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representada pels peus&#44; &#233;s relativament petita i el centre de gravetat &#233;s relativament alt&#46; En conseq&#252;&#232;ncia&#44; per garantir l&#39;estabilitat en posici&#243; vertical&#44; el cos disposa de mecanismes de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">feedback</span> sensomotores de control postural que generen una torsi&#243; continuada correctiva&#44; detectada pels sistemes oculovestibular i propioceptius<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Els receptors de pressi&#243; situats a les plantes dels peus&#44; els &#242;rgans tendinosos de Golgi i els fusos musculars situats als m&#250;sculs que mouen les articulacions amb c&#224;rrega &#40;peus&#44; turmells&#44; genolls&#44; malucs i sacroil&#237;aques i intervertebrales&#41; s&#243;n importants tant per a la propiocepci&#243; com per als reflexos medul&#183;lars<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Els canvis posturals produ&#239;ts pel despla&#231;ament del centre de gravetat&#44; b&#233; per forces externes o per moviments deliberats&#44; s&#243;n controlats pels reflexos posturals&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El sistema vestibular informa el cervell a trav&#233;s dels conductes semicirculars sobre els canvis en la posici&#243; del cap&#44; l&#39;acceleraci&#243; lineal i angular&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El seu objectiu &#233;s mantenir el cap recte respecte de la posici&#243; del cos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;head righting reflex&#41;&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Aquesta informaci&#243; es transmet als nuclis vestibulars al cervell mitj&#224;&#44; on s&#39;integra amb la informaci&#243; del moviment dels ulls i dels sensors propioceptius aferents de la musculatura i les v&#232;rtebres cervicals <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;neck reflexes&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#46; &#201;s important mantenir un perfecte control postural tant en les activitats di&#224;ries normals com en la pr&#224;ctica esportiva&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">At&#232;s que els atletes utilitzen els sistemes osteomuscular i locomotor d&#39;una manera molt intensiva&#44; &#233;s l&#242;gic que necessitin un control postural perfecte&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Aix&#242; garanteix una biomec&#224;nica craneoespinal correcta que minimitza l&#39;efecte de la for&#231;a de la gravetat i optimitza el funcionament del sistema nervi&#243;s central situat al crani i a la columna vertebral&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La simetria postural permet una millor efic&#224;cia del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">feedback</span> aferent i eferent&#44; i per tant una neurofisiologia correcta tant osteomuscular com&#44; indirectament&#44; somatovisceral&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Com &#233;s l&#242;gic&#44; una biomec&#224;nica espinal correcta nom&#233;s pot afavorir tant la funci&#243; pulmonar com la funci&#243; cardiovascular&#44; sobretot en l&#39;exercici f&#237;sic intens&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Un estudi amb atletes d&#39;elit durant entrenaments molt intensos va demostrar que aquests arriben sovint als l&#237;mits mec&#224;nics dels pulmons i l&#39;exercitaci&#243; dels m&#250;sculs de la respiraci&#243; per poder produir ventilaci&#243; alveolar&#44; i ho aconsegueixen amb una considerable despesa metab&#242;lica i nom&#233;s en condicions de requesta perfecta dels m&#250;sculs respiratoris<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Alteracions posturals</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Alteracions posturals com un lleu augment de la cifosi dorsal o una lleu p&#232;rdua de flexibilitat de la musculatura intercostal poden produir una lleu disminuci&#243; de l&#39;expansi&#243; de la caixa dorsal&#44; essencial per a una respiraci&#243; correcta<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-8</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Les imperfeccions posturals&#44; posicions incorrectes o asim&#232;triques poden indicar defectes de tipus propioceptiu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span>&#44; visual<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span> o vestibular<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El d&#232;ficit propioceptiu pot ser de tipus cong&#232;nit o adquirit i sol verificar-se en les articulacions amb c&#224;rrega&#58; peus&#44; turmells&#44; genolls&#44; malucs o en la columna vertebral<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span>&#46; Una vegada diagnosticats aquests defectes&#44; es poden corregir amb intervencions terap&#232;utiques espec&#237;fiques segons el cas&#46; Els m&#233;s freq&#252;ents solen ser dismetria de les cames<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span>&#44; recolzament plantar incorrecte<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span>&#44; inestabilitat lligamentosa posttrauma i asimetria vertebral &#40;cifosi&#44; lordosi&#44; escoliosi&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span>&#46; Aquests d&#232;ficits es corregeixen normalment&#44; segons el cas&#44; amb plantilles&#44; exercicis de rehabilitaci&#243; i ter&#224;pies manuals espec&#237;fiques que ajuden a millorar el moviment interarticular&#44; tot estalviant mecanismes de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">feedback</span> funcional compensatori que predisposa a lesions de tipus microtraum&#224;tic o de sobrec&#224;rrega&#44; tan comunes en els atletes&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La posici&#243; erecta bipodal del cos hum&#224; dep&#232;n d&#39;un control sensomotor complex i &#233;s un fenomen en moviment continu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span> que dif&#237;cilment es pot mesurar&#46; En conseq&#252;&#232;ncia&#44; la investigaci&#243; postural resulta molt dif&#237;cil<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15-17</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En l&#39;&#224;mbit de la medicina esportiva es considera cada vegada m&#233;s important la necessitat de prevenir lesions en els joves atletes mitjan&#231;ant revisions freq&#252;ents i programes de prevenci&#243; i rehabilitaci&#243;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18-27</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Predisposici&#243; a la lesi&#243; de les alteracions posturals</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Alguns experts afirmen que l&#39;examen fisicocl&#237;nic de base&#44; obligatori per a tots els esportistes&#44; &#233;s una de les poques ocasions en les quals el cl&#237;nic t&#233; l&#39;oportunitat d&#39;anticipar i prevenir activament lesions&#46; Dissortadament&#44; l&#39;actual revisi&#243; m&#232;dica esportiva posa m&#233;s &#232;mfasi en la valoraci&#243; cardiorespirat&#242;ria que en la revisi&#243; postural&#44; o en l&#39;habilitat de l&#39;atleta de caminar i c&#243;rrer<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En conseq&#252;&#232;ncia&#44; aquest examen ha d&#39;incloure una revisi&#243; osteomuscular&#44; cardiovascular i psicol&#242;gica completa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">29-32</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Arran de les revisions m&#232;diques de base efectuades al centre de medicina esportiva de la Cl&#237;nica Mayo<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44;</span> el 1998&#44; amb la participaci&#243; de 2&#46;739 atletes joves&#44; es van palesar els problemes osteomusculars m&#233;s freq&#252;ents en aquest tipus de poblaci&#243;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">L&#39;estudi conclou que el component osteomuscular ha de ser una part important de l&#39;avaluaci&#243; de l&#39;esportista&#44; i per evitar i prevenir lesions proposa una valoraci&#243; osteomuscular individual m&#233;s exhaustiva&#44; m&#233;s freq&#252;ent i condu&#239;da per personal qualificat<span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Entre els factors de risc m&#233;s probables que predisposen els atletes a lesions osteomusculars freq&#252;ents hi ha els d&#232;ficits de propioceptivitat&#44; la inestabilitat vertebral&#44; la asimetria i el control postural incorrecte<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;13&#44;34-39</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Un estudi recent de neurofisiologia ha demostrat que la compensaci&#243; postural del cos davant d&#39;una situaci&#243; desestabilitzadora augmenta la rigidesa osteomuscular un ter&#231; m&#233;s del que cal en els subjectes normals&#46; Aquest fet &#233;s m&#233;s evident si el subjecte pateix un d&#232;ficit vestibular<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Sobre la base d&#39;aquesta conclusi&#243;&#44; podem deduir que una alteraci&#243; postural predisposa a un augment innecessari de rigidesa i&#44; per tant&#44; a la lesi&#243;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Un altre estudi efectuat el 2001 en atletes d&#39;elit&#44; al Centre de Lesions Esportives de la Universitat de Limerick&#44; a Irlanda&#44; ha demostrat que la posici&#243; i la recuperaci&#243; completa posttrauma s&#243;n m&#233;s significatives que la flexibilitat muscular i articular en la prevenci&#243; de les lesions<span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Instruments de valoraci&#243; postural</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Com hem vist fins ara&#44; &#233;s evident que tant per obtenir el m&#224;xim rendiment com per evitar lesions&#44; cal revisar i corregir qualsevol desajust biomec&#224;nic&#44; ni que sigui lleu i aparentment banal per a la posici&#243; i la locomoci&#243;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La locomoci&#243; exigeix una coordinaci&#243; permanent entre els sistemes que controlen la posici&#243; i els que produeixen el moviment voluntari&#46; Aix&#242; garanteix una situaci&#243; correcta del centre de gravetat sobre la base de sustentaci&#243; durant la propulsi&#243; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">41&#44;42</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Com &#233;s l&#242;gic&#44; un control postural correcte implica una alineaci&#243; correcta de la columna vertebral&#46; Ens manquen instruments de mesurament de la posici&#243;&#44; i els pocs que existeixen generen diverg&#232;ncies quant als par&#224;metres indicatius d&#39;una posici&#243; vertical normal i&#47;o ideal<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">D&#39;acord amb un estudi radiol&#242;gic efectuat a 1&#46;500 joves adults normals el 1975&#44; Beck i Killius<span class="elsevierStyleSup">43&#44;44</span> conclouen que hi ha nom&#233;s un tipus de columna ideal&#44; tot descartant definitivament la teoria dels tipus constitucionals&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Aquesta teoria es basava en la creen&#231;a que alguns d&#232;ficits posturals&#44; com la hipercifosi&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;round back&#41;</span>&#44; la hipocifosi <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;flat back&#41;</span> o la hiperlordosi lumbar <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;hollow back&#41;&#44;</span> eren de tipus cong&#232;nit o constitucional<span class="elsevierStyleSup">43&#44;44</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Hi ha una alineaci&#243; vertical establerta estad&#237;sticament en joves adults normals &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v41n150-13093648fig01.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Figura 1</span> Aquesta &#233;s la imatge ideal de la cl&#224;ssica valoraci&#243; postural mitjan&#231;ant plomada ensenyada a totes les escoles de medicina&#44; quiropr&#224;ctica&#44; osteopatia i fisioter&#224;pia&#46; A&#58; posici&#243; vertical de la posici&#243; AP normal&#46; B i D&#58; posici&#243; ideal lateral&#46; C&#58; mitjana de posici&#243; lateral ideal&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La majoria d&#39;estudis de recerca sobre la prevenci&#243; de les lesions esportives indiquen que calen nous m&#232;todes d&#39;avaluaci&#243; i rehabilitaci&#243; osteomuscular com a mesures profil&#224;ctiques v&#224;lides en tots els esports<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24&#44;28&#44;45</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Aquesta necessitat &#233;s m&#233;s urgent en els esports d&#39;alt risc&#44; com futbol&#44; rugbi&#44; handbol&#44; basquetbol&#44; etc&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;46</span>&#46; Tamb&#233; es verifica en esports asim&#232;trics de mala adaptaci&#243; postural&#44; com el tennis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">45&#44;47</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Alguns estudis revelen que les atletes tenen m&#233;s risc que els atletes en els mateixos esports<span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;49</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Actualment hi ha molts m&#232;todes i instruments de valoraci&#243; postural i estabilometria<span class="elsevierStyleSup">50-55</span> m&#233;s o menys sofisticats&#44; utilitzats sobretot en la cl&#237;nica neurol&#242;gica&#44; ortop&#232;dica <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;50&#44;56&#44;57</span> i en laboratoris d&#39;investigaci&#243; biomec&#224;nica<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;36&#44;41&#44;58-66</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En medicina de l&#39;esport calen nous protocols&#44; m&#232;todes i instruments d&#39;estudi de l&#39;est&#224;tica i din&#224;mica osteomuscular per prevenir lesions&#44; especialment si aquestes s&#243;n per sobrec&#224;rrega <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;overuse injuries&#41;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67-69</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En aquest context&#44; fa falta un instrument senzill de revisi&#243; i avaluaci&#243; postural global que permeti controls longitudinals&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">At&#232;s que la positura &#233;s la posici&#243; din&#224;mica&#44; no est&#224;tica del tronc&#44; el cap i les extremitats&#44; que est&#224; en adaptaci&#243; constant i que se sustenta en un tr&#237;pode en qu&#232; les potes s&#243;n la sinergia funcional propioceptiva&#44; vestibular i visual&#44; els par&#224;metres posturals resulten gaireb&#233; impossibles o molt dif&#237;cils de mesurar<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;9-12&#44;70&#44;71</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">L&#39;&#250;nica soluci&#243; &#233;s trobar una t&#232;cnica d&#39;avaluaci&#243; que hi permeti una definici&#243; est&#224;ndard<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span>&#46; Els estudis posturals fotogr&#224;fics<span class="elsevierStyleSup">72&#44;73</span>&#44; i sobretot el postur&#242;metre<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span>&#44; compleixen aquest prop&#242;sit&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objectiu</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Aquest estudi es proposa la validaci&#243; intraexaminador i interexaminador del postur&#242;metre SAM <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;spinal analysis machine&#41;&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Material i m&#232;todes</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Es va sotmetre 21 joves atletes femenines&#44; de 14 i 15 anys d&#39;edat&#44; a la valoraci&#243; postural mitjan&#231;ant un postur&#242;metre SAM &#40;fig&#46; 2&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v41n150-13093648fig02.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Figura 2&#46;</span>  Postur&#242;metre SAM&#46; Es tracta d&#39;un instrument port&#224;til de mesurament de simetria &#40;o asimetria&#41; postural i consisteix en una estructura &#40;quadre&#41; dotat de dues balances per als peus&#44; dues cintes m&#232;triques &#40;sistema angl&#232;s&#41; verticals d&#39;ambd&#243;s costats&#44; quatre fils&#44; un vertical i tres horitzontals&#44; i dues balances&#46; Les balances serveixen per mesurar la distribuci&#243; del pes del cos en bipedestaci&#243;&#46; El fil vertical mesura la inclinaci&#243; del cos &#40;de la columna&#41; cap a la dreta o esquerra&#44; mentre que els tres fils horitzontals mesuren la inclinaci&#243; del cap &#40;el nivell de les ap&#242;fisis mastoides&#41; i de les espatlles &#40;articulacions acromioclaviculars&#41;&#44; i el nivell dels malucs &#40;crestes il&#237;aques&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Les dades es van registrar en un full de c&#224;lcul independent i introdu&#239;des per un supervisor independent&#46; La recollida de dades de cada examinador es va fer d&#39;una manera independent&#59; cada examinador ignorava les dades obtingudes per l&#39;altre i viceversa &#40;doble cec&#41;&#46; Els mateixos mesuraments es van repetir al cap d&#39;una setmana&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Es van aplicar proves estad&#237;stiques de fiabilitat de mesurament dels par&#224;metres posturals esmentats abans per cadascun dels examinadors a fi d&#39;establir la reproductibilitat intraexaminador i interexaminador&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">S&#39;hi van recollir les dades seg&#252;ents&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#46;</span> Nivell de l&#39;ap&#242;fisi mastoide esquerra &#40;MAST E&#41; &#40;inshe&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#46;</span> Nivell de l&#39;ap&#242;fisi mastoide dreta &#40;MAST D&#41; &#40;inshe&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#46;</span> Inclinaci&#243; vertical lateral del cos cap a l&#39;esquerra &#40;COS E&#41; &#40;inshe&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4&#46;</span> Inclinaci&#243; vertical lateral del cos cap a la dreta &#40;COS D&#41; &#40;inshe&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#46;</span> Nivell de l&#39;articulaci&#243; acromioclavicular esquerra &#40;ESPATLLA E&#41; &#40;inshe&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;</span> Nivell de l&#39;articulaci&#243; acromioclavicular dreta &#40;ESPATLLA D&#41; &#40;inshe&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7&#46;</span> Nivell de la cresta il&#237;aca esquerra &#40;MALUC E&#41; &#40;inshe&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">8&#46;</span> Nivell de la cresta il&#237;aca dreta &#40;MALUC D&#41; &#40;inshe&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9&#46;</span> Pes del peu esquerre &#40;PES E&#41; &#40;kg&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">10&#46;</span> PES del peu dret &#40;PES D&#41; &#40;kg&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">1 inshe&#58; 2&#44;54 cm&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">An&#224;lisi estad&#237;stica</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Per establir la reproductibilitat intraobservador es van calcular les difer&#232;ncies entre els valors absoluts dels diversos observadors i els percentatges de la difer&#232;ncia anterior respecte del valor absolut de la primera lectura&#46; Es van calcular les mitjanes per observador&#44; la desviaci&#243; est&#224;ndard &#40;DE&#41; i la mitjana de les mitjanes amb el m&#224;xim de les desviacions est&#224;ndards&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Per establir la reproductibilitat interobservador es van calcular els valors mitjans dels diversos observadors&#44; el percentatge de la difer&#232;ncia entre les mitjanes dels diversos observadors respecte del valor de l&#39;observador 1 i els valors absoluts de percentatge&#46; Es va calcular la mitjana del valor absolut de la variaci&#243; i la DE&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Per determinar la reproductibilitat sigui intraobservador o interobservador&#44; es va utilitzar la prova de la t d&#39;Student per a variables num&#232;riques emparellades&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultats</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Respecte de la reproductibilitat dels mesuraments intraobservador&#44; les variacions observades quant a percentatge s&#243;n baixes i&#44; llevat dels valors dels par&#224;metres COS E&#47;COS D&#44; no arriben al 5&#37; de variaci&#243; en mitjana&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#201;s important de destacar que malgrat que les variacions en el mesurament de la inclinaci&#243; del cos s&#243;n molt altes&#44; aix&#242; &#233;s pel fet que els valors s&#243;n molt baixos i una petita variaci&#243; correspon a un percentatge gran &#40;taula I&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v41n150-13093648tab03.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Quant als mesuraments interobservador<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44;</span> tant les variacions en percentatge com les seves DE no assoleixen el 5&#37; de variaci&#243; en mitjana&#44; excepte en els casos del maluc i especialment del cos&#44; que arran de la gran sensibilitat del mesurament mostren un percentatge molt alt &#40;taula II&#41;&#46; S&#39;observen difer&#232;ncies significatives entre observadors en la lectura de 3 parells de par&#224;metres&#58; MAST E&#47;MAST D&#44; ESPATLLA E&#47;ESPATLLA D i MALUC E&#47;MALUC D&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">No es verifiquen difer&#232;ncies estad&#237;sticament significatives en la lectura dels par&#224;metres verticals&#58; COS E&#47;COS D i PES E&#47;PES D &#40;taula II&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="278v41n150-13093648tab04.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Discussi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Tenint en compte els resultats de l&#39;an&#224;lisi estad&#237;stica d&#39;aquest estudi&#44; es pot concloure que el postur&#242;metre SAM &#233;s un instrument d&#39;avaluaci&#243; postural excel&#183;lent quan &#233;s utilitzat pel mateix observador i&#44; en conseq&#252;&#232;ncia&#44; pot ser utilitzat en la pr&#224;ctica cl&#237;nica tant en medicina de l&#39;esport com en la cl&#237;nica di&#224;ria&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Mesuraments efectuats peri&#242;dicament pel mateix observador podrien controlar la asimetria postural i tamb&#233; incidir en un millor diagn&#242;stic funcional&#44; a m&#233;s d&#39;objectivar el resultat d&#39;eventuals estrat&#232;gies terap&#232;utiques&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">D&#39;altra banda&#44; el SAM es pot utilitzar &#40;eliminant-ne els 3 fils horitzontals&#41; en estudis longitudinals intraobservador i interobservador com la cl&#224;ssica plomada&#44; i complementar-la a m&#233;s amb la doble balan&#231;a&#44; que&#44; com hem vist&#44; mesura la distribuci&#243; bilateral del pes del cos&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Si objectivem una inclinaci&#243; del cos mantinguda&#44; associada a una asimetria de recolzament plantar&#44; tindrem davant un despla&#231;ament del centre de gravetat i &#233;s molt probable que totes les articulacions amb c&#224;rrega del costat respectiu &#40;turmell&#44; genoll&#44; maluc&#44; articulaci&#243; sacroil&#237;aca&#44; articulacions intervertebrals de les &#250;ltimes v&#232;rtebres lumbars&#44; com tamb&#233; els discos intervertebrals&#41; augmentin el risc de lesions microtraum&#224;tiques per sobrec&#224;rrega&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Detectar sovint aquest tipus d&#39;asimetria podria ajudar tant en la prevenci&#243; d&#39;algunes lesions com per millorar el rendiment de l&#39;esportista d&#39;elit&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#201;s evident que la simetria postural indica una bona integraci&#243; sensomotora<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span>&#44; la qual assegura una biomec&#224;nica vertebral i estabilitat osteomuscular correcta<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;14</span> indispensable tant per a la prevenci&#243; de lesions atl&#232;tiques<span class="elsevierStyleSup">74-77</span> com per a la millora del resultat esportiu<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Contr&#224;riament&#44; la asimetria postural indica la necessitat d&#39;investigaci&#243; diagn&#242;stica espec&#237;fica tant en esportistes com en no practicants d&#39;esports&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Com s&#39;ha esmentat en la introducci&#243;&#44; entre els factors causals de tipus osteomuscular m&#233;s comuns&#44; s&#39;hi pot indicar un recolzament plantar incorrecte&#44; dismetria de les cames&#44; imperfecions propioceptives posttrauma a les articulacions dels peus&#44; turmells&#44; genolls&#44; malucs&#44; articulacions sacroil&#237;aques o inestabilitat i asimetria vertebral&#46; Alguns estudis relacionen la asimetria postural espinal amb una oclusi&#243; dental incorrecta<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> o disfuncions temporomandibulars<span class="elsevierStyleSup">77-80</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#201;s evident que per millorar el control postural calen intervencions qualificades multidisciplin&#224;ries&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Considerant l&#39;estreta relaci&#243; funcional entre la biomec&#224;nica vertebral i el sistema nervi&#243;s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;81</span>&#44; resulta necessari que mantinguin una posici&#243; correcta tant la poblaci&#243; practicant com la que no practica esports&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">&#201;s l&#242;gic pensar que l&#39;&#250;s repetit del sistema osteomuscular per a l&#39;obtenci&#243; de bons resultats esportius reclama unes avaluacions posturals m&#233;s freq&#252;ents en la poblaci&#243; practicant d&#39;esport que no pas en la poblaci&#243; que no en practica&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En conseq&#252;&#232;ncia&#44; calen altres estudis longitudinals m&#233;s amplis per avaluar la asimetria postural&#44; especialment en els esportistes d&#39;&#232;lit&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Conclusi&#243;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Com es pot comprovar amb els resultats estad&#237;stics d&#39;aquest estudi&#44; l&#39;instrument d&#39;avaluaci&#243; postural SAM garanteix una bona reproductibilitat intraobservador&#44; mentre que la reproductibilitat interobservador &#233;s nom&#233;s parcial&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">S&#39;ha verificat que la valoraci&#243; interobservador &#233;s fiable no sols per al mesurament de la inclinaci&#243; lateral del cos&#44; sin&#243; tamb&#233; per a la distribuci&#243; del pes del cos&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En aquest sentit&#44; creiem que el SAM &#233;s un bon instrument per al control de la repercussi&#243; de l&#39;esport sobre l&#39;aparell locomotor&#46; Aquest fet &#233;s encara m&#233;s categ&#242;ric quan l&#39;observador &#233;s el mateix&#44; perqu&#232; llavors aquest instrument permet el control evolutiu de la repercussi&#243; o de les correccions terap&#232;utiques que hi introdu&#239;m&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Atesa la fiabilitat en el mesurament de la inclinaci&#243; i la distribuci&#243; del pes en bipedestaci&#243; del postur&#242;metre SAM&#44; com tamb&#233; la facilitat d&#39;&#250;s i un cost relativament baix&#44; aquest instrument podria utilitzar-se en estudis longitudinals de repercussi&#243; de l&#39;activitat f&#237;sica sobre l&#39;aparell locomotor&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara">Correspond&#232;ncia&#58;<br></br> Dra&#46; &#192;ngela Olaru&#46;<br></br> Correu electr&#242;nic&#58; <a href="mailto&#58;aolaru&#64;biovertix&#46;com" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"> aolaru&#64;biovertix&#46;com</a></p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introducci&#243;&#58;</span> La posici&#243; b&#237;peda &#233;s controlada pel sistema nervi&#243;s central&#44; que recluta articulacions&#44; lligaments&#44; tendons i m&#250;sculs especialitzats&#44; i assegura una oscil&#183;laci&#243; corporal i una despesa energ&#232;tica m&#237;nimes&#46; El desequilibri postural genera contraccions musculars compensat&#242;ries que alteren la biomec&#224;nica corporal i produeixen canvis degeneratius preco&#231;os i lesions de sobrec&#224;rrega&#44; especialment en la poblaci&#243; practicant d&#39;esport&#46; Les revisions posturals freq&#252;ents podrien detectar alteracions i ajudar a prevenir-ne les conseq&#252;&#232;ncies duradores&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objectiu&#58;</span> Valorar la fiabilitat intraobservador i interobservador de l&#39;instrument d&#39;avaluaci&#243; postural SAM <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;spinal analysis machine&#41;&#44; </span>que consta d&#39;una estructura met&#224;l&#183;lica amb dues balances per als peus&#44; dues cintes m&#232;triques&#44; un fil vertical i tres d&#39;horitzontals per mesurar la inclinaci&#243; lateral del cos i l&#39;altura dels mastoides&#44; les espatlles i les crestes il&#237;aques&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Subjectes i m&#232;todes&#58;</span> Van participar-hi 21 jugadores de basquetbol d&#39;edats compreses entre 14 i 15 anys&#44; i 2 examinadors&#44; que van fer 2 els mesuraments amb un interval de 7 dies&#46; Per a l&#39;an&#224;lisi estad&#237;stica es va utilitzar la prova de la t d&#39;Student per a variables num&#232;riques emparellades i per a l&#39;estudi de les variances es va utilitzar l&#39;ANOVA&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultats&#58;</span> En l&#39;an&#224;lisi intraobservador no va haver-hi difer&#232;ncia significativa entre les dues lectures &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;05&#41;&#59; en l&#39;an&#224;lisi interobservador va haver-hi una difer&#232;ncia significativa entre les lectures dels par&#224;metres horitzontals&#44; per&#242; no es va trobar difer&#232;ncia significativa entre els mesuraments de la distribuci&#243; de pes i de la inclinaci&#243; lateral del cos &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusi&#243;&#58;</span> Considerant la fiabilitat intraobservador i el seu cost relativament baix&#44; el SAM es pot utilitzar cl&#237;nicament per valorar la posici&#243; est&#224;tica abans i despr&#233;s d&#39;intervencions terap&#232;utiques i per a estudis longitudinals&#46;"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introduction&#58;</span> Standing posture is controlled by the central nervous system&#44; which relies on the recruitment of joints&#44; ligaments&#44; tendons&#44; and specialized muscles to ensure minimum body oscillation and energy expenditure&#46; Postural imbalance induces compensatory muscle contraction resulting in alteration of body biomechanics and a predisposition to early degenerative changes and overuse injuries&#44; especially among the population practicing sports&#46; Frequent postural screenings could detect alterations and help to prevent often life-long consequences&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objective&#58;</span> To assess the intra- and interobserver reliability of the spinal analysis machine &#40;SAM&#41;&#44; a simple portable postural screening instrument&#44; consisting of a rectangular metal frame with bilateral electronic scales&#44; two vertical measure tapes&#44; and one vertical and three horizontal strings&#44; measuring lateral body sway and the height of mastoids&#44; shoulders and iliac crests&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Subjects and methods&#58;</span> Participants were 21 female basketball players aged between 14 and 15 years&#46; Measurements were conducted by two observers&#44; and were repeated after 7 days&#46; Statistical analysis was performed using a paired Student&#39;s t- test for repeated measures and analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41; to assess reliability&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58;</span> Analysis of intraobserver reliability showed no significant differences between the two measurements in any of the parameters &#40; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;05&#41;&#46; Analysis of interobserver reliability revealed a significant difference between the measurements of horizontal parameters but no significant differences between the measurements of lateral body sway and bilateral weight distribution &#40; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;05&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusion&#58;</span> Given the intraobserver reliability and the relatively low cost of the SAM&#44; this instrument could be clinically useful to screen static posture before and after therapeutic procedures&#46; It could also be useful in longitudinal studies&#46;"
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Journal Information
Vol. 41. Issue 150.
Pages 51-59 (April 2006)
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Estudi de validació d'un instrument d'avaluació postural (SAM, spinal analysis machine)
Validation of a spinal analysis machine
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Ángela Olarua, Joan Parra Farréb, Ramon Baliusc
a DC, BSc, South Western University of Health Sciences. Alumna de postgrau de la Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC).
b Leitat.
c Consell Català de l'Esport. Barcelona. Clínica F. FIATC.
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Abstract
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Figures (2)
Tables (2)
Taula I. Reproductibilitat dels mesuraments d'un mateix observador (com varia el resultat quan un mateix observador valora un mateix voluntari)
Taula II. Reproductibilitat dels mesuraments d'un altre observador (com varia el resultat quan un altre observador valora un mateix voluntari)
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Introducció: La posició bípeda és controlada pel sistema nerviós central, que recluta articulacions, lligaments, tendons i músculs especialitzats, i assegura una oscil·lació corporal i una despesa energètica mínimes. El desequilibri postural genera contraccions musculars compensatòries que alteren la biomecànica corporal i produeixen canvis degeneratius precoços i lesions de sobrecàrrega, especialment en la població practicant d'esport. Les revisions posturals freqüents podrien detectar alteracions i ajudar a prevenir-ne les conseqüències duradores. Objectiu: Valorar la fiabilitat intraobservador i interobservador de l'instrument d'avaluació postural SAM (spinal analysis machine), que consta d'una estructura metàl·lica amb dues balances per als peus, dues cintes mètriques, un fil vertical i tres d'horitzontals per mesurar la inclinació lateral del cos i l'altura dels mastoides, les espatlles i les crestes ilíaques. Subjectes i mètodes: Van participar-hi 21 jugadores de basquetbol d'edats compreses entre 14 i 15 anys, i 2 examinadors, que van fer 2 els mesuraments amb un interval de 7 dies. Per a l'anàlisi estadística es va utilitzar la prova de la t d'Student per a variables numèriques emparellades i per a l'estudi de les variances es va utilitzar l'ANOVA. Resultats: En l'anàlisi intraobservador no va haver-hi diferència significativa entre les dues lectures (p < 0,05); en l'anàlisi interobservador va haver-hi una diferència significativa entre les lectures dels paràmetres horitzontals, però no es va trobar diferència significativa entre els mesuraments de la distribució de pes i de la inclinació lateral del cos (p < 0,05). Conclusió: Considerant la fiabilitat intraobservador i el seu cost relativament baix, el SAM es pot utilitzar clínicament per valorar la posició estàtica abans i després d'intervencions terapèutiques i per a estudis longitudinals.
Palabras clave:
Postura
Biomecánica
Fiabilidad
Evaluación postural
Introduction: Standing posture is controlled by the central nervous system, which relies on the recruitment of joints, ligaments, tendons, and specialized muscles to ensure minimum body oscillation and energy expenditure. Postural imbalance induces compensatory muscle contraction resulting in alteration of body biomechanics and a predisposition to early degenerative changes and overuse injuries, especially among the population practicing sports. Frequent postural screenings could detect alterations and help to prevent often life-long consequences. Objective: To assess the intra- and interobserver reliability of the spinal analysis machine (SAM), a simple portable postural screening instrument, consisting of a rectangular metal frame with bilateral electronic scales, two vertical measure tapes, and one vertical and three horizontal strings, measuring lateral body sway and the height of mastoids, shoulders and iliac crests. Subjects and methods: Participants were 21 female basketball players aged between 14 and 15 years. Measurements were conducted by two observers, and were repeated after 7 days. Statistical analysis was performed using a paired Student's t- test for repeated measures and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess reliability. Results: Analysis of intraobserver reliability showed no significant differences between the two measurements in any of the parameters ( P<.05). Analysis of interobserver reliability revealed a significant difference between the measurements of horizontal parameters but no significant differences between the measurements of lateral body sway and bilateral weight distribution ( P<.05). Conclusion: Given the intraobserver reliability and the relatively low cost of the SAM, this instrument could be clinically useful to screen static posture before and after therapeutic procedures. It could also be useful in longitudinal studies.
Keywords:
Posture
Biomechanics
Reliability
Spinal análisis
Full Text

Introducció

La posició del cos

La posició relativa del cos (tronc, cap i extremitats) o positura en l'espai, que permet mantenir estable el centre de gravetat, minimitza l'efecte desestabilitzador de la força de gravetat. Dit d'una altra manera, la positura és el posicionament vertical del cos en contacte amb el sòl1.

L'avaluació postural és una de les maneres més útils de valorar l'estat de salut global i s'ha de tenir en compte des de la infància per prevenir possibles trastorns importants en edat adulta2.

En els humans, l'àrea de contacte amb el sòl, representada pels peus, és relativament petita i el centre de gravetat és relativament alt. En conseqüència, per garantir l'estabilitat en posició vertical, el cos disposa de mecanismes de feedback sensomotores de control postural que generen una torsió continuada correctiva, detectada pels sistemes oculovestibular i propioceptius1,3.

Els receptors de pressió situats a les plantes dels peus, els òrgans tendinosos de Golgi i els fusos musculars situats als músculs que mouen les articulacions amb càrrega (peus, turmells, genolls, malucs i sacroilíaques i intervertebrales) són importants tant per a la propiocepció com per als reflexos medul·lars1,4.

Els canvis posturals produïts pel desplaçament del centre de gravetat, bé per forces externes o per moviments deliberats, són controlats pels reflexos posturals.

El sistema vestibular informa el cervell a través dels conductes semicirculars sobre els canvis en la posició del cap, l'acceleració lineal i angular.

El seu objectiu és mantenir el cap recte respecte de la posició del cos (head righting reflex).

Aquesta informació es transmet als nuclis vestibulars al cervell mitjà, on s'integra amb la informació del moviment dels ulls i dels sensors propioceptius aferents de la musculatura i les vèrtebres cervicals (neck reflexes)1. És important mantenir un perfecte control postural tant en les activitats diàries normals com en la pràctica esportiva.

Atès que els atletes utilitzen els sistemes osteomuscular i locomotor d'una manera molt intensiva, és lògic que necessitin un control postural perfecte.

Això garanteix una biomecànica craneoespinal correcta que minimitza l'efecte de la força de la gravetat i optimitza el funcionament del sistema nerviós central situat al crani i a la columna vertebral.

La simetria postural permet una millor eficàcia del feedback aferent i eferent, i per tant una neurofisiologia correcta tant osteomuscular com, indirectament, somatovisceral.

Com és lògic, una biomecànica espinal correcta només pot afavorir tant la funció pulmonar com la funció cardiovascular, sobretot en l'exercici físic intens.

Un estudi amb atletes d'elit durant entrenaments molt intensos va demostrar que aquests arriben sovint als límits mecànics dels pulmons i l'exercitació dels músculs de la respiració per poder produir ventilació alveolar, i ho aconsegueixen amb una considerable despesa metabòlica i només en condicions de requesta perfecta dels músculs respiratoris5.

Alteracions posturals

Alteracions posturals com un lleu augment de la cifosi dorsal o una lleu pèrdua de flexibilitat de la musculatura intercostal poden produir una lleu disminució de l'expansió de la caixa dorsal, essencial per a una respiració correcta6-8.

Les imperfeccions posturals, posicions incorrectes o asimètriques poden indicar defectes de tipus propioceptiu9,10, visual11,12 o vestibular3.

El dèficit propioceptiu pot ser de tipus congènit o adquirit i sol verificar-se en les articulacions amb càrrega: peus, turmells, genolls, malucs o en la columna vertebral13,14. Una vegada diagnosticats aquests defectes, es poden corregir amb intervencions terapèutiques específiques segons el cas. Els més freqüents solen ser dismetria de les cames15, recolzament plantar incorrecte10, inestabilitat lligamentosa posttrauma i asimetria vertebral (cifosi, lordosi, escoliosi)13. Aquests dèficits es corregeixen normalment, segons el cas, amb plantilles, exercicis de rehabilitació i teràpies manuals específiques que ajuden a millorar el moviment interarticular, tot estalviant mecanismes de feedback funcional compensatori que predisposa a lesions de tipus microtraumàtic o de sobrecàrrega, tan comunes en els atletes.

La posició erecta bipodal del cos humà depèn d'un control sensomotor complex i és un fenomen en moviment continu12,13 que difícilment es pot mesurar. En conseqüència, la investigació postural resulta molt difícil15-17.

En l'àmbit de la medicina esportiva es considera cada vegada més important la necessitat de prevenir lesions en els joves atletes mitjançant revisions freqüents i programes de prevenció i rehabilitació18-27.

Predisposició a la lesió de les alteracions posturals

Alguns experts afirmen que l'examen fisicoclínic de base, obligatori per a tots els esportistes, és una de les poques ocasions en les quals el clínic té l'oportunitat d'anticipar i prevenir activament lesions. Dissortadament, l'actual revisió mèdica esportiva posa més èmfasi en la valoració cardiorespiratòria que en la revisió postural, o en l'habilitat de l'atleta de caminar i córrer28.

En conseqüència, aquest examen ha d'incloure una revisió osteomuscular, cardiovascular i psicològica completa29-32.

Arran de les revisions mèdiques de base efectuades al centre de medicina esportiva de la Clínica Mayo, el 1998, amb la participació de 2.739 atletes joves, es van palesar els problemes osteomusculars més freqüents en aquest tipus de població.

L'estudi conclou que el component osteomuscular ha de ser una part important de l'avaluació de l'esportista, i per evitar i prevenir lesions proposa una valoració osteomuscular individual més exhaustiva, més freqüent i conduïda per personal qualificat33.

Entre els factors de risc més probables que predisposen els atletes a lesions osteomusculars freqüents hi ha els dèficits de propioceptivitat, la inestabilitat vertebral, la asimetria i el control postural incorrecte2,13,34-39.

Un estudi recent de neurofisiologia ha demostrat que la compensació postural del cos davant d'una situació desestabilitzadora augmenta la rigidesa osteomuscular un terç més del que cal en els subjectes normals. Aquest fet és més evident si el subjecte pateix un dèficit vestibular3.

Sobre la base d'aquesta conclusió, podem deduir que una alteració postural predisposa a un augment innecessari de rigidesa i, per tant, a la lesió.

Un altre estudi efectuat el 2001 en atletes d'elit, al Centre de Lesions Esportives de la Universitat de Limerick, a Irlanda, ha demostrat que la posició i la recuperació completa posttrauma són més significatives que la flexibilitat muscular i articular en la prevenció de les lesions40.

Instruments de valoració postural

Com hem vist fins ara, és evident que tant per obtenir el màxim rendiment com per evitar lesions, cal revisar i corregir qualsevol desajust biomecànic, ni que sigui lleu i aparentment banal per a la posició i la locomoció.

La locomoció exigeix una coordinació permanent entre els sistemes que controlen la posició i els que produeixen el moviment voluntari. Això garanteix una situació correcta del centre de gravetat sobre la base de sustentació durant la propulsió 41,42.

Com és lògic, un control postural correcte implica una alineació correcta de la columna vertebral. Ens manquen instruments de mesurament de la posició, i els pocs que existeixen generen divergències quant als paràmetres indicatius d'una posició vertical normal i/o ideal17.

D'acord amb un estudi radiològic efectuat a 1.500 joves adults normals el 1975, Beck i Killius43,44 conclouen que hi ha només un tipus de columna ideal, tot descartant definitivament la teoria dels tipus constitucionals.

Aquesta teoria es basava en la creença que alguns dèficits posturals, com la hipercifosi, (round back), la hipocifosi (flat back) o la hiperlordosi lumbar (hollow back), eren de tipus congènit o constitucional43,44.

Hi ha una alineació vertical establerta estadísticament en joves adults normals (fig. 1)17.

Figura 1 Aquesta és la imatge ideal de la clàssica valoració postural mitjançant plomada ensenyada a totes les escoles de medicina, quiropràctica, osteopatia i fisioteràpia. A: posició vertical de la posició AP normal. B i D: posició ideal lateral. C: mitjana de posició lateral ideal.

La majoria d'estudis de recerca sobre la prevenció de les lesions esportives indiquen que calen nous mètodes d'avaluació i rehabilitació osteomuscular com a mesures profilàctiques vàlides en tots els esports23,24,28,45.

Aquesta necessitat és més urgent en els esports d'alt risc, com futbol, rugbi, handbol, basquetbol, etc.25,46. També es verifica en esports asimètrics de mala adaptació postural, com el tennis45,47.

Alguns estudis revelen que les atletes tenen més risc que els atletes en els mateixos esports48,49.

Actualment hi ha molts mètodes i instruments de valoració postural i estabilometria50-55 més o menys sofisticats, utilitzats sobretot en la clínica neurològica, ortopèdica 18,50,56,57 i en laboratoris d'investigació biomecànica15,36,41,58-66.

En medicina de l'esport calen nous protocols, mètodes i instruments d'estudi de l'estàtica i dinàmica osteomuscular per prevenir lesions, especialment si aquestes són per sobrecàrrega (overuse injuries)67-69.

En aquest context, fa falta un instrument senzill de revisió i avaluació postural global que permeti controls longitudinals.

Atès que la positura és la posició dinàmica, no estàtica del tronc, el cap i les extremitats, que està en adaptació constant i que se sustenta en un trípode en què les potes són la sinergia funcional propioceptiva, vestibular i visual, els paràmetres posturals resulten gairebé impossibles o molt difícils de mesurar3,9-12,70,71.

L'única solució és trobar una tècnica d'avaluació que hi permeti una definició estàndard15,16. Els estudis posturals fotogràfics72,73, i sobretot el posturòmetre16, compleixen aquest propòsit.

Objectiu

Aquest estudi es proposa la validació intraexaminador i interexaminador del posturòmetre SAM (spinal analysis machine).

Material i mètodes

Es va sotmetre 21 joves atletes femenines, de 14 i 15 anys d'edat, a la valoració postural mitjançant un posturòmetre SAM (fig. 2).

Figura 2. Posturòmetre SAM. Es tracta d'un instrument portàtil de mesurament de simetria (o asimetria) postural i consisteix en una estructura (quadre) dotat de dues balances per als peus, dues cintes mètriques (sistema anglès) verticals d'ambdós costats, quatre fils, un vertical i tres horitzontals, i dues balances. Les balances serveixen per mesurar la distribució del pes del cos en bipedestació. El fil vertical mesura la inclinació del cos (de la columna) cap a la dreta o esquerra, mentre que els tres fils horitzontals mesuren la inclinació del cap (el nivell de les apòfisis mastoides) i de les espatlles (articulacions acromioclaviculars), i el nivell dels malucs (crestes ilíaques).

Les dades es van registrar en un full de càlcul independent i introduïdes per un supervisor independent. La recollida de dades de cada examinador es va fer d'una manera independent; cada examinador ignorava les dades obtingudes per l'altre i viceversa (doble cec). Els mateixos mesuraments es van repetir al cap d'una setmana.

Es van aplicar proves estadístiques de fiabilitat de mesurament dels paràmetres posturals esmentats abans per cadascun dels examinadors a fi d'establir la reproductibilitat intraexaminador i interexaminador.

S'hi van recollir les dades següents:

1. Nivell de l'apòfisi mastoide esquerra (MAST E) (inshe).

2. Nivell de l'apòfisi mastoide dreta (MAST D) (inshe).

3. Inclinació vertical lateral del cos cap a l'esquerra (COS E) (inshe).

4. Inclinació vertical lateral del cos cap a la dreta (COS D) (inshe).

5. Nivell de l'articulació acromioclavicular esquerra (ESPATLLA E) (inshe).

6. Nivell de l'articulació acromioclavicular dreta (ESPATLLA D) (inshe).

7. Nivell de la cresta ilíaca esquerra (MALUC E) (inshe).

8. Nivell de la cresta ilíaca dreta (MALUC D) (inshe).

9. Pes del peu esquerre (PES E) (kg).

10. PES del peu dret (PES D) (kg).

1 inshe: 2,54 cm.

Anàlisi estadística

Per establir la reproductibilitat intraobservador es van calcular les diferències entre els valors absoluts dels diversos observadors i els percentatges de la diferència anterior respecte del valor absolut de la primera lectura. Es van calcular les mitjanes per observador, la desviació estàndard (DE) i la mitjana de les mitjanes amb el màxim de les desviacions estàndards.

Per establir la reproductibilitat interobservador es van calcular els valors mitjans dels diversos observadors, el percentatge de la diferència entre les mitjanes dels diversos observadors respecte del valor de l'observador 1 i els valors absoluts de percentatge. Es va calcular la mitjana del valor absolut de la variació i la DE.

Per determinar la reproductibilitat sigui intraobservador o interobservador, es va utilitzar la prova de la t d'Student per a variables numèriques emparellades.

Resultats

Respecte de la reproductibilitat dels mesuraments intraobservador, les variacions observades quant a percentatge són baixes i, llevat dels valors dels paràmetres COS E/COS D, no arriben al 5% de variació en mitjana.

És important de destacar que malgrat que les variacions en el mesurament de la inclinació del cos són molt altes, això és pel fet que els valors són molt baixos i una petita variació correspon a un percentatge gran (taula I).

Quant als mesuraments interobservador, tant les variacions en percentatge com les seves DE no assoleixen el 5% de variació en mitjana, excepte en els casos del maluc i especialment del cos, que arran de la gran sensibilitat del mesurament mostren un percentatge molt alt (taula II). S'observen diferències significatives entre observadors en la lectura de 3 parells de paràmetres: MAST E/MAST D, ESPATLLA E/ESPATLLA D i MALUC E/MALUC D.

No es verifiquen diferències estadísticament significatives en la lectura dels paràmetres verticals: COS E/COS D i PES E/PES D (taula II).

Discussió

Tenint en compte els resultats de l'anàlisi estadística d'aquest estudi, es pot concloure que el posturòmetre SAM és un instrument d'avaluació postural excel·lent quan és utilitzat pel mateix observador i, en conseqüència, pot ser utilitzat en la pràctica clínica tant en medicina de l'esport com en la clínica diària.

Mesuraments efectuats periòdicament pel mateix observador podrien controlar la asimetria postural i també incidir en un millor diagnòstic funcional, a més d'objectivar el resultat d'eventuals estratègies terapèutiques.

D'altra banda, el SAM es pot utilitzar (eliminant-ne els 3 fils horitzontals) en estudis longitudinals intraobservador i interobservador com la clàssica plomada, i complementar-la a més amb la doble balança, que, com hem vist, mesura la distribució bilateral del pes del cos.

Si objectivem una inclinació del cos mantinguda, associada a una asimetria de recolzament plantar, tindrem davant un desplaçament del centre de gravetat i és molt probable que totes les articulacions amb càrrega del costat respectiu (turmell, genoll, maluc, articulació sacroilíaca, articulacions intervertebrals de les últimes vèrtebres lumbars, com també els discos intervertebrals) augmentin el risc de lesions microtraumàtiques per sobrecàrrega.

Detectar sovint aquest tipus d'asimetria podria ajudar tant en la prevenció d'algunes lesions com per millorar el rendiment de l'esportista d'elit.

És evident que la simetria postural indica una bona integració sensomotora1,3, la qual assegura una biomecànica vertebral i estabilitat osteomuscular correcta2,14 indispensable tant per a la prevenció de lesions atlètiques74-77 com per a la millora del resultat esportiu27.

Contràriament, la asimetria postural indica la necessitat d'investigació diagnòstica específica tant en esportistes com en no practicants d'esports.

Com s'ha esmentat en la introducció, entre els factors causals de tipus osteomuscular més comuns, s'hi pot indicar un recolzament plantar incorrecte, dismetria de les cames, imperfecions propioceptives posttrauma a les articulacions dels peus, turmells, genolls, malucs, articulacions sacroilíaques o inestabilitat i asimetria vertebral. Alguns estudis relacionen la asimetria postural espinal amb una oclusió dental incorrecta6 o disfuncions temporomandibulars77-80.

És evident que per millorar el control postural calen intervencions qualificades multidisciplinàries.

Considerant l'estreta relació funcional entre la biomecànica vertebral i el sistema nerviós14,81, resulta necessari que mantinguin una posició correcta tant la població practicant com la que no practica esports.

És lògic pensar que l'ús repetit del sistema osteomuscular per a l'obtenció de bons resultats esportius reclama unes avaluacions posturals més freqüents en la població practicant d'esport que no pas en la població que no en practica.

En conseqüència, calen altres estudis longitudinals més amplis per avaluar la asimetria postural, especialment en els esportistes d'èlit.

Conclusió

Com es pot comprovar amb els resultats estadístics d'aquest estudi, l'instrument d'avaluació postural SAM garanteix una bona reproductibilitat intraobservador, mentre que la reproductibilitat interobservador és només parcial.

S'ha verificat que la valoració interobservador és fiable no sols per al mesurament de la inclinació lateral del cos, sinó també per a la distribució del pes del cos.

En aquest sentit, creiem que el SAM és un bon instrument per al control de la repercussió de l'esport sobre l'aparell locomotor. Aquest fet és encara més categòric quan l'observador és el mateix, perquè llavors aquest instrument permet el control evolutiu de la repercussió o de les correccions terapèutiques que hi introduïm.

Atesa la fiabilitat en el mesurament de la inclinació i la distribució del pes en bipedestació del posturòmetre SAM, com també la facilitat d'ús i un cost relativament baix, aquest instrument podria utilitzar-se en estudis longitudinals de repercussió de l'activitat física sobre l'aparell locomotor.


Correspondència:

Dra. Àngela Olaru.

Correu electrònic: aolaru@biovertix.com

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