tibial anterior"
            1 => "Hernia muscular"
            2 => "Hernias musculares"
            3 => "Ecograf&#237;a"
            4 => "Masa de la extremidad"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Muscular hernias in the lower limb are a rare entity that have seldom been described in the literature&#44; from 1929 about 200 cases of muscle hernias have been described&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Case</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Here&#44; we present a case of tibialis anterior muscle hernia and discuss the aetiology behind the same&#46; Furthermore&#44; we attempt to amalgamate existing knowledge to provide some guidance for investigation and management of this important diagnostic consideration&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lower limb hernias are rare but should be considered as a differential for unidentified lower limb swellings&#46; There is no clear consensus in literature about treatment&#44; so every case must be individualized&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:3 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Case"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Objetivos&#47;Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las hernias musculares son raras&#44; donde se evidencian con m&#225;s frecuencia son en las extremidades inferiores siendo el tibial anterior el m&#250;sculo m&#225;s afectado&#46; En este art&#237;culo describimos un caso de hernia muscular de tibial anterior y su evoluci&#243;n clinica&#44; adem&#225;s de revisi&#243;n de la literatura actual sobre el tema&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Paciente de 34 a&#241;os&#44; alba&#241;il&#44; que en contexto de accidente laboral &#40;caida de 2 metros&#41; presenta contusi&#243;n en cara lateral de pierna derecha con diagn&#243;stico de fractura de 1&#47;3 medio de perone de pierna derecha&#44; Paciente presenta buen curso clinico con consolidaci&#243;n completa de la fractura a los 3 meses de evoluci&#243;n&#44; pero persistiendo dolor y aumento de volumen en cara anterior de la pierna&#46; Se solicita resonancia magn&#233;tica de pierna que es informada como normal&#46; A la exploraci&#243;n en reposo nada a destacar&#44; en bipedestaci&#243;n &#40;Fig&#46; 1&#41; se observa masa palpable de 2 cm aprox en cara anteromedial de 1&#47;3 medio de tibia de pierna derecha&#44; que se reduce al pasar a dec&#250;bito supino&#46; Se realiza ecografia din&#225;mica con paciente en bipedestaci&#243;n y forzando dorsiflexi&#243;n del pie&#44; confirm&#225;ndose hernia de m&#250;sculo tibial anterior con disrupci&#243;n parcia de su fascia&#44; hernia de 11&#44;7 mm de tama&#241;o con 3 cm de extensi&#243;n &#40;Fig 2&#41;&#46; Se realiza tratamiento conservador mediante tratamiento rehabilitador antiinflamatorio &#40;magnetoterapia&#41; &#43; vendajes compresivos locales&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Resultados</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Paciente presenta buena evoluci&#243;n clinica presentando a los 4 meses de iniciado el tratamiento disminuci&#243;n de dolor y refiriendo ausencia de hernia&#44; que se confirma a la exploraci&#243;n clinica&#46; Paciente retorna a su actividad laboral sin incidencias&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Comentarios y conclusiones</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las hernias musculares son raras&#44; su localizaci&#243;n mas habitual es en extremidades inferiores&#46; Son un diagn&#243;stico de exclusi&#243;n&#44; que muchas veces pasa desapercibido &#40;1&#41; y pueden ser causa de dolor y aumento de volumen cr&#243;nico unilateral en extremidad inferior&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Objetivos&#47;Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Comentarios y conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:2 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 3553
            "Ancho" => 2083
            "Tamanyo" => 556697
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Visible mass standing and straining the leg muscles approximately 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; seen along the anterior aspect of the leg in its mid-part&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1941
            "Ancho" => 1625
            "Tamanyo" => 323150
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dynamic ultrasound with patient standing confirming herniation of the anterior tibial muscle with partial disruption of its fascia&#44; a hernia of 11&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in size with a 3-cm extension &#40;screws&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:11 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Muscle hernia&#58; twenty personal observations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46;C&#46; Schecter"
                            1 => "W&#46;R&#46; Waddell"
                            2 => "W&#46;R&#46; Coppinger"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1963"
                        "volumen" => "29"
                        "paginaInicial" => "483"
                        "paginaFinal" => "490"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14047325"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "On muscular hernia of the leg"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Ihde"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Chir Scand"
                        "fecha" => "1929"
                        "paginaInicial" => "97"
                        "paginaFinal" => "120"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Fascial hernias of the legs"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46;E&#46; Obermayer"
                            1 => "J&#46;W&#46; Wilson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "1951"
                        "volumen" => "145"
                        "paginaInicial" => "548"
                        "paginaFinal" => "549"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Muscle hernias of the leg&#58; a case report and comprehensive review of the literature"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;T&#46; Nguyen"
                            1 => "J&#46;L&#46; Nguyen"
                            2 => "M&#46;J&#46; Wheatley"
                            3 => "T&#46;A&#46; Nguyen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Can J Plast Surg"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "243"
                        "paginaFinal" => "247"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24497767"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The use of dynamic ultrasonography for the confirmation of lower leg muscle herniation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "N&#46;K&#46; Rho"
                            1 => "W&#46;S&#46; Kim"
                            2 => "Y&#46;J&#46; Kim"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.5021/ad.2008.20.4.190"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "paginaInicial" => "190"
                        "paginaFinal" => "193"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27303189"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "An interesting case of post traumatic tibialis anterior muscle herniation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46;S&#46; Hegde"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Kathmandu Univ Med J"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "324"
                        "paginaFinal" => "332"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sonography of lower limb muscle injury"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46;C&#46; Lee"
                            1 => "J&#46; Healy"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Roentgenol"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "182"
                        "paginaInicial" => "341"
                        "paginaFinal" => "351"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sonography of muscle hernias"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Beggs"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Roentgenol"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "180"
                        "paginaInicial" => "395"
                        "paginaFinal" => "399"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The importance of dynamic ultrasound in the diagnosis of tibialis anterior muscle herniation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Artul"
                            1 => "G&#46; George Habib"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/s13089-014-0014-0"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Crit Ultrasound J"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "14"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25436103"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Detection of myofascial herniation on dynamic sonography and magnetic resonance imaging"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "S&#46;M&#46; Khaladkar"
                            1 => "S&#46;K&#46; Kondapavuluri"
                            2 => "A&#46; Kamal"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1155/2016/4245189"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Case Rep Radiol"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "2016"
                        "paginaInicial" => "4245189"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26885428"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bilateral multiple muscle hernias of the leg repaired with Marlex mesh"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Marques"
                            1 => "E&#46; Brenda"
                            2 => "T&#46;J&#46; Amarante"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/0007-1226(94)90076-0"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Plast Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "47"
                        "paginaInicial" => "444"
                        "paginaFinal" => "446"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7952814"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/26665069/0000005500000208/v2_202102140651/S2666506920300390/v2_202102140651/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "85627"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Clinical case"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/26665069/0000005500000208/v2_202102140651/S2666506920300390/v2_202102140651/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://apunts.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2666506920300390?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]
Share
Journal Information
Vol. 55. Issue 208.
Pages 153-156 (October - December 2020)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Visits
16030
Vol. 55. Issue 208.
Pages 153-156 (October - December 2020)
Clinical case
Full text access
Tibialis anterior muscle hernia: A rare cause of leg pain. Case report and review of the literature
Hernia de músculo tibial anterior: una causa muy rara de dolor en la pierna. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura
Visits
16030
Juan M. Rodríguez-Roiz
Corresponding author
jmleon42@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Jordi Montañana-Burillo, José Simón Sanchez Diaz
Orthopedic & Trauma Surgery Dept, Mutua Universal Barcelona, Delfos Clinic, Vallcarca Avenue 151, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (2)
Abstract
Introduction

Muscular hernias in the lower limb are a rare entity that have seldom been described in the literature, from 1929 about 200 cases of muscle hernias have been described.

Case

Here, we present a case of tibialis anterior muscle hernia and discuss the aetiology behind the same. Furthermore, we attempt to amalgamate existing knowledge to provide some guidance for investigation and management of this important diagnostic consideration.

Conclusion

Lower limb hernias are rare but should be considered as a differential for unidentified lower limb swellings. There is no clear consensus in literature about treatment, so every case must be individualized.

Keywords:
Tibial anterior
Muscle hernia
Muscular hernias
Ultrasonography
Limb mass
Resumen
Objetivos/Introducción

Las hernias musculares son raras, donde se evidencian con más frecuencia son en las extremidades inferiores siendo el tibial anterior el músculo más afectado. En este artículo describimos un caso de hernia muscular de tibial anterior y su evolución clinica, además de revisión de la literatura actual sobre el tema.

Material y métodos

Paciente de 34 años, albañil, que en contexto de accidente laboral (caida de 2 metros) presenta contusión en cara lateral de pierna derecha con diagnóstico de fractura de 1/3 medio de perone de pierna derecha, Paciente presenta buen curso clinico con consolidación completa de la fractura a los 3 meses de evolución, pero persistiendo dolor y aumento de volumen en cara anterior de la pierna. Se solicita resonancia magnética de pierna que es informada como normal. A la exploración en reposo nada a destacar, en bipedestación (Fig. 1) se observa masa palpable de 2 cm aprox en cara anteromedial de 1/3 medio de tibia de pierna derecha, que se reduce al pasar a decúbito supino. Se realiza ecografia dinámica con paciente en bipedestación y forzando dorsiflexión del pie, confirmándose hernia de músculo tibial anterior con disrupción parcia de su fascia, hernia de 11,7 mm de tamaño con 3 cm de extensión (Fig 2). Se realiza tratamiento conservador mediante tratamiento rehabilitador antiinflamatorio (magnetoterapia) + vendajes compresivos locales.

Resultados

Paciente presenta buena evolución clinica presentando a los 4 meses de iniciado el tratamiento disminución de dolor y refiriendo ausencia de hernia, que se confirma a la exploración clinica. Paciente retorna a su actividad laboral sin incidencias.

Comentarios y conclusiones

Las hernias musculares son raras, su localización mas habitual es en extremidades inferiores. Son un diagnóstico de exclusión, que muchas veces pasa desapercibido (1) y pueden ser causa de dolor y aumento de volumen crónico unilateral en extremidad inferior.

Palabras clave:
Tibial anterior
Hernia muscular
Hernias musculares
Ecografía
Masa de la extremidad
Full Text
Introduction

Muscle hernias of the extremities are most commonly seen in the leg and affect mostly the tibialis anterior muscle. They occur as a result of a defect in the fascial sheath of the muscle secondary to trauma or due to constitutional causes. Most of symptomatic patients usually present with chronic leg pain and occasionally with soft tissue swelling. The diagnosis is challenging as the swelling disappears at rest and reappears during muscle straining. This finding suggests the diagnosis of this entity. Imaging, especially dynamic ultrasonography, plays the most important role in making the diagnosis.

Statement of informed consent

The patient was informed and agreed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication.

Case report

34-Year-old patient, bricklayer, who in the context of an accident at work (2-m fall) presented with a contusion on the lateral aspect of the right leg with a diagnosis of fracture of proximal fibula, who underwent conservative treatment with analgesics and partial weight bearing with 2 crutches. Patient have good clinical course with complete consolidation of the fracture at 3 months, but pain and increased volume persisted in the anterior aspect of the leg. Local examination revealed no obvious swelling in the leg at rest, with patient lying in the supine position, also no evidence of any sensorineural deficit or varicose veins. An MRI of the leg is requested and is reported as normal. Patient insists that he is quite well at rest but when he stand he presents pain and also “a palpable mass”. On standing and straining the leg muscles, there was a soft, non-tender swelling, measuring approximately 2cm, seen along the anterior aspect of the leg in its mid-part standing (Fig. 1), and reduced in supine. Dynamic ultrasound was performed with a patient standing and forcing dorsiflexion of the foot, confirming herniation of the anterior tibial muscle with partial disruption of its fascia, a hernia of 11.7mm in size with a 3-cm extension (Fig. 2). Conservative treatment is carried out by our rehabilitation team with anti-inflammatory treatment (magnetotherapy)+local compression with bandages.

Figure 1.

Visible mass standing and straining the leg muscles approximately 2cm, seen along the anterior aspect of the leg in its mid-part.

(0.53MB).
Figure 2.

Dynamic ultrasound with patient standing confirming herniation of the anterior tibial muscle with partial disruption of its fascia, a hernia of 11.7mm in size with a 3-cm extension (screws).

(0.31MB).

Patient presented good clinical evolution, at 4 months after starting the treatment he refers decreased pain and absence of hernia, which was confirmed by clinical examination and new ultrasound. Patient returns to his work activity without incident.

Discussion

Muscle hernias are focal herniations of muscle tissue through a defect in its fascial sheath. They are most commonly found in the lower extremity. They are mostly underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed as muscle hematomas and varicosities.1 There are about 200 cases of muscle hernias described in the literature. In 1929, Hugo Ihde reported a case series of 12 patients with muscle hernias along with their classification.2 Ihde divided muscle hernias into two groups: traumatic and constitutional. Constitutional or congenital hernias occur due to weakness in muscle fascia after chronic stress. It has been proposed that there are fenestrations in the muscle compartments through which perforating veins enter. Due to chronic stress, the fenestrations enlarge and eventually muscle hernias bulge through these openings.3 Traumatic or acquired hernias are seen secondary to penetrating trauma, direct trauma causing closed fracture with fascial tear and indirect trauma (force applied to contracted muscle causing fascial rupture).4 The anterolateral tibial compartment is the commonest site due to being a superficial and tight fascial compartment.5 A high index of suspicion and awareness of a muscle hernia helps in its early diagnosis. In the lower extremity, tibialis anterior muscle hernia is found most frequently due to the vulnerability of its fascia to trauma. The other muscles affected in the lower extremity are extensor digitorum longus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis and gastrocnemius.6 In our case, there was a history of blunt trauma to the leg 4 years before that might have contributed to muscle hernia. On clinical examination, muscle hernia may present as a palpable bulge, soft tissue mass or subcutaneous nodule. The muscle typically herniates during leg dorsiflexion, also known as “fencer's lunge” position.7 The swelling reduces when the patient is supine or the muscle is relaxed. Although the clinical picture points towards the diagnosis, imaging, especially ultrasound, should be used to confirm it. The differential diagnosis of muscle hernias includes varicosities, angiomas, arteriovenous malformation, lipomas, ruptured muscle (a pseudohernia) and soft tissue tumours.4 However, these tumours do not show movement on changing the patient position. Dynamic sonography is diagnostic in detecting a myofascial defect and can confirm the diagnosis. Dynamic sonography can detect a muscle bulge through the fascial defect on muscle contraction and its retraction on relaxation. Sonography is advantageous as it is a real-time modality, so that muscle herniation is detected during a dynamic examination, and the nature of lesion can be shown to the patient, which is reassuring. The examination is done in a standing position or by contracting the muscle.8 A 3D scan allows for a better delineation of fascial defects with a proper placement of the reference point. A 3D scan highlights the muscle herniation and makes hernia easy to see.9 MRI is useful in equivocal USG findings and confirms muscle herniations with a better musculofascial demarcation.10 There is no ideal treatment for muscle herniations described in the literature. Most hernias are asymptomatic and require only reassurance. Mildly symptomatic hernias are treated conservatively with rest, restriction of exercise and the use of compression stockings. Various surgical techniques for symptomatic hernias include decompressive fasciotomy, primary fascial repair – including direct closure of the defect, closure of the defect using autologous or synthetic grafts, etc.11

Conclusions

Tibialis anterior muscle hernia is a rare diagnosis and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in a patient with chronic leg pain and swelling. Dynamic ultrasound is crucial in confirming the diagnosis and should be done on straining the muscles of the affected limb.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they don’t have any conflict of interests.

References
[1]
D.C. Schecter, W.R. Waddell, W.R. Coppinger.
Muscle hernia: twenty personal observations.
Am Surg, 29 (1963), pp. 483-490
[2]
H. Ihde.
On muscular hernia of the leg.
Acta Chir Scand, (1929), pp. 97-120
[3]
M.E. Obermayer, J.W. Wilson.
Fascial hernias of the legs.
JAMA, 145 (1951), pp. 548-549
[4]
J.T. Nguyen, J.L. Nguyen, M.J. Wheatley, T.A. Nguyen.
Muscle hernias of the leg: a case report and comprehensive review of the literature.
Can J Plast Surg, 21 (2013), pp. 243-247
[5]
N.K. Rho, W.S. Kim, Y.J. Kim, et al.
The use of dynamic ultrasonography for the confirmation of lower leg muscle herniation.
Ann Dermatol, 20 (2008), pp. 190-193
[6]
A.S. Hegde.
An interesting case of post traumatic tibialis anterior muscle herniation.
Kathmandu Univ Med J, 11 (2013), pp. 324-332
[7]
J.C. Lee, J. Healy.
Sonography of lower limb muscle injury.
Am J Roentgenol, 182 (2004), pp. 341-351
[8]
I. Beggs.
Sonography of muscle hernias.
Am J Roentgenol, 180 (2003), pp. 395-399
[9]
S. Artul, G. George Habib.
The importance of dynamic ultrasound in the diagnosis of tibialis anterior muscle herniation.
Crit Ultrasound J, 6 (2014), pp. 14
[10]
S.M. Khaladkar, S.K. Kondapavuluri, A. Kamal.
Detection of myofascial herniation on dynamic sonography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Case Rep Radiol, 2016 (2016), pp. 4245189
[11]
A. Marques, E. Brenda, T.J. Amarante.
Bilateral multiple muscle hernias of the leg repaired with Marlex mesh.
Br J Plast Surg, 47 (1994), pp. 444-446
Copyright © 2020. FUTBOL CLUB BARCELONA and CONSELL CATALÀ DE L'ESPORT
Apunts Sports Medicine
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?