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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introducci&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Quan es realitza un moviment corporal resta clar quina o quines articulacions hi estan implicades&#44; de quin tipus d&#8217;articulaci&#243; es tracta&#44; quins m&#250;sculs realitzen el moviment&#44; i fins i tot quins elements d&#8217;estabilitzaci&#243; passiva poden estar-hi actuant&#46; Habitualment el sistema nervi&#243;s &#233;s el gran oblidat&#46; Ell tamb&#233; es despla&#231;a per adaptar-se al moviment corporal realitzat i continuar fent la seva funci&#243;&#44; la de transmissor de l&#8217;impuls nervi&#243;s&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Durant les activitats de la vida di&#224;ria&#44; els moviments i les postures adoptades generen forces de tensi&#243;&#44; compressi&#243; i cisalla sobre el sistema nervi&#243;s&#46; En condicions normals&#44; el sistema nervi&#243;s t&#233; la capacitat biomec&#224;nica d&#8217;adaptar-se a aquestes forces per continuar fent les seves funcions<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#46; L&#8217;organitzaci&#243; estructural dels nervis perif&#232;rics permet als axons la conducci&#243; dels impulsos nerviosos que facilitaran la interacci&#243; de l&#8217;individu amb l&#8217;entorn&#44; mentre dirigeixen i toleren milers de postures del tronc&#44; el cap i les extremitats&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> S&#8217;ha suggerit que la reducci&#243; de la capacitat de moviment del nervi pot alterar la funci&#243; per l&#8217;increment de tensi&#243; neural&#44; cosa que pot afectar negativament i contribuir a l&#8217;aparici&#243; de dolor<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-4</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Quan hi ha un impediment del despla&#231;ament del nervi&#44; durant el moviment d&#8217;una articulaci&#243;&#44; aleshores la secci&#243; del nervi propera a l&#8217;articulaci&#243; en moviment rep una tensi&#243; major per adaptar-se al canvi de l&#8217;estructura del llit nervi&#243;s per on discorre<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-7</span>&#46; Perqu&#232; el sistema nervi&#243;s es mogui amb normalitat cal que s&#8217;adapti correctament a tres funcions mec&#224;niques&#58; tensi&#243;&#44; compressi&#243; i despla&#231;ament<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; L&#8217;adaptaci&#243; a aquestes funcions mec&#224;niques es produeix a nivell tant del sistema nervi&#243;s central com del perif&#232;ric&#44; i aquestes funcions interactuen entre elles&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La neurodin&#224;mica es pot definir com una t&#232;cnica de ter&#224;pia manual&#44; l&#8217;objectiu de la qual est&#224; orientat a actuar sobre les estructures nervioses&#44; a partir de la mobilitzaci&#243; i el posicionament de m&#250;ltiples articulacions<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span>&#44; integrant les funcions biomec&#224;niques i fisiol&#242;giques del sistema nervi&#243;s com a base per poder explicar les possibles alteracions que es poden produir quan el sistema nervi&#243;s no &#233;s capa&#231; d&#8217;adaptar-se a aquestes forces mec&#224;niques a qu&#232; est&#224; exposat<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Les dades biomec&#224;niques obtingudes mostren que els moviments articulars&#44; realitzats en t&#232;cniques neurodin&#224;miques&#44; incrementen la tensi&#243;&#44; el despla&#231;ament i la compressi&#243; del nervi avaluat&#46; Quan es realitza un moviment articular al final de la mobilitzaci&#243; neurodin&#224;mica&#44; els efectes biomec&#224;nics es traslladen al llarg de tot el trajecte de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Per descriure els diferents tests neurodin&#224;mics s&#8217;utilitzen seq&#252;&#232;ncies de moviments estandarditzats&#46; Alguns cl&#237;nics s&#243;n favorables a modificar l&#8217;ordre de les seq&#252;&#232;ncies per poder adequar-se a la cl&#237;nica de cada pacient&#46; Les diferents seq&#252;&#232;ncies neurodin&#224;miques es basen en la creen&#231;a que diferents ordres de reclutament de les diferents articulacions generen diferents nivells de tensi&#243; en un punt concret de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa al final de la seq&#252;&#232;ncia neurodin&#224;mica<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>&#46; Malgrat aix&#242;&#44; estudis en cad&#224;vers mostren que quan les articulacions es mouen en rangs de moviment similars&#44; la tensi&#243; de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa no es modifica en diferents ordres de moviment&#44; tot i que&#44; cl&#237;nicament&#44; quan s&#8217;apliquen diferents seq&#252;&#232;ncies de moviment les articulacions es mouen en diferents rangs de moviment<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;11</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Diversos estudis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;11-16</span> evidencien que cada component individual de la seq&#252;&#232;ncia neurodin&#224;mica indueix un efecte sobre la c&#224;rrega mec&#224;nica de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa&#46; Aquest efecte pot generar un despla&#231;ament longitudinal i&#47;o transversal del nervi&#44; un increment de la tensi&#243; sobre l&#8217;estructura nerviosa&#44; un augment de la compressi&#243;&#8230; per tant&#44; des del vessant mec&#224;nic&#44; tenim dades que reforcen la plausibilitat de la mobilitzaci&#243; neurodin&#224;mica&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els tests neurodin&#224;mics tenen com a objectiu principal valorar la mecanosensibilitat del teixit nervi&#243;s&#44; &#233;s a dir&#44; la capacitat d&#8217;adaptaci&#243; del teixit nervi&#243;s a un estr&#232;s mec&#224;nic&#44; tant per tensi&#243; com per compressi&#243;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span>&#46; L&#8217;objectiu no &#233;s situar el punt d&#8217;afectaci&#243; de l&#8217;estructura neural avaluada&#44; sin&#243; que es requereix una exploraci&#243; m&#233;s exhaustiva&#44; donada la implicaci&#243; d&#8217;altres estructures&#44; m&#233;s enll&#224; del sistema nervi&#243;s&#44; en les respostes originades per aquesta alteraci&#243;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;16&#44;19&#44;20</span>&#46; Diferents estudis en cad&#224;vers<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;21&#44;22</span> mostren que les mobilitzacions neurodin&#224;miques provoquen un despla&#231;ament del nervi a trav&#233;s dels teixits que l&#8217;envolten&#46; El nervi es despla&#231;a en direcci&#243; a l&#8217;articulaci&#243;&#44; que durant la mobilitzaci&#243; augmenta el llit nervi&#243;s per poder dissipar l&#8217;increment de tensi&#243; que ha d&#8217;exercir el moviment sobre l&#8217;estructura nerviosa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Pel que fa al vessant terap&#232;utic de les mobilitzacions neurodin&#224;miques&#44; cal definir el tipus de mobilitzacions descrites i quins efectes generen per poder restablir el funcionament normal de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Hi ha dos tipus de mobilitzacions neurodin&#224;miques&#58; mobilitzacions en tensi&#243; i mobilitzacions en lliscament<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;21&#44;23</span>&#46; Les mobilitzacions en tensi&#243; consisteixen en realitzar la seq&#252;&#232;ncia neurodin&#224;mica de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa augmentant el llit nervi&#243;s fins a arribar al punt on apareix una primera resist&#232;ncia al moviment o la simptomatologia del pacient&#46; En aquest punt es mobilitza un sol component&#44; normalment distal&#44; de la seq&#252;&#232;ncia&#46; Aquest tipus de mobilitzaci&#243; genera una variaci&#243; din&#224;mica de la pressi&#243; intraneural&#44; una millora del retorn ven&#243;s i facilita l&#8217;evacuaci&#243; de l&#8217;edema intraneural<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24-26</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Quant a les mobilitzacions en lliscament&#44; tamb&#233; es realitza la seq&#252;&#232;ncia neurodin&#224;mica de l&#8217;estructura que s&#8217;ha de tractar fins arribar a la primera resist&#232;ncia o b&#233; fins a generar la simptomatologia del pacient&#46; En aquest moment&#44; la mobilitzaci&#243; en lliscament es realitza a partir de dos components de la seq&#252;&#232;ncia&#44; m&#233;s o menys separats entre ells&#44; en qu&#232; l&#8217;un augmenta el llit nervi&#243;s&#44; mentre que l&#8217;altre el redueix&#46; Aix&#237; s&#8217;observa un augment del moviment de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa amb poca modificaci&#243; de la pressi&#243; intraneural<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>&#46; Els efectes de les mobilitzacions en lliscament s&#243;n que treballen en un rang articular ampli no dolor&#243;s&#44; redueixen la proliferaci&#243; de fibroblasts i&#44; per tant&#44; redueixen el teixit de cicatriu a nivell de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa treballada&#44; aix&#237; com que milloren la vascularitzaci&#243; del sistema nervi&#243;s i el retorn ven&#243;s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;24&#44;27</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Ecografia del sistema nervi&#243;s</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> El desenvolupament de transductors lineals d&#8217;alta freq&#252;&#232;ncia ha comportat millores en la resoluci&#243; d&#8217;imatges mitjan&#231;ant ecografia&#46; En el cas de les neuropaties compressives a nivell perif&#232;ric&#44; la imatge ecogr&#224;fica es pot complementar amb la resson&#224;ncia magn&#232;tica i l&#8217;estudi de la conducci&#243; nerviosa&#46; En comparaci&#243; amb la resson&#224;ncia&#44; l&#8217;ecografia &#233;s m&#233;s econ&#242;mica&#44; comporta menys temps en fer-la&#44; presenta menys artefactes&#44; &#233;s din&#224;mica i millora l&#8217;exploraci&#243; longitudinal de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa&#46; Per contra&#44; el camp de visi&#243; &#233;s petit&#44; la profunditat &#233;s limitada i pot presentar un efecte d&#8217;anisotropia quan s&#8217;exploren les estructures nervioses&#46; La freq&#252;&#232;ncia utilitzada per observar els nervis perif&#232;rics oscil&#183;la entre els 7 i els 12 MHz<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La primera descripci&#243; anat&#242;mica&#44; mitjan&#231;ant ecografia del sistema nervi&#243;s perif&#232;ric&#44; fou realitzada per Fornage<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span>&#44; que observ&#224; els nervis medial&#44; cubital&#44; ci&#224;tic i tibial&#46; D&#8217;acord amb la literatura&#44; un nervi perif&#232;ric normal mostra una estructura tubular que alterna zones hipoecog&#232;niques amb zones hiperecog&#232;niques&#44; que corresponen a les fibres nervioses i al perineuri&#44; que d&#243;na la impressi&#243; de bresca d&#8217;abelles quan es pren una imatge transversal&#46; Hi ha diferents factors que poden influir en el calibre del nervi&#44; com poden ser l&#8217;&#237;ndex de massa corporal&#44; l&#8217;edat i el g&#232;nere<span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La diferenciaci&#243; ecogr&#224;fica entre tend&#243; i nervi perif&#232;ric es basa en el fet que els tendons&#44; a difer&#232;ncia dels nervis&#44; mostren nombroses l&#237;nies hiperec&#242;iques paral&#183;leles&#44; separades per l&#237;nies hipoec&#242;iques&#46; D&#8217;altra banda&#44; la reducci&#243; del despla&#231;ament del nervi durant un moviment actiu o passiu d&#8217;una extremitat &#233;s una bona refer&#232;ncia a l&#8217;hora de diferenciar-lo d&#8217;un tend&#243;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;ecografia &#233;s el m&#232;tode recomanat per avaluar la morfologia i la mobilitat del nervi perif&#232;ric&#44; i s&#8217;ha demostrat que pot ajudar el diagn&#242;stic de neuropaties compressives<span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#44;34</span>&#46; Ofereix avantatges potencials sobre altres t&#232;cniques d&#8217;imatges est&#224;tiques pel fet que permet una valoraci&#243; din&#224;mica i funcional de les neuropaties compressives<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;36</span>&#46; La dificultat recau en quantificar el despla&#231;ament longitudinal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo </span>de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa&#44; ja que &#233;s una estructura cont&#237;nua en qu&#232; no es poden situar marcadors i que presenta un determinat despla&#231;ament transversal&#44; cosa que pot complicar el seguiment de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa en determinades zones&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Dilley et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span> desenvoluparen&#44; amb l&#8217;ajuda de Matlab&#44; un algoritme per poder mesurar el despla&#231;ament de les estructures nervioses&#46; El <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#171;frame-by-frame cross correlation system&#187;</span> es considera una eina fiable per calcular el despla&#231;ament longitudinal del nervi&#46; Aquest algoritme pot calcular amb &#232;xit moviments entre 1 i 3 mm en el transductor amb menys del 10&#37; d&#8217;error&#46; Per prendre les mesures s&#8217;edita un v&#237;deo del despla&#231;ament de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa&#44; mitjan&#231;ant ecografia&#44; per veure el moviment&#44; des de la posici&#243; d&#8217;inici&#44; fins el final del moviment sol&#183;licitat&#46; Aquestes seq&#252;&#232;ncies de v&#237;deo obtingudes es transformen en p&#237;xels&#44; que generen entre 50-100 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">frames </span>o imatges per segon de v&#237;deo&#46; S&#8217;escullen regions d&#8217;inter&#232;s&#44; a partir de les quals el programa calcula el moviment relatiu del nervi comparant les escales de grisos de cada regi&#243; adjacent&#44; transformant el valor en mil&#183;l&#237;metres&#46; Pren el valor de cada p&#237;xel d&#8217;una escala de grisos i el compara amb l&#8217;escala de grisos del seg&#252;ent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">frame&#46;</span> Es calcula un coeficient de correlaci&#243; per a cada canvi de p&#237;xels individual&#46; El pic d&#8217;una equaci&#243; quadr&#224;tica ajustada als tres coeficients de correlaci&#243; m&#224;xims &#233;s equivalent al despla&#231;ament o moviment de p&#237;xels entre marcs adjacents&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Per evitar tota alteraci&#243; a nivell del transductor s&#8217;ha de mesurar&#44; de la mateixa manera que hem fet amb el nervi&#44; una estructura est&#224;tica&#44; com poden ser les capes subcut&#224;nies&#46; Aquest moviment s&#8217;ha de restar del resultat obtingut pel nervi per poder obtenir el valor m&#233;s exacte possible del moviment de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">37-39</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> L&#8217;objectiu de l&#8217;estudi &#233;s fer una revisi&#243; bibliogr&#224;fica per determinar la fiabilitat de l&#8217;estudi ecogr&#224;fic en la valoraci&#243; del despla&#231;ament nervi&#243;s&#44; aix&#237; com observar el despla&#231;ament de diferents estructures nervioses en diferents seq&#252;&#232;ncies neurodin&#224;miques&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Metodologia</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Es realitza la cerca a nivell de Pubmed&#44; Medline i PEDro&#44; mitjan&#231;ant la combinaci&#243; de les paraules clau seg&#252;ents &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41;&#58; &#91;Excursion nerve AND Ultrasound&#93;&#44; &#91;Neurodynamics AND Ultrasound&#93; i &#91;Nerve movement AND Ultrasound AND &#40;frame-by-frame&#41;&#93;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els criteris d&#8217;inclusi&#243; s&#243;n assaigs cl&#237;nics&#44; publicats en angl&#232;s o castell&#224;&#44; que utilitzin la t&#232;cnica descrita per Dilley per mesurar el despla&#231;ament del sistema nervi&#243;s&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Queden exclosos els articles realitzats amb cad&#224;vers o amb animals&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La cerca inclou articles publicats des de gener de 2001 fins a desembre de 2016&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Donat que la majoria d&#8217;estudis s&#243;n observacionals&#44; es revisa si compleixen les directrius per a la comunicaci&#243; dels estudis observacionals que figuren a la declaraci&#243; de la iniciativa <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streghtening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology </span>&#40;STROBE&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> S&#8217;obtingueren un total de 107 resultats&#46; Una vegada eliminats els duplicats&#44; restaren un total de 80 articles per revisar&#46; D&#8217;aquest nombre se&#8217;n descartaren 44 despr&#233;s de llegir el t&#237;tol i el resum&#44; i en quedaren 36 per a la lectura completa&#46; Es descartaren tres articles per haver estat realitzats en cad&#224;ver i no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo </span>i uns altres 13 per no realitzar la mesura mitjan&#231;ant el m&#232;tode <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#171;frame-by-frame cross correlation system&#187;</span> descrit per Dilley et al&#46; Restaren un total de 20 articles per a la realitzaci&#243; de la revisi&#243;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figura 1&#46; Diagrama de flux" src="278v53n198-90462562fig1.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figura 1&#46; </span>Diagrama de flux</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultats</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Dels 20 articles seleccionats per revisar&#44; 6 comparen el despla&#231;ament de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa en persones amb algun tipus de neuropatia perif&#232;rica o dolor inespec&#237;fic&#44; amb el grup control de persones asimptom&#224;tiques<span class="elsevierStyleSup">40-45 </span>&#40;taula 1&#41;&#46; Els 14 restants realitzen el mesurament del despla&#231;ament de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa de persones sanes a partir del nervi medial<span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#44;46-50</span>&#44; del nervi radial<span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span>&#44; del ci&#224;tic i les seves terminaciones<span class="elsevierStyleSup">52-58 </span>&#40;taula 2&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 1&#46; Despla&#231;ament del nervi perif&#232;ric&#46; Comparativa nervi afectat i grup control" src="278v53n198-90462562fig2.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 2&#46; Despla&#231;ament del nervi perif&#232;ric de pacients sans" src="278v53n198-90462562fig3.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Taula 2&#46; Despla&#231;ament del nervi perif&#232;ric de pacients sans" src="278v53n198-90462562fig4.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Sembla que la fiabilitat de l&#8217;ecografia&#44; i en concret el sistema desenvolupat per Dilley et al&#46; per mesurar el despla&#231;ament longitudinal del sistema nervi&#243;s perif&#232;ric&#44; presenta uns resultats excel&#183;lents&#46; A l&#8217;estudi d&#8217;Ellis et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span> s&#8217;obt&#233; una ICC &#61; 0&#44;75 del despla&#231;ament longitudinal del nervi ci&#224;tic&#46; Carroll et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span> obtenen una ICC &#61; 0&#44;93 del despla&#231;ament del nervi tibial&#44; similar a l&#8217;estudi de Ridehalgh et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span>&#44; en qu&#232; el resultat del despla&#231;ament del nervi ci&#224;tic en l&#8217;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Straight Leg Raising </span>&#40;SLR&#41; &#233;s ICC &#61; 0&#44;93-0&#44;96&#46; A nivell de l&#8217;extremitat superior s&#8217;observa una correlaci&#243; de moderada a alta a l&#8217;estudi del despla&#231;ament del nervi radial&#44; realitzat per Kasehagen et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span> &#40;ICC &#61; 0&#44;63-0&#44;86&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> A nivell de l&#8217;extremitat superior el nervi m&#233;s avaluat &#233;s el nervi medial&#44; possiblement perqu&#232; &#233;s m&#233;s f&#224;cil de localitzar i se&#8217;n pot mesurar millor el despla&#231;ament&#46; S&#8217;observa que hi ha disparitat de criteris en la posici&#243; adoptada pel pacient per a la recollida de dades&#44; cosa que n&#8217;ha de dificultar la comparativa de resultats&#46; La posici&#243; de la cintura escapular va des dels 20&#176; d&#8217;adducci&#243; de Julius et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span>&#44; als 90&#176; de Dilley et al&#46; i Coppieters et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span>&#44; passant pels 30&#176; i els 45&#176;&#46; A nivell de colze&#44; canell i dits tamb&#233; hi ha variants m&#250;ltiples&#44; que oscil&#183;len en funci&#243; del moviment que se sollicita a la persona&#46; En aquest aspecte&#44; se sol&#183;liciten diferents moviments tant actius com passius&#46; En tots els casos s&#8217;observa que el nervi es despla&#231;a cap a l&#8217;articulaci&#243;&#44; que augmenta el llit nervi&#243;s&#46; S&#8217;observa un despla&#231;ament major del nervi a la zona pr&#242;xima a l&#8217;articulaci&#243; que s&#8217;est&#224; mobilitzant&#46; A mesura que ens allunyem de l&#8217;articulaci&#243; sollicitada&#44; el despla&#231;ament del nervi es redueix&#46; En les mobilitzacions de lliscament&#44; el despla&#231;ament del nervi a la zona de mesura &#233;s major si els components del lliscament s&#243;n pr&#242;xims a la zona&#46; Aix&#242; s&#8217;observa perfectament en els estudis que avaluen el despla&#231;ament del nervi ci&#224;tic a nivell de la cara posterior de la cuixa&#46; En aquest cas&#44; s&#8217;escullen majorit&#224;riament dos tipus de mobilitzaci&#243;&#58; a partir del test d&#8217;Slump&#44; amb els components cervical i genoll<span class="elsevierStyleSup">52&#44;57</span>&#44; o combinant la flexi&#243; del maluc amb la flexi&#243; del genoll i l&#8217;extensi&#243; del maluc amb l&#8217;extensi&#243; del genoll<span class="elsevierStyleSup">45&#44;59</span>&#46; En aquests casos s&#8217;observa un despla&#231;ament m&#233;s gran del nervi ci&#224;tic en els estudis que utilitzen els components de l&#8217;extremitat inferior per generar el despla&#231;ament&#46; Quan es trien components molt allunyats de la zona de mesura &#40;p&#46;ex&#46;&#44; flexi&#243; cervical perqu&#232; llisqui el ci&#224;tic a la cuixa&#41;&#44; el despla&#231;ament &#233;s molt petit<span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> A l&#8217;estudi de Kasehagen et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span>&#44; que avalua el despla&#231;ament del nervi radial a nivell supracondili&#44; a partir del moviment actiu i passiu del canell cap a la flexi&#243; palmar o la desviaci&#243; cubital&#44; resulta significatiu observar que es produeix un despla&#231;ament major del nervi amb l&#8217;avantbra&#231; amb supinaci&#243; que en pronaci&#243;&#44; cosa que difereix amb la descripci&#243; de l&#8217;ULNT2b corresponent al nervi radial&#44; perqu&#232; en aquest test es descriu a partir de la pronaci&#243; de l&#8217;avant-bra&#231;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;15</span>&#46; En aquest mateix estudi s&#8217;observa tamb&#233; un despla&#231;ament major a partir de mobilitzacions passives que a partir de les actives&#44; degut al rang major de mobilitat generat&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els estudis analitzats corroboren diferents principis en qu&#232; es basa la neurodin&#224;mica&#46; S&#8217;observa un despla&#231;ament de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa respecte als teixits adjacents&#44; m&#233;s o menys significativa&#44; en tots i cada un dels estudis&#46; El despla&#231;ament del nervi va en direcci&#243; a l&#8217;articulaci&#243; que augmenta el llit nervi&#243;s per on discorre l&#8217;estructura nerviosa&#59; per tant&#44; l&#8217;articulaci&#243; que incrementa la tensi&#243; sobre el nervi&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Respecte als estudis que comparen el despla&#231;ament entre persones sanes i persones amb alguna neuropatia perif&#232;rica&#44; no s&#8217;observen resultats significatius per poder afirmar que el fet de tenir una neuropatia provocar&#224; una reducci&#243; del despla&#231;ament de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa al voltant de les estructures adjacents&#46; Ridehalgh et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span> observen una reducci&#243; lleu del lliscament en els subgrups de radiculopatia i dolor radicular&#44; per&#242; no observen difer&#232;ncies en el grup de dolor som&#224;tic referit&#46; Tamb&#233; cal tenir en compte altres aspectes&#44; no &#250;nicament els canvis anatomopatol&#242;gics&#44; en la generaci&#243; de dolor d&#8217;una neuropatia perif&#232;rica&#44; com poden ser la reducci&#243; del flux sanguini o la generaci&#243; d&#8217;un edema endoneural i l&#8217;activaci&#243; del sistema immune&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En una reparaci&#243; per secci&#243; de nervi s&#8217;observa una reducci&#243; significativa del despla&#231;ament de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa respecte a persones sanes&#44; i a m&#233;s hi ha una correlaci&#243; directa entre la reducci&#243; del despla&#231;ament i el temps de demora en la intervenci&#243; quir&#250;rgica&#46; S&#8217;observa menor despla&#231;ament com m&#233;s gran ha estat la demora de la intervenci&#243;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> La limitaci&#243; principal de la t&#232;cnica ecogr&#224;fica&#44; per avaluar el moviment longitudinal dels nervis perif&#232;rics&#44; &#233;s el moviment transversal de la pr&#242;pia estructura&#44; que provoca que l&#8217;estructura que s&#8217;ha d&#8217;avaluar surti fora del pla de la imatge en l&#8217;estudi de despla&#231;ament longitudinal&#46; Per minimitzar aquest efecte&#44; alguns estudis descriuen zones en qu&#232; el despla&#231;ament lateral &#233;s molt redu&#239;t<span class="elsevierStyleSup">52&#44;55&#44;58&#44;59</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> En futures investigacions caldria abordar l&#8217;observaci&#243; de la mobilitat de les estructures nervioses en persones amb un altre tipus d&#8217;afectaci&#243; musculoesquel&#232;tica&#44; com poden ser les lesions musculars i la seva relaci&#243; amb les estructures nervioses adjacents&#46; Aix&#237;&#44; dins el treball de recuperaci&#243; ha d&#8217;implementar-se un treball espec&#237;fic de l&#8217;estructura nerviosa&#44; en cas d&#8217;observar-se una reducci&#243; del lliscament d&#8217;aquesta estructura respecte a les estructures adjacents&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicte d&#8217;interessos</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Els autors declaren que no tenen cap conflicte d&#8217;interessos&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Rebut el 13 de setembre de 2017&#59;<br></br> acceptat el 27 de novembre de 2017</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> &#42; Autor per a la correspond&#232;ncia&#46;<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Correu electr&#242;nic&#58; </span><a href="mailto&#58;cmunne&#64;umanresa&#46;cat" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">cmunne&#64;umanresa&#46;cat</a> &#40;C&#46; Munn&#233;&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> El sistema nervi&#243;s t&#233; la capacitat d&#8217;adaptar-se a les forces mec&#224;niques de tensi&#243;&#44; compressi&#243; i cisallament a qu&#232; est&#224; exposat en els moviments diaris&#46; La reducci&#243; del lliscament del nervi pot alterar-ne la funci&#243; per l&#8217;increment de la tensi&#243; neural&#44; i pot afectar negativament i contribuir a l&#8217;aparici&#243; de dolor&#46; L&#8217;objectiu d&#8217;aquest estudi &#233;s revisar la bibliografia actual del despla&#231;ament del sistema nervi&#243;s i com mesurar-lo&#46; Es realitza una cerca&#44; a Pubmed i a PEDro&#44; d&#8217;articles que mesurin el despla&#231;ament neural&#44; mitjan&#231;ant la t&#232;cnica <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#171;frame-by-frame cross correlation system&#187;</span>&#46; Se seleccionen 20 estudis&#44; 14 dels quals mesuren el despla&#231;ament en persones sanes i 6 el comparen amb algun tipus de neuropatia perif&#232;rica&#46; Els resultats mostren la capacitat de moviment del sistema nervi&#243;s perif&#232;ric durant els diferents moviments de segments corporals per adaptarse a l&#8217;espai per on discorre&#44; tot i que no hi ha difer&#232;ncia significativa de despla&#231;ament entre persones sanes i pacients amb afecci&#243; nerviosa&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> The nervous system has the capacity to adapt to the mechanical forces of tension&#44; compression and shearing to which it is exposed in daily movements&#46; Reduction of nerve slide may alter its function by increasing neural tension&#44; which may have an adverse effect&#44; contributing to the onset of pain&#46; The objective of the study was to review the current literature regarding the movement of the nervous system and how to measure it&#46; To do this&#44; a search was undertaken in Pubmed and PEDro of articles where neural displacement is measured by the &#8216;&#8216;frame-by-frame cross correlation system&#8217;&#8217; technique&#46; Twenty studies were selected&#58; 14 measured displacement in healthy subjects&#44; and 6 compared some form of peripheral neuropathy&#46; The results show that the peripheral nervous system is displaced during the different movements of body segments to adapt to the space through which it runs&#44; although there is no significant difference in displacement between healthy people and patients with nerve involvement&#46;</p>"
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Journal Information
Vol. 53. Issue 198.
Pages 75-83 (April 2018)
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Desplaçament del sistema nerviós a partir del moviment articular mitjançant ecografia. Revisió bibliogràfica
Displacement of the nervous system through articular movement by ultrasound. Bibliographic review
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Carles Munnéa, Carles Pedretb
a Departament de Fisioteràpia, UVic-UCC (Campus Manresa), Manresa, Barcelona, Espanya
b Departament d’Ecografia i Medicina de l’Esport, Clínica Diagonal, Barcelona, Espanya
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El sistema nerviós té la capacitat d’adaptar-se a les forces mecàniques de tensió, compressió i cisallament a què està exposat en els moviments diaris. La reducció del lliscament del nervi pot alterar-ne la funció per l’increment de la tensió neural, i pot afectar negativament i contribuir a l’aparició de dolor. L’objectiu d’aquest estudi és revisar la bibliografia actual del desplaçament del sistema nerviós i com mesurar-lo. Es realitza una cerca, a Pubmed i a PEDro, d’articles que mesurin el desplaçament neural, mitjançant la tècnica «frame-by-frame cross correlation system». Se seleccionen 20 estudis, 14 dels quals mesuren el desplaçament en persones sanes i 6 el comparen amb algun tipus de neuropatia perifèrica. Els resultats mostren la capacitat de moviment del sistema nerviós perifèric durant els diferents moviments de segments corporals per adaptarse a l’espai per on discorre, tot i que no hi ha diferència significativa de desplaçament entre persones sanes i pacients amb afecció nerviosa.

Palabras clave:
Neurodinàmica; Moviment nerviós; Pla a pla; Sistema nerviós perifèric

The nervous system has the capacity to adapt to the mechanical forces of tension, compression and shearing to which it is exposed in daily movements. Reduction of nerve slide may alter its function by increasing neural tension, which may have an adverse effect, contributing to the onset of pain. The objective of the study was to review the current literature regarding the movement of the nervous system and how to measure it. To do this, a search was undertaken in Pubmed and PEDro of articles where neural displacement is measured by the ‘‘frame-by-frame cross correlation system’’ technique. Twenty studies were selected: 14 measured displacement in healthy subjects, and 6 compared some form of peripheral neuropathy. The results show that the peripheral nervous system is displaced during the different movements of body segments to adapt to the space through which it runs, although there is no significant difference in displacement between healthy people and patients with nerve involvement.

Keywords:
Neurodynamics; Nerve movement; Frame-by-frame; Peripheral nervous system
Full Text

Introducció

Quan es realitza un moviment corporal resta clar quina o quines articulacions hi estan implicades, de quin tipus d’articulació es tracta, quins músculs realitzen el moviment, i fins i tot quins elements d’estabilització passiva poden estar-hi actuant. Habitualment el sistema nerviós és el gran oblidat. Ell també es desplaça per adaptar-se al moviment corporal realitzat i continuar fent la seva funció, la de transmissor de l’impuls nerviós.

Durant les activitats de la vida diària, els moviments i les postures adoptades generen forces de tensió, compressió i cisalla sobre el sistema nerviós. En condicions normals, el sistema nerviós té la capacitat biomecànica d’adaptar-se a aquestes forces per continuar fent les seves funcions1. L’organització estructural dels nervis perifèrics permet als axons la conducció dels impulsos nerviosos que facilitaran la interacció de l’individu amb l’entorn, mentre dirigeixen i toleren milers de postures del tronc, el cap i les extremitats.

S’ha suggerit que la reducció de la capacitat de moviment del nervi pot alterar la funció per l’increment de tensió neural, cosa que pot afectar negativament i contribuir a l’aparició de dolor2-4.

Quan hi ha un impediment del desplaçament del nervi, durant el moviment d’una articulació, aleshores la secció del nervi propera a l’articulació en moviment rep una tensió major per adaptar-se al canvi de l’estructura del llit nerviós per on discorre5-7. Perquè el sistema nerviós es mogui amb normalitat cal que s’adapti correctament a tres funcions mecàniques: tensió, compressió i desplaçament2. L’adaptació a aquestes funcions mecàniques es produeix a nivell tant del sistema nerviós central com del perifèric, i aquestes funcions interactuen entre elles.

La neurodinàmica es pot definir com una tècnica de teràpia manual, l’objectiu de la qual està orientat a actuar sobre les estructures nervioses, a partir de la mobilització i el posicionament de múltiples articulacions8, integrant les funcions biomecàniques i fisiològiques del sistema nerviós com a base per poder explicar les possibles alteracions que es poden produir quan el sistema nerviós no és capaç d’adaptar-se a aquestes forces mecàniques a què està exposat3.

Les dades biomecàniques obtingudes mostren que els moviments articulars, realitzats en tècniques neurodinàmiques, incrementen la tensió, el desplaçament i la compressió del nervi avaluat. Quan es realitza un moviment articular al final de la mobilització neurodinàmica, els efectes biomecànics es traslladen al llarg de tot el trajecte de l’estructura nerviosa9,10.

Per descriure els diferents tests neurodinàmics s’utilitzen seqüències de moviments estandarditzats. Alguns clínics són favorables a modificar l’ordre de les seqüències per poder adequar-se a la clínica de cada pacient. Les diferents seqüències neurodinàmiques es basen en la creença que diferents ordres de reclutament de les diferents articulacions generen diferents nivells de tensió en un punt concret de l’estructura nerviosa al final de la seqüència neurodinàmica11. Malgrat això, estudis en cadàvers mostren que quan les articulacions es mouen en rangs de moviment similars, la tensió de l’estructura nerviosa no es modifica en diferents ordres de moviment, tot i que, clínicament, quan s’apliquen diferents seqüències de moviment les articulacions es mouen en diferents rangs de moviment9,11.

Diversos estudis9,11-16 evidencien que cada component individual de la seqüència neurodinàmica indueix un efecte sobre la càrrega mecànica de l’estructura nerviosa. Aquest efecte pot generar un desplaçament longitudinal i/o transversal del nervi, un increment de la tensió sobre l’estructura nerviosa, un augment de la compressió… per tant, des del vessant mecànic, tenim dades que reforcen la plausibilitat de la mobilització neurodinàmica.

Els tests neurodinàmics tenen com a objectiu principal valorar la mecanosensibilitat del teixit nerviós, és a dir, la capacitat d’adaptació del teixit nerviós a un estrès mecànic, tant per tensió com per compressió17,18. L’objectiu no és situar el punt d’afectació de l’estructura neural avaluada, sinó que es requereix una exploració més exhaustiva, donada la implicació d’altres estructures, més enllà del sistema nerviós, en les respostes originades per aquesta alteració10,16,19,20. Diferents estudis en cadàvers11,21,22 mostren que les mobilitzacions neurodinàmiques provoquen un desplaçament del nervi a través dels teixits que l’envolten. El nervi es desplaça en direcció a l’articulació, que durant la mobilització augmenta el llit nerviós per poder dissipar l’increment de tensió que ha d’exercir el moviment sobre l’estructura nerviosa21.

Pel que fa al vessant terapèutic de les mobilitzacions neurodinàmiques, cal definir el tipus de mobilitzacions descrites i quins efectes generen per poder restablir el funcionament normal de l’estructura nerviosa.

Hi ha dos tipus de mobilitzacions neurodinàmiques: mobilitzacions en tensió i mobilitzacions en lliscament3,21,23. Les mobilitzacions en tensió consisteixen en realitzar la seqüència neurodinàmica de l’estructura nerviosa augmentant el llit nerviós fins a arribar al punt on apareix una primera resistència al moviment o la simptomatologia del pacient. En aquest punt es mobilitza un sol component, normalment distal, de la seqüència. Aquest tipus de mobilització genera una variació dinàmica de la pressió intraneural, una millora del retorn venós i facilita l’evacuació de l’edema intraneural24-26.

Quant a les mobilitzacions en lliscament, també es realitza la seqüència neurodinàmica de l’estructura que s’ha de tractar fins arribar a la primera resistència o bé fins a generar la simptomatologia del pacient. En aquest moment, la mobilització en lliscament es realitza a partir de dos components de la seqüència, més o menys separats entre ells, en què l’un augmenta el llit nerviós, mentre que l’altre el redueix. Així s’observa un augment del moviment de l’estructura nerviosa amb poca modificació de la pressió intraneural21. Els efectes de les mobilitzacions en lliscament són que treballen en un rang articular ampli no dolorós, redueixen la proliferació de fibroblasts i, per tant, redueixen el teixit de cicatriu a nivell de l’estructura nerviosa treballada, així com que milloren la vascularització del sistema nerviós i el retorn venós11,24,27.

Ecografia del sistema nerviós

El desenvolupament de transductors lineals d’alta freqüència ha comportat millores en la resolució d’imatges mitjançant ecografia. En el cas de les neuropaties compressives a nivell perifèric, la imatge ecogràfica es pot complementar amb la ressonància magnètica i l’estudi de la conducció nerviosa. En comparació amb la ressonància, l’ecografia és més econòmica, comporta menys temps en fer-la, presenta menys artefactes, és dinàmica i millora l’exploració longitudinal de l’estructura nerviosa. Per contra, el camp de visió és petit, la profunditat és limitada i pot presentar un efecte d’anisotropia quan s’exploren les estructures nervioses. La freqüència utilitzada per observar els nervis perifèrics oscil·la entre els 7 i els 12 MHz28,29.

La primera descripció anatòmica, mitjançant ecografia del sistema nerviós perifèric, fou realitzada per Fornage30, que observà els nervis medial, cubital, ciàtic i tibial. D’acord amb la literatura, un nervi perifèric normal mostra una estructura tubular que alterna zones hipoecogèniques amb zones hiperecogèniques, que corresponen a les fibres nervioses i al perineuri, que dóna la impressió de bresca d’abelles quan es pren una imatge transversal. Hi ha diferents factors que poden influir en el calibre del nervi, com poden ser l’índex de massa corporal, l’edat i el gènere31.

La diferenciació ecogràfica entre tendó i nervi perifèric es basa en el fet que els tendons, a diferència dels nervis, mostren nombroses línies hiperecòiques paral·leles, separades per línies hipoecòiques. D’altra banda, la reducció del desplaçament del nervi durant un moviment actiu o passiu d’una extremitat és una bona referència a l’hora de diferenciar-lo d’un tendó32.

L’ecografia és el mètode recomanat per avaluar la morfologia i la mobilitat del nervi perifèric, i s’ha demostrat que pot ajudar el diagnòstic de neuropaties compressives33,34. Ofereix avantatges potencials sobre altres tècniques d’imatges estàtiques pel fet que permet una valoració dinàmica i funcional de les neuropaties compressives35,36. La dificultat recau en quantificar el desplaçament longitudinal in vivo de l’estructura nerviosa, ja que és una estructura contínua en què no es poden situar marcadors i que presenta un determinat desplaçament transversal, cosa que pot complicar el seguiment de l’estructura nerviosa en determinades zones.

Dilley et al.37 desenvoluparen, amb l’ajuda de Matlab, un algoritme per poder mesurar el desplaçament de les estructures nervioses. El «frame-by-frame cross correlation system» es considera una eina fiable per calcular el desplaçament longitudinal del nervi. Aquest algoritme pot calcular amb èxit moviments entre 1 i 3 mm en el transductor amb menys del 10% d’error. Per prendre les mesures s’edita un vídeo del desplaçament de l’estructura nerviosa, mitjançant ecografia, per veure el moviment, des de la posició d’inici, fins el final del moviment sol·licitat. Aquestes seqüències de vídeo obtingudes es transformen en píxels, que generen entre 50-100 frames o imatges per segon de vídeo. S’escullen regions d’interès, a partir de les quals el programa calcula el moviment relatiu del nervi comparant les escales de grisos de cada regió adjacent, transformant el valor en mil·límetres. Pren el valor de cada píxel d’una escala de grisos i el compara amb l’escala de grisos del següent frame. Es calcula un coeficient de correlació per a cada canvi de píxels individual. El pic d’una equació quadràtica ajustada als tres coeficients de correlació màxims és equivalent al desplaçament o moviment de píxels entre marcs adjacents.

Per evitar tota alteració a nivell del transductor s’ha de mesurar, de la mateixa manera que hem fet amb el nervi, una estructura estàtica, com poden ser les capes subcutànies. Aquest moviment s’ha de restar del resultat obtingut pel nervi per poder obtenir el valor més exacte possible del moviment de l’estructura nerviosa37-39.

L’objectiu de l’estudi és fer una revisió bibliogràfica per determinar la fiabilitat de l’estudi ecogràfic en la valoració del desplaçament nerviós, així com observar el desplaçament de diferents estructures nervioses en diferents seqüències neurodinàmiques.

Metodologia

Es realitza la cerca a nivell de Pubmed, Medline i PEDro, mitjançant la combinació de les paraules clau següents (fig. 1): [Excursion nerve AND Ultrasound], [Neurodynamics AND Ultrasound] i [Nerve movement AND Ultrasound AND (frame-by-frame)].

Els criteris d’inclusió són assaigs clínics, publicats en anglès o castellà, que utilitzin la tècnica descrita per Dilley per mesurar el desplaçament del sistema nerviós.

Queden exclosos els articles realitzats amb cadàvers o amb animals.

La cerca inclou articles publicats des de gener de 2001 fins a desembre de 2016.

Donat que la majoria d’estudis són observacionals, es revisa si compleixen les directrius per a la comunicació dels estudis observacionals que figuren a la declaració de la iniciativa Streghtening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE).

S’obtingueren un total de 107 resultats. Una vegada eliminats els duplicats, restaren un total de 80 articles per revisar. D’aquest nombre se’n descartaren 44 després de llegir el títol i el resum, i en quedaren 36 per a la lectura completa. Es descartaren tres articles per haver estat realitzats en cadàver i no in vivo i uns altres 13 per no realitzar la mesura mitjançant el mètode «frame-by-frame cross correlation system» descrit per Dilley et al. Restaren un total de 20 articles per a la realització de la revisió.

Figura 1. Diagrama de flux

Resultats

Dels 20 articles seleccionats per revisar, 6 comparen el desplaçament de l’estructura nerviosa en persones amb algun tipus de neuropatia perifèrica o dolor inespecífic, amb el grup control de persones asimptomàtiques40-45 (taula 1). Els 14 restants realitzen el mesurament del desplaçament de l’estructura nerviosa de persones sanes a partir del nervi medial37,46-50, del nervi radial51, del ciàtic i les seves terminaciones52-58 (taula 2).

Sembla que la fiabilitat de l’ecografia, i en concret el sistema desenvolupat per Dilley et al. per mesurar el desplaçament longitudinal del sistema nerviós perifèric, presenta uns resultats excel·lents. A l’estudi d’Ellis et al.58 s’obté una ICC = 0,75 del desplaçament longitudinal del nervi ciàtic. Carroll et al.53 obtenen una ICC = 0,93 del desplaçament del nervi tibial, similar a l’estudi de Ridehalgh et al.38, en què el resultat del desplaçament del nervi ciàtic en l’Straight Leg Raising (SLR) és ICC = 0,93-0,96. A nivell de l’extremitat superior s’observa una correlació de moderada a alta a l’estudi del desplaçament del nervi radial, realitzat per Kasehagen et al.51 (ICC = 0,63-0,86).

A nivell de l’extremitat superior el nervi més avaluat és el nervi medial, possiblement perquè és més fàcil de localitzar i se’n pot mesurar millor el desplaçament. S’observa que hi ha disparitat de criteris en la posició adoptada pel pacient per a la recollida de dades, cosa que n’ha de dificultar la comparativa de resultats. La posició de la cintura escapular va des dels 20° d’adducció de Julius et al.50, als 90° de Dilley et al. i Coppieters et al.49, passant pels 30° i els 45°. A nivell de colze, canell i dits també hi ha variants múltiples, que oscil·len en funció del moviment que se sollicita a la persona. En aquest aspecte, se sol·liciten diferents moviments tant actius com passius. En tots els casos s’observa que el nervi es desplaça cap a l’articulació, que augmenta el llit nerviós. S’observa un desplaçament major del nervi a la zona pròxima a l’articulació que s’està mobilitzant. A mesura que ens allunyem de l’articulació sollicitada, el desplaçament del nervi es redueix. En les mobilitzacions de lliscament, el desplaçament del nervi a la zona de mesura és major si els components del lliscament són pròxims a la zona. Això s’observa perfectament en els estudis que avaluen el desplaçament del nervi ciàtic a nivell de la cara posterior de la cuixa. En aquest cas, s’escullen majoritàriament dos tipus de mobilització: a partir del test d’Slump, amb els components cervical i genoll52,57, o combinant la flexió del maluc amb la flexió del genoll i l’extensió del maluc amb l’extensió del genoll45,59. En aquests casos s’observa un desplaçament més gran del nervi ciàtic en els estudis que utilitzen els components de l’extremitat inferior per generar el desplaçament. Quan es trien components molt allunyats de la zona de mesura (p.ex., flexió cervical perquè llisqui el ciàtic a la cuixa), el desplaçament és molt petit52.

A l’estudi de Kasehagen et al.51, que avalua el desplaçament del nervi radial a nivell supracondili, a partir del moviment actiu i passiu del canell cap a la flexió palmar o la desviació cubital, resulta significatiu observar que es produeix un desplaçament major del nervi amb l’avantbraç amb supinació que en pronació, cosa que difereix amb la descripció de l’ULNT2b corresponent al nervi radial, perquè en aquest test es descriu a partir de la pronació de l’avant-braç9,15. En aquest mateix estudi s’observa també un desplaçament major a partir de mobilitzacions passives que a partir de les actives, degut al rang major de mobilitat generat.

Els estudis analitzats corroboren diferents principis en què es basa la neurodinàmica. S’observa un desplaçament de l’estructura nerviosa respecte als teixits adjacents, més o menys significativa, en tots i cada un dels estudis. El desplaçament del nervi va en direcció a l’articulació que augmenta el llit nerviós per on discorre l’estructura nerviosa; per tant, l’articulació que incrementa la tensió sobre el nervi.

Respecte als estudis que comparen el desplaçament entre persones sanes i persones amb alguna neuropatia perifèrica, no s’observen resultats significatius per poder afirmar que el fet de tenir una neuropatia provocarà una reducció del desplaçament de l’estructura nerviosa al voltant de les estructures adjacents. Ridehalgh et al.45 observen una reducció lleu del lliscament en els subgrups de radiculopatia i dolor radicular, però no observen diferències en el grup de dolor somàtic referit. També cal tenir en compte altres aspectes, no únicament els canvis anatomopatològics, en la generació de dolor d’una neuropatia perifèrica, com poden ser la reducció del flux sanguini o la generació d’un edema endoneural i l’activació del sistema immune.

En una reparació per secció de nervi s’observa una reducció significativa del desplaçament de l’estructura nerviosa respecte a persones sanes, i a més hi ha una correlació directa entre la reducció del desplaçament i el temps de demora en la intervenció quirúrgica. S’observa menor desplaçament com més gran ha estat la demora de la intervenció.

La limitació principal de la tècnica ecogràfica, per avaluar el moviment longitudinal dels nervis perifèrics, és el moviment transversal de la pròpia estructura, que provoca que l’estructura que s’ha d’avaluar surti fora del pla de la imatge en l’estudi de desplaçament longitudinal. Per minimitzar aquest efecte, alguns estudis descriuen zones en què el desplaçament lateral és molt reduït52,55,58,59.

En futures investigacions caldria abordar l’observació de la mobilitat de les estructures nervioses en persones amb un altre tipus d’afectació musculoesquelètica, com poden ser les lesions musculars i la seva relació amb les estructures nervioses adjacents. Així, dins el treball de recuperació ha d’implementar-se un treball específic de l’estructura nerviosa, en cas d’observar-se una reducció del lliscament d’aquesta estructura respecte a les estructures adjacents.

Conflicte d’interessos

Els autors declaren que no tenen cap conflicte d’interessos.


Rebut el 13 de setembre de 2017;

acceptat el 27 de novembre de 2017

* Autor per a la correspondència.

Correu electrònic: cmunne@umanresa.cat (C. Munné).

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